Hosting applications on cloud platforms like Azure.
Continuous Integration?
+
Automatically building and testing code changes.
Continuous Delivery?
+
Preparing code for release with manual approval.
Build pipeline?
+
An automated process that compiles and packages code.
Azure DevOps used for?
+
Managing CI/CD pipelines and project workflows.
Configuration per environment?
+
Using different settings for different deployment
stages.
Secrets management in deployment?
+
Secure storage of sensitive configuration values.
Rollback in deployment?
+
Reverting to a previous stable version after failure.
.NET (5/6/7/8+)?
+
A unified, cross-platform, high-performance framework
for building desktop, web, mobile, cloud, and IoT apps.
.NET Core?
+
A fast, modular, cross-platform, open-source framework
for building modern cloud and web apps.
.NET Framework?
+
A Windows-only framework with CLR and rich libraries
for building desktop and legacy ASP.NET apps.
.NET Platform Standards?
+
pecifications that ensure shared APIs and
cross-platform compatibility across .NET runtimes.
@Html.AntiForgeryToken()?
+
Token used to prevent CSRF attacks.
3 important segments for routing?
+
Controller name, Action name, and optional Parameter
(id).
3-tier focuses on application architecture.
+
MVC focuses on UI interaction and request handling.
ABAC?
+
Attribute-Based Access Control.
Abstract Class vs Interface?
+
Abstract class can have implementation; interface
cannot.
Access Control Matrix?
+
Table mapping users/roles to permissions.
Access Token Audience?
+
Specifies which API the token is intended for.
Access Token Leakage?
+
Unauthorized party obtains a token.
Accessing HttpContext
+
Access HttpContext via dependency injection using
IHttpContextAccessor; controllers/middleware access directly, services via
IHttpContextAccessor.HttpContext.
ACL?
+
Access Control List defining user permissions for a
resource.
Action Filter?
+
Code executed before or after controller action
execution.
Enables asynchronous browser-server communication to
update page parts without full reload, using controls like UpdatePanel and
ScriptManager.
AJAX in MVC?
+
Asynchronous calls to server without full page reload.
AllowAnonymous?
+
Attribute used to skip authorization.
ANCM?
+
ASP.NET Core Module enables hosting .NET Core under IIS
reverse proxy.
Anti-forgery middleware?
+
Middleware enforcing CSRF protection in .NET Core.
AntiForgeryToken validation attribute?
+
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken] ensures request includes
valid token.
AntiXSS?
+
Technique for preventing cross-site scripting.
AOT Compilation?
+
Compiles .NET apps to native code for faster startup
and lower memory use.
API Key Authentication?
+
Custom header with an API key.
API Key Authorization?
+
Simple authorization using an API key header.
API Versioning Methods?
+
URL, Header, Query, Media Type.
ApiController attribute do?
+
Enables auto-validation and improved routing.
App Domain Concept in ASP.NET?
+
AppDomain isolates applications within a web server. It
provides security, reliability, and memory isolation. Each website runs in
its own AppDomain. If one crashes, others remain unaffected.
App.Run vs app.Use?
+
app.Use() continues the pipeline; app.Run() terminates
it.
App.UseDeveloperExceptionPage()?
+
Displays detailed errors in development mode.
App.UseExceptionHandler()?
+
Middleware for centralized exception handling.
AppDomain?
+
Isolated region where a .NET application runs.
Application Model
+
The application model determines how controllers,
actions, and routing behave. It helps apply conventions and filters across
the application.
Application Pool in IIS?
+
Worker process isolation unit.
Appsettings.json used for?
+
Stores configuration values like connection strings,
logging, and custom settings.
Appsettings.json?
+
Stores key/value settings for the application, commonly
used in ASP.NET Core MVC.
Area in MVC?
+
Module-level grouping for large applications (Admin,
Customer, User).
ASP.NET Core host apps without IIS?
+
Yes, it can run standalone using Kestrel.
ASP.NET Core run in Docker?
+
Yes, it supports containerization with official runtime
and SDK images.
ASP.NET Core serve static files?
+
By enabling app.UseStaticFiles() and placing files in
wwwroot.
ASP.NET Core?
+
A cross-platform, high-performance web framework for
building modern cloud-based applications.
ASP.NET filters run at the end?
+
Exception Filters are executed last. They handle
unhandled errors during action or result processing. Used for logging and
custom error pages. Ensures graceful error handling.
ASP.NET Identity?
+
Framework for user management, roles, claims.
ASP.NET MVC?
+
Model–View–Controller pattern for web applications.
ASP.NET page life cycle?
+
ASP.NET page life cycle defines stages a page goes
through when processing. Key stages: Page Request, Initialization, View
State Load, Postback Event Handling, Rendering, and Unload. Events allow
custom logic execution at each phase. It controls how data is processed and
displayed.
ASP.NET Web Forms?
+
Event-driven web framework using drag-and-drop UI.
ASP.NET?
+
Microsoft’s web framework for building dynamic,
high-performance web apps with MVC, Web API, and WebForms.
Assemblies?
+
Compiled .NET code units containing code, metadata, and
manifests (DLL or EXE) for deploying
Assembly defining MVC:
+
MVC components are defined in System.Web.Mvc.dll.
Assign an alias name for ASP.NET Web API Action?
+
You can use the [ActionName] attribute to give an alias
to an action. Example: [ActionName("GetStudentInfo")]. This helps when
method names and route names need to differ. It's useful for versioning and
friendly URLs.
Async action method?
+
Action using async/await for non-blocking operations.
Async operations in EF Core?
+
Perform database tasks asynchronously to improve
responsiveness and scalability.Use ToListAsync(), FirstAsync(), etc.
Async programming?
+
Non-blocking programming using async/await.
Attribute Routing
+
Defines routes directly on controllers and actions
using attributes like [Route("api/[controller]")].
Attribute-based routing?
+
Routing using attributes above controller/action.
Attributes?
+
Metadata annotations used for declaring properties
about code.
Authentication and authorization in ASP.NET?
+
Authentication verifies user identity (who they are).
Authorization defines access permissions for authenticated users. ASP.NET
supports built-in security mechanisms. Both ensure secure application
access.
Authentication in ASP.NET Core?
+
Process of verifying user identity.
Authentication modes in ASP.NET for security?
+
ASP.NET supports Windows, Forms, Passport, and
Anonymous authentication. Forms authentication is common for web apps.
Security is configured in Web.config. Each mode provides a method to
validate users.
Enforces authorization using roles, policies, or
claims.
AutoMapper?
+
Library for mapping objects automatically.
B2B Authorization?
+
Authorization in multi-tenant business apps.
B2C Authorization?
+
Authorization in consumer-facing apps.
Backchannel Communication?
+
Secure server-server communication for token exchange.
Background worker coding?
+
Inherit from BackgroundService.
BackgroundService class?
+
Runs long-lived background tasks in .NET apps, e.g.,
for messaging or monitoring.
Basic Authentication?
+
Authentication using Base64 encoded username and
password.
Basic Authorization?
+
Credentials sent as Base64 encoded username:password.
Bearer Authentication?
+
Token-based authentication mechanism where tokens are
sent in request headers.
BeforeFilter(), beforeRender(), afterFilter():
+
beforeFilter() runs before action, beforeRender() runs
before view rendering, and afterFilter() runs after the response.
Benefits of ASP.NET Core?
+
Cross-platform, Cloud-ready, container friendly,
modular, and fast runtime.
Benefits of using MVC:
+
MVC gives separation of concerns, supports testability,
clean URLs, maintainability, and scalability.
Blazor Server and WebAssembly?
+
Server-side rendering vs client-side execution in
browser.
Blazor?
+
Framework for building interactive web UIs using C#
instead of JavaScript.
Build in .NET?
+
Compilation of code into IL.
Cache Tag Helper
+
This helper caches rendered HTML output on the server,
improving performance for static or rarely changing UI sections.
Caching / Response Caching
+
Caching stores output to improve performance and reduce
processing. Response caching stores HTTP responses, improving load time for
repeated requests.
Caching in ASP.NET Core?
+
Improves performance by storing frequently accessed
data.
Caching in ASP.NET?
+
Caching stores frequently accessed data to improve
performance using Output, Data, or Object Caching.It reduces server load,
speeds up responses, and is ideal for static or rarely changing data.
Can you create an app using both WebForms and MVC?
+
Yes, it is possible to host both in the same project.
MVC can coexist with WebForms when routing is configured properly. This
allows gradual migration. Both frameworks share the same runtime
environment.
Cases where routing is not needed:
+
Routing is unnecessary for requests for static files
like images/CSS or for direct WebForms/WebService calls.
Change Token
+
A Change Token is a notification mechanism used to
monitor changes, such as configuration files or file-based caching. When a
change occurs, the token triggers refresh or rebuild actions.
CIL/IL?
+
Intermediate code that the CLR JIT-compiles into
machine code, enabling language-independence and runtime optimization.
Claim-Based Authorization?
+
Authorization based on user claims such as email, age,
department.
Claims?
+
User-specific attributes like name, id, role.
Claims-based authorization?
+
Authorization using claims stored in user identity.
Class is used to return JSON in MVC?
+
JsonResult class is used to return JSON formatted data.
Class library?
+
A project that compiles to reusable DLL.
Client-side validation?
+
Validation executed in browser using JavaScript.
Coarse-Grained Authorization?
+
Role-level access control.
Code behind an Inline Code?
+
Code-behind keeps design and logic separate using
external .cs files. Inline code is written directly inside .aspx pages.
Code-behind improves maintainability and reusability. Inline code is simpler
but less structured.
Code First Migration?
+
Approach where database schema is created from C#
models.
Column-Level Security?
+
Restricts access to specific columns.
Command builds project?
+
dotnet build
Command is used to scaffold projects?
+
dotnet new
Command restores packages?
+
dotnet restore
Command runs app?
+
dotnet run
Concepts of Globalization and Localization in .NET?
+
Globalization prepares an app to support multiple
languages and cultures. Localization customizes the app for a specific
culture using resource files. ASP.NET uses .resx files for language
translation. These features help create multilingual web applications.
Configuration / appsettings.json
+
Settings are stored in appsettings.json and accessed
using IConfiguration.
Configuration System in .NET Core?
+
Instead of Web.config, .NET Core uses appsettings.json,
environment variables, user secrets, and Azure KeyVault. It supports
hierarchical and strongly typed configuration.
ConfigurationBuilder?
+
ConfigurationBuilder loads settings from multiple
sources like JSON, XML, Azure, or environment variables. It provides
flexible app configuration.
Containerization in ASP.NET Core?
+
Running application inside lightweight containers
instead of full VMs.
Controller in MVC?
+
Controller handles incoming requests, processes data,
and returns responses.
Controller?
+
A controller handles incoming HTTP requests and returns
responses such as JSON, views, or status codes. It follows MVC
(Model-View-Controller) pattern.
ControllerBase?
+
Base class for API controllers (no views).
Convention-based routing?
+
Routing following default predefined conventions.
Cookie vs Token Auth?
+
Cookie is server-based; token is stateless.
Cookie-less Session:
+
When cookies are disabled, session data is tracked
using URL rewriting. Session ID appears in the URL. Helps maintain session
without browser cookies.
Cookies in ASP.NET?
+
Cookies store user data in the browser, such as
username or session ID, for future requests.ASP.NET supports persistent and
non-persistent cookies to enhance personalization and authentication.
Create .NET Core API project?
+
Use: dotnet new webapi -n MyApi
Cross-page posting in ASP.NET:
+
Cross-page posting allows a form to post data to
another page using PostBackUrl property. The target page can access source
page controls using PreviousPage property. Useful for multi-step forms.
Cross-Platform Compilation?
+
.NET Core/.NET can compile and run on Windows, Linux,
or macOS. Developers can build apps once and run them anywhere.
CRUD API coding question?
+
Implement GET, POST, PUT, DELETE endpoints.
CSRF Protection
+
CSRF attacks force users to perform unintended actions.
ASP.NET Core mitigates it using anti-forgery tokens and validation
attributes.
Custom middleware is created by writing a class with an
Invoke or InvokeAsync method that accepts HttpContext. It is registered in
the pipeline using app.Use(). Middleware can modify requests, responses, or
pass control to the next component.
Custom Model Binding
+
Implement IModelBinder and register it using
ModelBinderProvider.
Data Annotation?
+
Attribute-based validation such as [Required], [Email],
[StringLength].
Data Annotations?
+
Attributes used for validation like [Required],
[Email], [StringLength].
Data Cache:
+
Data Cache stores frequently used data to improve
performance. It supports expiration policies and dependency-based
invalidation. Accessed through HttpRuntime.Cache.
Data controls available in ASP.NET?
+
ASP.NET provides several data-bound controls like
GridView, ListView, Repeater, DataList, and FormView. These controls display
and manipulate database records. They support sorting, paging, and editing
features. They simplify data presentation.
Data Protection API?
+
Encrypting sensitive data.
Data Seeding?
+
Preloading default or sample data into database.
Default project structure?
+
Minimal hosting model with Program.cs and optional
folders for Models, Controllers, Services.
Default route format?
+
{controller}/{action}/{id}
Define Default Route:
+
The default route is {controller}/{action}/{id} with
default values like Home/Index. It helps map incoming requests
automatically.
Define DTO.
+
Data Transfer Object—used to expose safe API models.
Define Filters in MVC.
+
Filters allow custom logic before or after controller
actions, such as authentication, logging, or error handling.
Define Output Caching in MVC.
+
Output caching stores the rendered output of an action
to improve performance and reduce server processing.
Define Scaffolding in MVC:
+
Scaffolding automatically generates CRUD code and views
based on the model. It speeds up development by providing a code structure
quickly.
Define the 3 logical layers of MVC?
+
Presentation layer → View Business logic layer →
Controller Data layer → Model
DenyAnonymousAuthorization?
+
Policy that allows only authenticated users.
Describe application state management in ASP.NET.
+
Application State stores global data accessible to all
sessions. It is stored in server memory and persists until restart. Useful
for shared counters or configuration data. It reduces repeated data loading.
Describe ASP.NET MVC.
+
It is a lightweight Microsoft framework that follows
MVC architecture for building scalable, testable web applications.
Describe login Controls in ASP.
+
Login controls simplify user authentication. Examples
include Login, LoginView, LoginStatus, PasswordRecovery, and
CreateUserWizard. They handle username validation, password reset, and
security membership. They reduce custom coding effort.
DI (Dependency Injection)?
+
A design pattern where dependencies are provided rather
than created inside a class.
DI Container?
+
Object lifetime and dependency management system.
DI for Controllers
+
ASP.NET Core injects dependencies into controllers via
constructor injection. Services must be registered in ConfigureServices.
DI for Views
+
Views receive dependencies using @inject directive.
This helps share services such as logging or localization.
.NET Core and .NET Framework?
+
.NET Core is cross-platform and modular; .NET Framework
is Windows-only and monolithic.
ASP.NET MVC and WebForms?
+
MVC follows separation of concerns and doesn’t use
ViewState, while WebForms uses event-driven model with ViewState.
Claims and Roles?
+
Role is a type of claim for grouping permissions.
Code First and DB First in EF?
+
Code First generates DB from classes, Database First
generates classes from DB.
Dataset and DataReader?
+
Dataset is disconnected; DataReader is connected and
forward-only.
EF and EF Core?
+
EF Core is cross-platform, lightweight, and supports
LINQ to SQL.
EXE and DLL?
+
EXE is an executable process; DLL is a reusable
library.
GET and POST?
+
GET retrieves data; POST submits or modifies server
data.
LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework?
+
LINQ to SQL is limited to SQL Server; EF supports
multiple databases.
PUT and PATCH?
+
PUT replaces entire resource; PATCH updates part of it.
Razor and ASPX view engine?
+
Razor is cleaner, faster, and uses minimal markup
compared to ASPX.
REST and SOAP?
+
REST is lightweight and stateless using JSON, while
SOAP uses XML and is more structured.
Role-Based vs Permission-Based?
+
Role groups permissions, permission defines specific
capability.
Session and cookies?
+
Cookies store on client browser, sessions store on
server.
Thread and Task?
+
Thread is OS-level entity; Task is a higher-level
abstraction.
Value type and Reference type?
+
Value types stored in stack, reference types stored in
heap.
ViewBag and ViewData?
+
ViewData is dictionary-based; ViewBag uses dynamic
properties. Both are temporary and request-scoped.
WCF and Web API?
+
WCF supports protocols like TCP/SOAP; Web API is
REST-based.
Worker process and app pool?
+
App pool groups worker processes; worker process
executes application.
DiffBet 3-tier and MVC?
+
3-tier architecture has Presentation, Business, and
Data layers. MVC has Model, View, and Controller roles for UI pattern.
DiffBet ActionResult and ViewResult.
+
ActionResult is a base type that can return various
results.
DiffBet ActionResult and ViewResult?
+
ActionResult is a base class for various result types
(JsonResult, RedirectResult, etc.). ViewResult specifically returns a View.
Controller methods can return either. ActionResult provides flexibility for
different response formats.
DiffBet adding routes in WebForms and MVC.
+
WebForms uses file-based routing whereas MVC uses
pattern-based routing.MVC routing maps URLs directly to controllers and
actions.
DiffBet AddTransient, AddScoped, and AddSingleton?
+
Transient: New instance every request,Scoped: One
instance per HTTP request,Singleton: Same instance for entire application
lifetime
DiffBet ASP.NET Core and ASP.NET?
+
Core is cross-platform, lightweight, modular, and
faster. Classic ASP.NET is Windows-only, uses System.Web, and is heavier.
DiffBet ASP.NET MVC 5 and ASP.NET Core MVC?
+
ASP.NET Core MVC is cross-platform, modular,
open-source, and integrates Web API into MVC. MVC 5 works only on Windows
and is more monolithic. Core also uses middleware instead of pipeline
handlers.
DiffBet EF Core and EF Framework?
+
EF Core is lightweight, cross-platform, extensible, and
faster than EF Framework. EF Framework supports only .NET Framework and
lacks many modern features like batching, no-tracking queries, and shadow
properties.
DiffBet HTTP Handler and HTTP Module:
+
Handlers handle and respond to specific requests
directly. Modules work in the pipeline and intercept requests during
processing. Multiple modules can exist for one request, but only one handler
processes it.
DiffBet HttpContext.Current.Items and
HttpContext.Current.Session:
+
Items is used to store data for a single HTTP request
and is cleared after the request ends. Session stores data across multiple
requests for the same user. Items is faster and used for request-level
sharing.
DiffBet Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect:
+
Server.Transfer transfers execution to another page on
the server without changing the URL. Response.Redirect sends the browser to
a new page and changes the URL. Redirect performs a round trip to the
client; Transfer does not.
DiffBet session and caching:
+
Session stores user-specific data and is used per user.
Cache stores application-wide frequently used data to improve performance.
Session expires when the user ends or times out, while cache expiry depends
on policies like sliding or absolute expiration.
DiffBet TempData, ViewData, and ViewBag?
+
ViewData: Dictionary-based, valid only for current
request. ViewBag: Wrapper around ViewData using dynamic properties.
TempData: Persists only for the next request (used for redirects). 18) What
is a partial view in MVC?
DiffBet View and Partial View.
+
A View renders the full UI while a Partial View renders
a reusable section of the UI.
DiffBet View and Partial View?
+
A View renders a complete page layout. A Partial View
renders only a portion of UI. Partial View does not include layout pages by
default. Useful for reusable components.
DiffBet Web API and WCF:
+
Web API is lightweight and designed for RESTful
services using HTTP. WCF supports multiple protocols like HTTP, TCP, and
MSMQ. Web API is best for modern web/mobile services, WCF for enterprise
SOA.
DiffBet Web Forms and MVC?
+
MVC is lightweight and testable; Web Forms is
event-driven and stateful.
DiffBet WebForms and MVC?
+
WebForms are event-driven and stateful. MVC is
lightweight, stateless, and supports testability. MVC offers full control
over HTML. WebForms use server-side controls and ViewState.
Difference: app.Use vs app.Run?
+
app.Use() allows multiple middlewares; app.Run()
terminates the pipeline and passes no further requests.
Different approaches to implement Ajax in MVC.
+
Using Ajax.BeginForm(), jQuery Ajax(), or Fetch API.
Different properties of MVC routes?
+
Key properties are URL, Defaults, Constraints, and
DataTokens.
Different return types used by the controller action
method in MVC?
+
Common return types are ViewResult, JsonResult,
RedirectResult, ContentResult, FileResult, and ActionResult. ActionResult is
the base type for most results.
Different Session state management options available
in ASP.NET?
+
ASP.NET stores user-specific data across requests using
InProc, StateServer, SQL Server, or Custom modes.InProc keeps data in
memory, while StateServer and SQL Server store it externally, all
server-side and secure.
Different validators in ASP.NET?
+
Controls like RequiredField, Range, Compare, Regex,
Custom, and ValidationSummary ensure correct input on client and server
sides.
Different ways for bundling and minification in
ASP.NET Core?
+
Combine and compress scripts/styles to reduce size and
improve performance, using tools like Webpack or NUglify.
Directive reads environment?
+
app.Environment.IsDevelopment()
Directory Service?
+
Stores users, groups, and permissions (AD, LDAP).
Display something in CodeIgniter?
+
Use the controller to load a view. Example:
$this->load->view("welcome_message"); The view outputs content to the
browser. Models supply data if required.
Modern routing system introduced to unify MVC, Razor
Pages, and SignalR routing.
Ensure Web API returns JSON only?
+
Remove XML formatters and keep only JSON formatter in
WebApiConfig. Example:
config.Formatters.Remove(config.Formatters.XmlFormatter);. Now the API
always responds in JSON format. Useful for modern REST services.
Enterprise Library:
+
Enterprise Library provides reusable software
components like Logging, Data Access, Validation, and Exception Handling.
Helps build enterprise-level maintainable applications.
Configuration used to define environment (Development,
Staging, Production).
Error handling middleware?
+
Middleware for diagnostics and custom error responses
(e.g., DeveloperExceptionPage, ExceptionHandler).
Error Handling Strategies
+
Use middleware like UseExceptionHandler, logging,
global filters, and status code pages.
Examples of HTML Helpers?
+
TextBoxFor, DropDownListFor, LabelFor, HiddenFor.
Execute any MVC project?
+
Build the project → Run IIS Express/Local host →
Routing selects controller → Action returns view → Output is rendered in
browser.
Explain ASP.NET Core.
+
It is a cross-platform, open-source framework for
building modern web applications. It provides high performance, modular
design, and supports MVC, Razor Pages, Web APIs, and SignalR.
Explain in brief the role of different MVC components.
+
Model manages logic and data. View is responsible for
UI.Controller acts as a bridge processing user requests and returning
responses.
Explain Model, View, and Controller in Brief.
+
Model holds application logic and data. View displays
data to the user. Controller handles user input, interacts with Model, and
selects the View to render.
Explain Request Pipeline.
+
Request flows through middleware components configured
in Program.cs (pre .NET 6: Startup.cs) before generating a response.
Explain separation of concern.
+
It divides an application into distinct sections, each
responsible for a single concern, reducing dependency.
Explain some benefits of using MVC.
+
It supports separation of concerns, easy testing, clean
code structure, and supports TDD. It’s extensible and suitable for large
applications.
Explain TempData, ViewData, ViewBag.
+
TempData: Stores data temporarily across redirects.
Explain the MVC Application life cycle.
+
It includes: Application Start → Routing → Controller
Initialization → Action Execution → Result Execution → View Rendering →
Response sent to client.
Explicit Allow?
+
Specific rule allows access.
Explicit Deny?
+
Rule that overrides all allows.
External authentication?
+
Login using Google, Microsoft, Facebook, GitHub
providers.
Features of MVC?
+
MVC supports separation of concerns. It promotes
testability, flexibility, and clean architecture. Provides routing, Razor
syntax, and built-in validation. Ideal for large, scalable web applications.
Federation in Authorization?
+
Trust relationship between identity providers and
applications.
File extension for Razor views?
+
.cshtml
File extensions for Razor views?
+
Razor views use: .cshtml for C# .vbhtml for VB.NET
These files support inline Razor syntax.
File replaces Web.config in ASP.NET Core?
+
appsettings.json
FileResult?
+
Returns files like PDF, images, or documents.
Filter in MVC?
+
Reusable logic executed before or after action methods.
Filter types?
+
Authorization, Resource, Action, Exception, Result
filters.
Filters executed at the end:
+
Result filters are executed at the end, just before and
after the view is rendered.
Filters in ASP.NET Core?
+
Run pre- or post-action logic like validation, logging,
caching, or authorization in controllers.
Filters in MVC Core?
+
Reusable logic executed before or after actions.
Filters?
+
Components to run code before/after actions.
FormCollection?
+
Object storing form values submitted by user.
Forms Authentication?
+
User logs in through custom login form.
Framework-Dependent Deployment?
+
App runs on an installed .NET runtime, producing a
smaller executable.
Frontchannel Communication?
+
Browser-based token communication.
GAC : Global Assembly Cache?
+
Stores shared .NET assemblies for multiple apps,
supporting versioning and avoiding DLL conflicts.
Garbage Collection (GC)?
+
Automatic memory management that removes unused
objects.
Generic Repository?
+
A reusable data access pattern that works with any
entity type to perform CRUD operations.
GET and POST Action types:
+
GET retrieves data and does not modify state. POST
submits data and is used for creating or updating records.
Global exception handling coding?
+
Create custom exception middleware.
Global Exception Handling?
+
Error handling applied across entire application using
middleware.
Global.asax?
+
Application-level events like Start, End, Error.
GridView Control:
+
GridView displays data in a tabular format and supports
sorting, paging, and editing. It binds to data sources like SQL, lists, or
datasets. It provides templates and commands for customization.
GZip Compression?
+
Compressing responses to reduce payload size.
Handle 404 in ASP.NET Core?
+
Use middleware such as: app.UseStatusCodePages();
Health Check in .NET Core?
+
Monitor app and dependency status, useful for
Kubernetes and cloud deployments.
Health Checks?
+
Endpoints that report app health.
Host in ASP.NET Core?
+
Manages DI, configuration, logging, and middleware;
includes WebHost and GenericHost.
Host?
+
Host manages app lifetime, configuration, logging, DI,
and environment.
HostedService?
+
Interface for background tasks.
Authorize multiple roles?
+
[Authorize(Roles=\Admin Manager\")]"
Execute Stored Procedures?
+
Use FromSqlRaw().
Implement Pagination?
+
Use Skip() and Take().
Prevent privilege escalation?
+
Validate authorization checks on every sensitive
action.
Methods that generate HTML controls programmatically in
views.
HTML server controls in ASP.NET?
+
HTML controls become server controls by adding
runat="server". They behave like programmable server-side objects. They
allow event handling and server processing.
HTTP Handler?
+
An HttpHandler is a component that processes individual
HTTP requests. It acts as an endpoint for file extensions like .aspx, .ashx,
.jpg etc. It is lightweight and best for custom resource generation.
HTTP Logging Middleware?
+
Logs details about incoming requests and responses.
HTTP Status Codes?
+
200 OK, 201 Created, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized,
404 Not Found, 500 Server Error.
HTTP Verb Mapping?
+
Mapping controller actions to verbs using [HttpGet],
[HttpPost], etc.
HTTP Verb?
+
Operations like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE mapped to
actions.
HttpClientFactory?
+
Factory pattern to create and manage HttpClient
instances.
HttpModule?
+
Windows-only ASP.NET components that handle HTTP
request/response events in the pipeline.
HTTPS Redirection Middleware?
+
Forces application to use secure connection.
HTTPS Redirection?
+
Force HTTPS using app.UseHttpsRedirection().
IActionFilter?
+
Interface for implementing custom filters.
IActionResult?
+
Base interface for action results in ASP.NET Core MVC.
IAM?
+
Identity and Access Management.
IAuthorizationService?
+
Service to manually invoke authorization
programmatically.
IConfiguration?
+
Interface used to read configuration data.
Identity Framework?
+
Built-in membership system for authentication and user
roles.
IdentityServer?
+
OAuth2/OpenID Connect framework for authentication and
authorization.
IHttpContextAccessor?
+
Used to access HTTP context in non-controller classes.
IIS Integration?
+
In Windows hosting, Kestrel works behind IIS. IIS
handles SSL, load balancing, and process management, while Kestrel executes
the request pipeline.
IIS?
+
Internet Information Services — a Windows web server.
ILogger?
+
Logging interface used for tracking application events.
Implement Ajax in MVC?
+
Using @Ajax.BeginForm() and AjaxOptions. You can call
actions asynchronously using jQuery AJAX. The server returns JSON or partial
views. This improves performance without full page reloads.
Implement MVC Forms authentication:
+
Forms authentication uses login pages, authentication
cookies, and AuthorizeAttribute to protect secured pages.
Implicit Deny?
+
If no rule allows it, access is denied.
Importance of NonActionAttribute?
+
It marks a method in a controller as not an action
method. This prevents it from being executed via URL routing. Useful for
helper methods within controllers. Enhances security and routing control.
Use caching, compression, output caching, and minimized
ViewState. Optimize SQL queries and enable async processing. Reduce server
round trips and bundling/minifying scripts.
In-memory vs Distributed Cache
+
In-memory caching stores data on the server and is best
for single-instance apps. Distributed caching uses Redis or SQL Server and
supports load-balanced environments.
IOptions pattern?
+
Used to map configuration sections to strongly typed
classes.
Is ASP.NET Core open source?
+
Yes, it is developed under the .NET Foundation and is
fully open source.
Is DI built-in in ASP.NET Core?
+
Yes, ASP.NET Core has built-in DI support.
Is MVC stateless?
+
Yes, MVC follows stateless architecture where every
request is independent.
JSON global config?
+
builder.Services.Configure(...).
JSON Serializer used?
+
System.Text.Json (default), with option to use
Newtonsoft.Json.
JSON.stringify?
+
Converts JavaScript object into JSON format for ajax
posts.
JsonResult?
+
Returns JSON formatted response.
Just-In-Time Access (JIT)?
+
Provide temporary elevated permissions.
JWT Authentication?
+
JWT (JSON Web Token) is a token-based authentication
method used in microservices and APIs. It stores claims and is stateless,
meaning no session storage is required.
JWT creation coding?
+
Use JwtSecurityTokenHandler to generate token.
Kestrel Server?
+
Kestrel is the default lightweight web server in
ASP.NET Core. It is fast, cross-platform, and optimized for high-performance
apps.
Key DifBet ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core?
+
ASP.NET Core is cross-platform, modular, open-source,
and faster compared to ASP.NET Framework.
Latest version of ASP.NET Core?
+
The latest stable version of ASP.NET Core (as of
December 2025) follows the latest .NET release: ASP.NET Core 10.0 — shipped
with .NET 10 on November 11, 2025.
LaunchSettings.json in ASP.NET Core?
+
This file stores environment and profile settings for
the application during development. It defines the application URL, SSL
settings, and environment variables like ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT. It helps
configure debugging profiles for IIS Express or direct execution.
Layout Page?
+
Master template providing shared UI like header/footer
across multiple views.
Least Privilege Access?
+
Users receive minimal required permissions.
Library supports resiliency?
+
Polly.
List HTTP methods.
+
GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS.
Lock statement?
+
Prevents multiple threads from accessing code
simultaneously.
Logging in .NET Core?
+
.NET Core provides built-in logging with providers like
Console, Debug, Serilog, and Application Insights. It helps monitor app
behavior and errors.
Logging in ASP.NET Core?
+
Built-in framework to log information using ILogger.
Logging in MVC Core?
+
Capturing application logs via ILogger and providers.
Logging providers are supported?
+
Console, Debug, Azure App Insights, Seq, Serilog.
Logging Providers?
+
Serilog, NLog, Seq, Application Insights.
Logging System
+
Built-in support for console, file, Application
Insights, SeriLog, etc.
Logging?
+
System to capture and store application logs.
Machine.config?
+
System-wide configuration file for .NET Framework.
Main DiffBet MVC and Web API?
+
MVC is used to return views (HTML) for web
applications. Web API is used to build RESTful services and returns data
formats like JSON or XML. MVC is UI-focused, whereas Web API is
service-focused. Web API can be used by mobile, IoT, and web clients.
Maintain the sessions in MVC?
+
Session can be maintained using Session[], cookies,
TempData, ViewBag, QueryString, and Hidden fields.
Major events in global.aspx?
+
Common events include Application_Start, Session_Start,
Application_BeginRequest, Session_End, and Application_End. These events
manage application life cycle tasks. They handle logging, caching, and
security logic. They execute globally for the entire application.
Master pages in ASP.NET?
+
Master pages define a common layout for multiple web
pages. Content pages inherit this layout to maintain consistent UI. They
reduce duplication of HTML code. Common parts like headers, footers, and
menus are shared.
Master Pages:
+
Master Pages define a common layout for multiple pages.
Content pages fill placeholders within the master. Useful for consistency
and easier maintenance.
Message Queues?
+
Kafka, RabbitMQ, Azure Service Bus.
Metadata in .NET?
+
Information about types, methods, references stored
with assemblies.
Methods of session maintenance in ASP.NET:
+
ASP.NET provides several ways to maintain sessions,
including In-Process (InProc), State Server, SQL Server, and Custom session
state providers. Cookies and cookieless sessions are also used. These
mechanisms help store user-specific data across requests.
Middleware components?
+
Pipeline components that process HTTP requests and
responses in sequence.
Middleware Concept
+
Middleware are components processing requests in
sequence.
Middleware?
+
Components that process HTTP requests in ASP.NET Core
pipeline.
Migration commands?
+
dotnet ef migrations add Name; dotnet ef database
update
Migrations?
+
System for applying and tracking database schema
changes.
Minification and Bundling used?
+
They reduce file size and combine multiple CSS/JS files
to improve performance.
Minimal API?
+
Lightweight HTTP API setup introduced in .NET 6 using
minimal hosting model.
Mocking Framework?
+
Tools like MOQ used to simulate dependencies during
testing.
Mocking?
+
Simulating dependencies using fake objects.
Modal Binding in Razor Pages?
+
Mapping form inputs automatically to page properties.
Model Binder?
+
Maps request data to models automatically.
Model Binding
+
Automatically maps form, query string, and JSON data to
model classes.
Model Binding?
+
Automatic mapping of HTTP request data to model
objects.
Model in MVC?
+
Model represents application data and business logic.
Model Validation
+
Uses Data Annotations and custom validation attributes.
Model Validation?
+
Ensuring input meets validation rules before
processing.
ModelState?
+
Stores the state of model binding and validation
errors.
Model-View-Controller?
+
MVC is a design pattern that separates an application
into Model, View, and Controller components.
Monolith Architecture?
+
Single deployable unit with tightly coupled components.
Multiple environments
+
Configured using ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT variable (Dev,
Staging, Prod).
MVC Architecture
+
Separates application logic into Model, View,
Controller.
MVC Components
+
Model stores data, View displays UI, Controller handles
requests.
MVC in AngularJS?
+
AngularJS follows an MVC-like architecture. Model holds
data, View represents the UI, and Controller manages logic. It helps in
clear separation of concerns in client-side apps. Angular automates data
binding between Model and View.
MVC in ASP.NET Core?
+
Model-View-Controller pattern used for web UI and API
development.
MVC Page life cycle stages:
+
Stages include Routing, Controller initialization,
Action execution, Result execution, and View rendering.
MVC Routing?
+
Maps URL patterns to controller actions.
MVC works in Spring?
+
Spring MVC uses DispatcherServlet as the front
controller. It routes requests to controllers. Controllers return Model and
View data. The ViewResolver renders the final response.
MVC?
+
MVC (Model-View-Controller) separates business logic,
UI, and request handling into Model, View, and Controller.This improves
testability, maintainability, scalability, and is widely used for modern web
applications.
Name the assembly in which the MVC framework is
typically defined.
+
ASP.NET MVC is mainly defined in the System.Web.Mvc
assembly.
Navigate from one view to another using a hyperlink?
+
Use the Html.ActionLink() helper in MVC. Example:
@Html.ActionLink("Go to About", "About", "Home"). This generates an anchor
tag with route mapping. Clicking it redirects to the specified view.
Navigation between views example.
+
Using hyperlink: Go to About.
Navigation techniques:
+
Navigation in ASP.NET uses Hyperlinks,
Response.Redirect, Server.Transfer, Cross-page posting, and Site Navigation
controls like Menu and TreeView. It helps users move between pages.
Features include Razor Class Libraries, HTTPS by
default, SPA templates, SignalR support, and GDPR compliance tools. It also
introduced global tools, improved performance, and simplified identity UI.
Non-Repudiation?
+
Ensuring actions cannot be denied by users.
N-Tier architecture?
+
Layers like UI, Business, Data Access.
NTLM?
+
Windows challenge-response authentication protocol.
NuGet?
+
Package manager for .NET libraries.
NUnit/MSTest?
+
Unit testing frameworks for .NET.
OAuth Refresh Token Rotation?
+
Invalidating old refresh token when issuing a new one.
OAuth vs SAML?
+
OAuth is authorization; SAML is authentication using
XML.
OAuth2 Authorization Code Flow?
+
Secure flow used by web apps requiring user login.
OAuth2 Client Credentials Flow?
+
Service-to-service authorization.
OAuth2 Implicit Flow?
+
Legacy browser flow not recommended.
Optimistic Concurrency?
+
Use [Timestamp]/RowVersion to prevent data overwrites
via row-version checks.
Options Pattern
+
Used to bind strongly typed classes to configuration
sections.
Order of filter execution in MVC
+
Order: 1. Authorization Filters 2. Action Filters 3.
Result Filters 4. Exception Filters Execution occurs in a defined pipeline
sequence.
Ordering execution when multiple filters are used:
+
Filters run in the order: Authorization → Action →
Result → Exception filters. Custom ordering can also be defined using the
Order property.
OutputCache?
+
Caching mechanism used in MVC Framework to improve
response time.
OWIN and ASP.NET Core
+
OWIN was designed to decouple web servers from web
applications. ASP.NET Core builds on the same lightweight pipeline concept
but replaces OWIN with a more flexible middleware model.
Package enables Swagger?
+
Swashbuckle.AspNetCore
Page directives in ASP.NET:
+
Page directives provide configuration and instruction
to the compiler. Examples include @Page, @Import, @Master, and @Control.
They define attributes like language, inheritance, and code-behind file.
Pagination coding question?
+
Implement Skip(), Take(), and metadata.
Pagination in API?
+
Return data with totalCount, pageNo, pageSize.
Partial view in MVC?
+
A partial view is a reusable piece of UI code. It works
like a user control and avoids code duplication. It is rendered inside
another view. Useful for menus, headers, and reusable content blocks.
Partial Views
+
Partial views reuse UI sections like menus or forms.
They reduce code duplication and improve maintainability.
Parts of JWT?
+
Header, Payload, Signature.
PBAC?
+
Policy-Based Access Control.
Permission?
+
A specific capability like Read, Write, or Delete.
Permission-Based API Authorization?
+
APIs check user permissions before actions.
Points to remember while creating MVC application?
+
Maintain separation of concerns. Use routing properly
for readability. Keep business logic in the Model or services. Use
ViewModels instead of exposing database models.
Policies in authorization?
+
Reusable authorization rules defined using
AddAuthorization.
IsPostBack indicates whether the page is loaded first
time or due to a user action like a button click. It helps avoid re-binding
data unnecessarily. Useful for improving performance.
PostBack?
+
When a page sends data to the server and reloads
itself.
Prevent CSRF?
+
Anti-forgery tokens and SameSite cookies.
Privileged Access Management (PAM)?
+
System to monitor and control high-privilege accounts.
Program.cs used for?
+
Defines application bootstrap, host builder, and
startup configuration.
Program.cs?
+
Entry point that configures the host, services, and
middleware.
Purpose of MVC pattern?
+
To separate concerns and make application maintainable,
testable, and scalable.
Query String in ASP?
+
Query strings pass values through the URL during page
requests. They are used for lightweight data transfer. A query string starts
after a?in the URL. It is visible to users, so sensitive data should not be
stored.
Razor Pages in ASP.NET Core?
+
Page-focused ASP.NET Core model with combined view and
logic, ideal for CRUD apps.
Razor Pages?
+
Page-based model alternative to MVC introduced in .NET
Core.
Razor View Engine?
+
Lightweight syntax for writing server-side code inside
HTML.
Razor view file extensions:
+
.cshtml (C# Razor) and .vbhtml (VB Razor) are used for
Razor views.
Razor?
+
A markup syntax in ASP.NET for embedding C# into views.
Real-life example of MVC?
+
A shopping website: Model: Product data View: Product
display page Controller: User actions like Add to Cart They work together to
complete functionality.
RedirectToAction()?
+
Redirects browser to another action or controller.
Redis caching coding?
+
AddStackExchangeRedisCache().
Redis?
+
In-memory distributed caching system.
Remoting?
+
Legacy communication between .NET applications.
RenderBody vs RenderPage:
+
RenderBody() outputs the content of the child view in
layout. RenderPage() inserts another Razor page inside a view like a
partial.
RenderBody() outputs the content of the child view in
layout. RenderPage() inserts another Razor page inside a view like a
partial.
+
Additional Questions
Request Delegate?
+
A delegate such as RequestDelegate handles HTTP
requests and responses inside middleware.
Resource?
+
A data entity identified by a URI like /users/1.
Resource-Based Authorization?
+
Authorization rules applied based on a specific
resource instance.
Response Compression?
+
Compressing HTTP output for faster response.
Return PartialView()?
+
Returns only partial content without layout.
Return types of an action method:
+
Returns include ViewResult, JsonResult, RedirectResult,
ContentResult, FileResult, and ActionResult.
Return View()?
+
Returns a full view to the browser.
Role of ActionFilters in MVC?
+
ActionFilters allow you to run logic before or after an
action executes. They help in cross-cutting concerns like logging,
authentication, caching, and exception handling. Filters can be applied at
the controller or method level. Examples include: Authorize, HandleError,
and OutputCache.
Role of Configure() method?
+
Defines the request handling pipeline using middleware
like routing, authentication, static files, etc.
Role of ConfigureServices()
+
Used to register services like DI, EF Core, identity,
logging, and custom services.
Role of IHostingEnvironment?
+
Provides environment-specific info like Development,
Production, and staging.
Role of Middleware
+
Authentication, logging, routing, exception handling.
Role of MVC components:
+
Presentation (View) shows data, Abstraction (Model)
handles logic/data, Control (Controller) manages requests and updates.
Role of MVC in AngularJS?
+
MVC helps structure the application for
maintainability. Model stores data, View displays data using HTML, and
Controller updates data. Angular’s two-way binding keeps Model and View
synchronized. It helps in scaling complex front-end applications.
Role of Startup class?
+
It configures application services via
ConfigureServices() and request pipeline via Configure().
Role of WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder()?
+
Configures default settings like Kestrel, logging,
config, ENV detection.
Role-Based Authorization?
+
Restrict access using roles, e.g.,
[Authorize(Roles="Admin")].
RouteConfig.cs?
+
Contains registration logic for routing in MVC
Framework.
Routes difference in WebForm vs MVC:
+
WebForms use file-based routing, MVC uses pattern-based
routing with controllers and actions.
Routing
+
Maps URLs to controllers and actions using UseRouting()
and MapControllerRoute().
Routing and three segments?
+
Routing is the process of mapping incoming URLs to
controller actions. The default pattern contains three segments:
{controller}/{action}/{id}. It helps in SEO-friendly and user-readable URLs.
Routing carried out in MVC?
+
Routing engine matches the URL with route patterns from
the RouteConfig and executes the mapped controller and action.
Routing in MVC?
+
Routing maps incoming URL requests to specific
controllers and actions.
Routing is done in the MVC pattern?
+
Routing is handled by a RouteConfig.cs file (or
Program.cs in .NET Core). ASP.NET MVC uses pattern matching to map URLs to
controllers. Routes are registered at application startup. Based on the URL,
MVC identifies which controller and action to execute.
Routing is not required?
+
1. Serving static files (images, CSS, JS). 2. Accessing
.axd resource handlers. Routing bypasses these requests automatically. 31)
Features of MVC?
Routing Types
+
Convention-based routing and attribute routing.
Routing?
+
Mapping incoming URLs to controller actions or
endpoints.
Row-Level Security?
+
User can only access specific rows based on rules.
Rules of Razor syntax:
+
Razor starts with @, supports IntelliSense, has clean
HTML mixing, and minimizes closing tags compared to ASPX.
Runtime does ASP.NET Core use?
+
.NET 5/6/7/8 (Unified .NET runtime).
Runtime Identifiers (RID)?
+
RID represents the platform where an app runs (e.g.,
win-x64, linux-arm64). Used for publishing self-contained apps.
Scaffolding?
+
Automatic generation of CRUD code for model and views.
Scope Creep?
+
Unauthorized expansion of delegated access.
Scope in OAuth2?
+
Defines what access the client is requesting.
Scoped lifetime?
+
Creates one instance per client request.
Security & Authorization
+
ASP.NET Core uses policies, role-based access,
authentication middleware, and secure coding to protect resources. Best
practices include HTTPS, input validation, and secure tokens.
Self-Authorization Design?
+
User automatically given access to own resources.
Self-Contained Deployment?
+
The app includes its own .NET runtime. It does not
require .NET to be installed on the host machine.
Send JSON result in MVC?
+
Use return Json(object, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);.
This serializes the object into JSON format. Useful in AJAX-based
applications. It is commonly used in API responses.
Separation of Duties?
+
Critical tasks split among multiple users.
Serialization Libraries?
+
System.Text.Json, Newtonsoft.Json.
Serilog?
+
Third-party structured logging library.
Serverless Computing?
+
Execution model where cloud runs functions without
managing servers.
Server-side validation?
+
Validation performed on server during HTTP request
processing.
Service Lifetimes
+
Transient, Scoped, Singleton.
Service Lifetimes?
+
Singleton, Scoped, Transient.
Session Fixation?
+
Attack that hijacks a valid session.
Session in MVC Core?
+
Stores user state data server-side while maintaining
stateless nature.
Session State Management
+
Uses cookies, TempData, distributed caching, or session
middleware.
Session State?
+
Server-side storage for user data.
Session?
+
Server-side state management storing user data across
requests.
Sessions maintained in MVC?
+
Sessions can be maintained using Session[] variables.
Example: Session["User"] = "John";. ASP.NET uses server-side storage for
session values. Cookies or session identifiers track user session state.
SignalR?
+
Framework for real-time communication like chat, live
updates.
Significance of NonActionAttribute:
+
NonActionAttribute is used in MVC to prevent a public
method inside a controller from being treated as an action method. It tells
the framework not to expose or invoke the method via routing. This is useful
for helper or private logic inside controllers.
Singleton lifetime?
+
One instance shared across application lifetime.
Soft Delete in API?
+
Use IsDeleted filter globally.
Soft Delete?
+
Mark record as deleted instead of physically removing.
Spring MVC?
+
Spring MVC is a Java-based MVC framework used to build
flexible and loosely coupled web applications.
Startup class used for?
+
Configures services and the HTTP request pipeline.
Startup.cs?
+
File configuring middleware, routing, authentication in
MVC Core.
Statelessness?
+
Server stores no client session; each request is
independent.
Static Authorization?
+
Predefined access rules.
Steps in the execution of an MVC project?
+
Request goes to the Routing Engine, which maps it to a
controller and action. The controller executes the required logic and
interacts with the model. A View is selected and rendered to the browser.
Finally, the response is returned to the client.
Stored procedures?
+
Precompiled SQL code stored in the database.
Strong naming?
+
Assigning a unique identity using public/private key
pairs.
Strongly Typed Views
+
These views are bound to a model class using @model.
They improve IntelliSense, compile-time safety, and easier data handling.
Tag Helper in ASP.NET Core?
+
Tag helpers are server-side components that enable C#
code to be used in HTML elements. They make views cleaner and more readable,
especially for forms, routing, and validation. Examples include
asp-controller, asp-route, and asp-validation-for.
Tag Helper?
+
Server-side components used to generate dynamic HTML.
Tag Helpers?
+
Server-side Razor components that generate HTML in .NET
Core MVC.
Task Parallel Library (TPL)?
+
Framework for parallel programming using tasks.
TempData in MVC?
+
TempData stores data temporarily and is used to pass
values across requests, especially during redirects.
TempData used for?
+
Used to pass data across redirects between actions.
TempData: Stores data temporarily across redirects.
+
ViewData: Key-value store for passing data to view.
TempData?
+
Stores data temporarily and persists across redirects.
Base Class Library?
+
Reusable classes for IO, networking, collections,
threading, XML, etc.
Early and late binding?
+
Early binding resolved at compile time, late binding at
runtime.
Main components of .NET Framework?
+
CLR, Base Class Library, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, WPF, WCF.
Themes in ASP.NET application?
+
Themes style pages and controls consistently using CSS,
skin files, and images stored in the App_Themes folder;they can be applied
via Page directive, Web.config, or programmatically to maintain a uniform UI
design.
Themes in ASP.NET:
+
Themes define the UI look and feel of a web
application. They include styles, skins, and images. Useful for consistent
branding across pages.
Threading?
+
Executing multiple tasks concurrently.
Token Authentication?
+
Authentication based on tokens instead of cookies.
Token-Based Authorization?
+
Access granted via tokens like JWT.
Tracing in .NET?
+
Tracing helps debug and analyze runtime behavior. It
displays request details, control hierarchy, and performance info. Tracing
can be enabled at page or application level. It is useful during development
for troubleshooting.
Tracking vs NoTracking?
+
AsNoTracking improves performance for reads.
Transient lifetime?
+
Creates a new instance every time requested.
Two approaches of adding constraints to a route:
+
Constraints can be added using regular expressions or
built-in constraint classes like HttpMethodConstraint.
Two ways to add constraints to a route?
+
1. Using Regular Expressions. 2. Using Parameter
Constraints (like int, guid). They restrict valid route patterns. Helps
avoid ambiguity.
Two ways to add constraints:
+
Using Regex constraints or custom constraint
classes/interfaces.
Common types include: ViewResult JsonResult
RedirectResult ContentResult FileResult Each type corresponds to a different
response format.
Types of Routing?
+
Convention-based and Attribute-based routing.
Types of serialization?
+
Binary, XML, SOAP, JSON.
Unit Testing Controllers
+
Controllers are tested using mock dependencies injected
via constructor. Frameworks like Moq help simulate external services.
Unit Testing in MVC?
+
Testing controllers, models, and logic without running
UI.
Unit Testing?
+
Testing individual code components.
URI vs URL?
+
URI identifies a resource; URL locates it.
URL Rewriting Middleware
+
This middleware modifies request URLs before routing.
It is useful for SEO redirects, legacy URL support, and HTTPS enforcement.
Use MVC in JSP?
+
Use Java Beans as Model, JSP as View, and Servlets as
Controllers. The controller receives requests, interacts with the model, and
forwards output to the view. Ensures clean separation of logic. 35) How MVC
works in Spring?
Use of ActionFilters in MVC?
+
Action filters execute custom logic before or after
Action methods, such as logging, caching, or authorization.
Use of CheckBox in .NET?
+
A CheckBox allows users to select one or multiple
options. It returns true/false based on user selection. It can trigger
events like CheckedChanged. It is widely used in forms and permissions.
Use of default route {resource}.axd/{*pathinfo}?
+
It is used to ignore requests for Web Resource files.
Static resources like scripts and images are handled separately. Prevents
MVC routing from processing system files. Used mainly for performance
optimization.
Use of ng-controller in external files?
+
ng-controller helps load logic defined in a separate
JavaScript file. This separation keeps code modular and manageable. It also
promotes reusability and avoids inline scripts. Used for scalable Angular
applications.
Use of UseIISIntegration?
+
Configures the app to work with IIS as a reverse proxy.
Use of ViewModel:
+
A ViewModel holds data required by the view and may
combine multiple models. It improves separation of concerns.
Use repeater control in ASP.NET?
+
Repeater displays repeated data from data sources like
SQL or Lists. It provides full HTML control without predefined layout. Data
is bound using DataBind() method. Ideal for flexible UI formatting.
Used to handle an error in MVC?
+
MVC uses Exception Filters, HandleErrorAttribute,
custom error pages, and global filters to handle errors. It also supports
logging frameworks for exception tracking.
Using ASP.NET Core APIs from a Class Library
+
Class libraries can reference ASP.NET Core packages and
use dependency injection to access services. Shared logic like validation or
domain models can be placed in the library for reuse.
Using hyperlink:
+
Go to About
Validation in ASP.NET Core
+
Validation uses data annotations and model binding. It
ensures rules are applied once and reused across views and APIs (DRY
principle).
Validation in MVC?
+
Process ensuring user input meets defined rules before
saving.
Various JSON files in ASP.NET Core?
+
appsettings.json, launchSettings.json,
bundleconfig.json, and environment-specific config files.
Various steps to create the request object?
+
MVC parses the incoming HTTP request. It identifies
route data, initializes the Controller and Action. Binding occurs to form
parameters and then the request object is passed.
View Component?
+
Reusable rendering component similar to partial views
but with logic.
View Engine?
+
Component that renders UI from templates.
View in MVC?
+
View is the UI representation of model data shown to
the user.
View Models
+
Custom class containing only data required by the View.
View State?
+
Preserves page and control values across postbacks in
ASP.NET WebForms using a hidden field.
ViewBag?
+
Dynamic data dictionary for passing data from
controller to view.
ViewData: Key-value store for passing data to view.
+
ViewBag: Dynamic wrapper around ViewData.
ViewData?
+
A dictionary-based container to pass data between
controller and view.
ViewEngineResult?
+
Represents result of view engine locating view or
partial.
ViewEngines?
+
Engines that compile and render views like
RazorViewEngine.
ViewImports.cshtml?
+
Registers namespaces, helpers, and tag helpers for
Razor views.
ViewModel?
+
A class combining multiple models or additional data
required by the view.
ViewStart.cshtml?
+
Executes before every view and sets layout page.
ViewStart?
+
_ViewStart.cshtml runs before each view and sets common
settings like layout. It helps avoid repeating configuration in each view.
ViewState?
+
A mechanism in ASP.NET WebForms to preserve page and
control state across postbacks.
WCF bindings?
+
Transport protocols like basicHttpBinding,
wsHttpBinding.
Web API in ASP.NET Core?
+
Framework for building RESTful services.
Web API in ASP.NET?
+
ASP.NET Web API is used to build RESTful services. It
supports formats like JSON and XML. It enables communication between client
and server applications. Web API is lightweight and ideal for mobile and SPA
applications.
Web API vs MVC?
+
MVC returns views while Web API returns JSON/XML data.
Web Farm?
+
Multiple servers hosting the same application.
Web Garden?
+
Multiple worker processes in same application pool.
Web Services in ASP.NET?
+
HTTP-based services using XML/SOAP for cross-platform
communication (.asmx files). They use XML and SOAP protocols for data
exchange. They help build interoperable solutions across platforms. ASP.NET
Web Services expose methods using [.asmx] files.
Web.config file in ASP?
+
Web.config is an XML configuration file for ASP.NET
applications. It stores settings like database connections, security, and
session management. It controls application-level behavior without
recompiling code. Multiple Web.config files can exist for different
directories.
Web.config?
+
Configuration file used in .NET MVC Framework
applications.
WebListener?
+
A Windows-only web server used when advanced Windows
authentication features are required.
WebParts:
+
WebParts allow building customizable and personalized
pages. Users can rearrange, edit, or hide parts of a page. Useful in
dashboards and portal applications.
WebSocket?
+
Persistent full-duplex connection used in real-time
communication.
Startup.cs in ASP.NET Core 6.0?
+
In .NET 6+, minimal hosting model removes Startup.cs.
Configuration like services, routing, and middleware is now placed directly
in Program.cs.
API keys less secure?
+
No expiration and easily leaked.
Choose .NET for development?
+
.NET provides high performance, strong ecosystem,
cross-platform support, built-in DI, cloud readiness, and great tooling like
Visual Studio and GitHub Copilot. It's ideal for enterprise, web, mobile,
and microservice applications.
Access Tokens expire?
+
To reduce security risks and limit exposed lifetime.
Not store authorization logic in UI?
+
Client-side can be tampered; authorization must be
server-side.
Use ASP.NET Core?
+
Fast, scalable, cloud-ready, open-source, modular
design, and ideal for Microservices and container deployments.
Validate authorization on every request?
+
To ensure permissions haven't changed.
Windows Authentication?
+
Uses Windows credentials for login.
Windows Authorization?
+
Authorization using Windows identity and AD groups.
Worker Services?
+
Worker Services run background jobs without UI. They
are ideal for scheduled tasks, queue processing, and microservice background
jobs.
WPF MVVM Pattern?
+
Model-View-ViewModel for UI separation.
Wroot folder in ASP.NET Core?
+
Public web root for static files (CSS, JS, images);
files outside are not directly accessible.
XACML?
+
Authorization standard using XML-based policies.
XSS Prevention
+
XSS occurs when user input is executed as script.
ASP.NET Core prevents this through automatic HTML encoding and validation.
XSS?
+
Cross-site scripting via malicious scripts.
Zero Trust?
+
Always verify identity regardless of network.
100+ DevOps Essential concepts
+
Cloud Computing
+
#AWS: Amazon's cloud computing platform that provides a
mix of infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and
packaged software as a service (SaaS) offerings. #Azure: Microsoft's public
cloud computing platform. #GCP: Google's suite of cloud computing services
that runs on the same infrastructure that Google uses internally for its
end-user products.
Performance Testing
+
Testing conducted to determine how a system performs in
terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload.
Capacity Planning
+
The process of determining the production capacity
needed by an organization to meet changing demands for its products.
YAML, JSON
+
These are data serialization languages often used for
configuration files and in applications where data is being stored or
transmitted. A software emulation of a physical computer, running an
operating system and applications just like a physical computer.
Hybrid Cloud
+
A cloud computing environment that uses a mix of
on-premises, private cloud, and third-party, public cloud services with
orchestration between the two platforms.
Helm in Kubernetes
+
Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes that allows
developers and operators to more easily package, configure, and deploy
applications and services onto Kubernetes clusters.
UI Design
+
The process of making interfaces in software or
computerized devices with a focus on looks or style.
Hexagonal Architecture
+
Also known as Ports and Adapters, this is a design
pattern that favors the separation of concerns and loose coupling.
A/B Testing
+
A randomized experiment with two variants, A and B,
which are the control and variation in the controlled experiment.
Blockchain
+
#_ Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger
technology that maintains a growing list of records, called blocks, that are
linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the
previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. #_ The design of a
blockchain is inherently resistant to data modification. Once recorded, the
data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration
of all subsequent blocks. This makes blockchain technology suitable for the
recording of events, medical records, identity management, transaction
processing, and documenting provenance, among other things.
Progressive Delivery
+
A methodology that focuses on delivering new
functionality gradually to prevent issues and minimize risk.
Cloud-native Technologies
+
Technologies that empower organizations to build and
run scalable applications in modern, dynamic environments such as public,
private, and hybrid clouds.
Vulnerability Scanning
+
The process of inspecting potential points of exploit
on a computer or network to identify security holes.
CI/CD
+
#Continuous Integration (CI): The practice of merging
all developers' working copies to a shared mainline several times a day.
Version Control Systems
+
#Git: A distributed version control system for tracking
changes in source code during software development.
Test Automation
+
#_Test Automation involves the use of special software
(separate from the software being tested) to control the execution of tests
and the comparison of actual outcomes with predicted outcomes. Automated
testing can extend the depth and scope of tests to help improve software
quality.
Containerization
+
#Docker: An open-source platform that automates the
deployment, scaling, and management of applications.
Monitoring and Logging
+
The process of checking the status or progress of
something over time and
DevOps Metrics
+
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used to evaluate the
effectiveness of a
Security in DevOps (DevSecOps)
+
The philosophy of integrating security practices within
the DevOps process.
GitOps
+
A way of implementing Continuous Deployment for cloud
native applications,
Declarative System
+
In a declarative system, the desired system state is
described in a file (or set of files), and it's the system's responsibility
to achieve this state.
Convergence
+
In the context of GitOps, convergence refers to the
process of the system moving towards the desired state, as described in the
Git repository. When changes are made to the repository, automated processes
reconcile the current system state with the desired state.
Reconciliation Loops
+
In GitOps, reconciliation loops are the continuous
cycles of checking the current system state and applying changes to converge
towards the desired state. These are often managed by Kubernetes operators
or controllers.
Configuration Drift
+
Configuration drift refers to the phenomenon where
environments become inconsistent over time due to manual changes or updates.
GitOps helps to avoid this by ensuring all changes are made in the Git
repository and automatically applied to the system.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
+
While this isn't exclusive to GitOps, IaC is a key
component of the GitOps approach. Infrastructure as Code involves managing
and provisioning computing resources through machine-readable definition
files, rather than manual hardware configuration or interactive
configuration tools.
Canary Deployments
+
Canary deployments involve releasing new versions of a
service to a small subset of users before rolling it out to all users. This
approach, often used in conjunction with GitOps, allows teams to test and
monitor the new version in a live environment with real users, reducing the
risk of a full-scale deployment.
Serverless Architecture
+
A software design pattern where applications are hosted
by a third-party service, eliminating the need for server software and
hardware management.
Scripting & Automation
+
The ability to write scripts in languages like Bash and
Python to automate repetitive tasks.
Build Tools
+
Tools that automate the creation of executable
applications from source code (e.g., Maven, Gradle, and Ant).
Load Balancing
+
The process of distributing network traffic across
multiple servers to ensure no single server bears too much demand.
Web Services
+
Services used by the network to send and receive data
(e.g., REST and SOAP).
Database Management
+
Understanding databases, their management, and their
interaction with applications is a key skill (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB).
Scalability
+
The capability of a system to grow and manage increased
demand.
Disaster Recovery
+
The area of security planning that deals with
protecting an organization from
Incident Management
+
The process to identify, analyze, and correct hazards
to prevent a future re-occurrence.
Documentation
+
Creating high-quality documentation is a key skill for
any DevOps engineer.
Chaos Engineering
+
The discipline of experimenting on a system to build
confidence in the
Access Management
+
The process of granting authorized users the right to
use a service, while
API Management
+
The process of creating, publishing, documenting, and
overseeing APIs in a
🧱Architecture Design
+
The practice of designing the overall architecture of a
software system.
Tagging Strategy
+
A strategy for tagging resources in cloud environments
to keep track of
Observability
+
The ability to infer the internal states of a system
based on the outputs it produces.
Toolchain Management
+
The process of selecting, integrating, and managing the
right set of tools to support collaborative development, build, test, and
release.
On-call Duty
+
The responsibility of engineers to be available to
troubleshoot and resolve issues that arise in a production environment.
Feature Toggles
+
A technique that allows teams to modify system behavior
without changing code.
License Management
+
The process of managing and optimizing the purchase,
deployment, maintenance, utilization, and disposal of software applications
within an organization.
Docker Images
+
Docker images are lightweight, stand-alone, executable
packages that include everything needed to run a piece of software.
Kubernetes Pods
+
A pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the
Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy.
Deployment Strategies
+
Techniques for updating applications, such as rolling
updates, blue/green deployments, or canary releases.
Disk Imaging
+
The process of copying the contents of a computer hard
disk into a data file
Knowledge Sharing
+
A key aspect of DevOps culture, involving the sharing
of knowledge and best practices across the organization.
Cloud Services Models
+
Different models of cloud services, including IaaS,
PaaS, and SaaS.
Idle Process Management
+
The management and removal of idle processes to free up
resources.
Service Mesh
+
A dedicated infrastructure layer for handling
service-to-service communication, often used in microservices architecture.
Project Management Tools
+
Tools used for project management, like Jira, Trello,
or Asana.
Proxy Servers
+
Servers that act as intermediaries for requests from
clients seeking resources from other servers.
Cloud Migration
+
The process of moving data, applications, and other
business elements from an
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
+
A standard security technology for establishing an
encrypted link between a server and a client.
User Experience (UX)
+
The process of creating products that provide
meaningful and relevant experiences to users.
Reverse Proxy
+
A type of proxy server that retrieves resources on
behalf of a client from
Anomaly Detection
+
The identification of rare items, events, or
observations which raise suspicions by differing significantly from the
majority of the data.
Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)
+
#_ A discipline that incorporates aspects of software
engineering and applies them to infrastructure and operations problems. The
main goals are to create scalable and highly reliable software systems. SRE
is a role that was originated at Google to bridge the gap between
development and operations by applying a software engineering mindset to
system administration topics. SREs use software as a tool to manage systems,
solve problems, and automate operations tasks.
Autoscaling
+
A cloud computing feature that automatically adds or
removes compute resources depending upon actual usage.
SSH (Secure Shell)
+
A cryptographic network protocol for operating network
services securely over an unsecured network.
Problem Solving
+
The process of finding solutions to difficult or
complex issues.
IT Service Management (ITSM)
+
The activities that are performed by an organization to
design, plan, deliver, operate and control information technology (IT)
services offered to customers.
Peer Reviews
+
The evaluation of work by one or more people with
similar competencies who are not the people who produced the work.
Data Analysis
+
The process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and
modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Content Delivery Network (CDN)
+
A geographically distributed network of proxy servers
and their data centers.
Canary Deployment
+
A pattern for rolling out releases to a subset of users
or servers.
Messaging Systems
+
Communication systems for exchanging messages between
distributed systems (e.g., RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka).
OAuth
+
An open standard for access delegation, commonly used
as a way for Internet users to grant websites or applications access to
their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords.
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
+
A framework of business processes, policies and
technologies that facilitates
NoSQL Databases
+
Database systems designed to handle large volumes of
data that do not fit the traditional relational model (e.g., MongoDB,
Cassandra).
Serverless Functions
+
Also known as Functions as a Service (FaaS), these are
a type of cloud service that allows you to execute specific functions in
response to events (e.g., AWS Lambda).
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
+
A data warehousing process that uses batch processing
to help business users analyze and report on data relevant to their business
focus.
Data Warehousing
+
The process of constructing and using a data warehouse,
which is a system used for reporting and data analysis.
Big Data
+
Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed
computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially
relating to human behavior and interactions.
Edge Computing
+
A distributed computing paradigm that brings
computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed, to
improve response times and save bandwidth.
Log Analysis
+
The process of reviewing and evaluating log files from
various sources to identify trends or potential security threats.
Dashboarding
+
The process of creating a visual representation of
data, which can be used to analyze and make decisions.
Key Management
+
The administrative control of creating, distributing,
using, storing, and
HTTPS (HTTP Secure)
+
An extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is
used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on
the Internet.
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
+
A firewall that monitors, filters, or blocks data
packets as they travel to and from a web application.
Single Sign-On (SSO)
+
An authentication scheme that allows a user to log in
with a single ID and
Blue-Green Deployment
+
A release management strategy that reduces downtime and
risk by running two identical production environments called Blue and Green.
Fog Computing
+
A decentralized computing infrastructure in which data,
compute, storage, and applications are distributed in the most logical,
efficient place between the data source and the cloud.
RFC (Request for Comments)
+
A type of publication from the technology community
that describes methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to
the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems.
REST (Representational State Transfer)
+
An architectural style for designing networked
applications, often used in
Secrets Management
+
The process of managing digital authentication
credentials like passwords, keys, and tokens.
HSM (Hardware Security Module)
+
A physical computing device that safeguards and manages
digital keys, performs encryption and decryption functions for digital
signatures, strong authentication and other cryptographic functions.
Microservices
+
An architectural style that structures an application
as a collection of
Benchmarking
+
The practice of comparing business processes and
performance metrics to
Cross-Functional Collaboration
+
Collaboration between different functional areas within
an organization to achieve common goals.
ADO.NET
+
Access data from DataReader?
+
Call ExecuteReader() and iterate rows using Read().
Access values using index or column names. It is forward-only and read-only.
ADO.NET Components.
+
Key components are:, · Connection, · Command, ·
DataReader, · DataAdapter, · DataSet, Each helps in performing database
operations efficiently.
ADO.NET Data Provider?
+
A Data Provider is a set of classes (Connection,
Command, DataAdapter, DataReader) that interacts with a specific database
like SQL Server, Oracle, or OleDb.
Supports disconnected model, XML integration, scalable
architecture, and high performance. Works with multiple data sources and
provides secure parameterized queries.
Aggregate in LINQ?
+
Perform operations like Sum, Count, Min, Max, Average
on collections.
Authentication techniques for SQL Server
+
Common authentication types are Windows Authentication,
SQL Server Authentication, and Mixed Mode Authentication.
Benefits of ADO.NET?
+
Scalable, secure, supports XML, disconnected
architecture, multiple DB providers.
Best method to get two values
+
Use ExecuteReader() or stored procedure returning
multiple columns.
BindingSource class in ADO.NET?
+
BindingSource acts as a mediator between UI and data.
It simplifies sorting, filtering, and navigation with data controls like
DataGridView.
Boxing/unboxing?
+
Boxing: value type → object, Unboxing: object → value
type
Can multiple tables be loaded into a DataSet?
+
Yes, multiple tables can be loaded into a DataSet using
DataAdapter.Fill(), and relationships can be defined between them.
Classes available in System.Data Namespace
+
Includes DataSet, DataTable, DataRow, DataColumn,
DataRelation, Constraint, and DataView.
Classes in System.Data.Common Namespace
+
Includes DbConnection, DbCommand, DbDataAdapter,
DbDataReader, and DbParameter, offering provider-independent access.
Clear(), Clone(), Copy() in DataSet?
+
Clear(): removes all data, keeps schema, Clone():
copies schema only, Copy(): copies schema + data
Clone() method of DataSet?
+
Clone() copies the structure of a DataSet including
tables, schemas, and constraints. It does not copy data. It is used when the
same schema is needed for new datasets.
Command object in ADO.NET?
+
Command object represents an SQL statement or stored
procedure to execute against a data source.
Commands used with DataAdapter
+
DataAdapter uses SelectCommand, InsertCommand,
UpdateCommand, and DeleteCommand for CRUD operations. These commands define
how data is fetched and updated between DataSet and database.
Components of ADO.NET Data Provider
+
ADO.NET Data Provider consists of four main objects:
Connection, Command, DataReader, and DataAdapter. The Connection connects to
the database, Command executes SQL, DataReader retrieves forward-only data,
and DataAdapter fills DataSets and updates changes.
Concurrency in EF?
+
Manages simultaneous access to data using Optimistic or
Pessimistic concurrency.
Connection object in ADO.NET?
+
Connection object represents a connection to a data
source and is used to open and close connections.
Connection object properties and members?
+
Common properties include ConnectionString, State,
Database, ServerVersion, and DataSource. Methods include Open(), Close(),
CreateCommand(), and BeginTransaction().
Connection Object?
+
The connection object establishes communication between
application and database. It includes connection strings and manages session
initiation and termination.
Connection Pooling in ADO.NET?
+
Connection pooling reuses existing database connections
instead of creating new ones repeatedly. It improves performance and reduces
overhead by efficiently managing active and idle connections.
Connection timeout in ADO.NET?
+
Connection timeout specifies the time to wait while
establishing a connection before throwing an exception.
ConnectionString?
+
Defines DB server, database name, credentials, and
options for establishing connection.
Copy() method of DataSet?
+
Copy() creates a duplicate DataSet including structure
and data. It is useful when preserving a dataset snapshot.
Create and Manage Connections in ADO.NET?
+
Use classes like SqlConnection with a valid connection
string. Methods such as Open() and Close() handle connection lifecycle,
often used inside using(){} blocks.
Create SqlConnection?
+
SqlConnection con = new
SqlConnection("connectionString");, con.Open();
DAO?
+
DAO (Data Access Object) is a design pattern used to
abstract and encapsulate database access logic. It helps separate
persistence logic from business logic.
Data Providers in ADO.NET
+
Examples include SqlClient, OleDb, OracleClient, Odbc,
and EntityClient.
DataAdapter and its Property?
+
DataAdapter is used to transfer data between database
and DataSet. Properties include SelectCommand, InsertCommand, UpdateCommand,
and DeleteCommand.
DataAdapter in ADO.NET?
+
DataAdapter acts as a bridge between the database and
DataSet. It uses select, insert, update, and delete commands to sync data
between memory and the database.
DataAdapter?
+
Acts as a bridge between DataSet and DB, provides
methods for Fill() and Update().
DataColumn, DataRow, DataTable relationship?
+
DataTable holds rows and columns; DataRow is a record;
DataColumn defines schema.
DataReader in ADO.NET?
+
DataReader is a forward-only, read-only stream of data
from a data source, optimized for performance.
DataReader Object?
+
A fast, forward-only, read-only way to retrieve data
from a database. Works in connected mode.
DataReader?
+
Forward-only, read-only, fast access to database
records.
DataRelation Class?
+
It establishes parent-child relational mapping between
DataTables inside a DataSet, similar to foreign keys in a database.
DataSet in ADO.NET?
+
DataSet is an in-memory, disconnected collection of
data tables, relationships, and constraints.
Dataset Object?
+
A disconnected, in-memory collection of DataTables
supporting relationships and XML.
DataSet replaces ADO Recordset?
+
Dataset provides disconnected, XML-based storage,
supporting multiple tables, relationships, and offline editing. Unlike
Recordset, it does not require a live database connection.
DataSet?
+
An in-memory representation of tables, relationships,
and constraints, supports disconnected data.
DataTable in ADO.NET?
+
A DataTable stores rows and columns similar to a
database table. It exists in memory and can be part of a DataSet, supporting
constraints, relations, and indexing.
DataView in ADO.NET?
+
DataView provides a customizable view of a DataTable,
allowing sorting, filtering, and searching.
DataView?
+
DataView provides filtered and sorted views of a
DataTable without modifying original data.
Default CommandTimeout value
+
The default value of CommandTimeout is 30 seconds.
Define DataSet structure?
+
A DataSet stores relational data in memory as tables,
relations, and constraints. It can contain multiple DataTables and supports
XML schema definitions using ReadXmlSchema() and WriteXmlSchema().
AcceptChanges() and RejectChanges() in DataSet?
+
AcceptChanges() commits changes to DataSet;
RejectChanges() rolls back changes.
AcceptChanges() and RejectChanges()?
+
AcceptChanges commits changes; RejectChanges reverts
changes to original state.
ADO and ADO.NET?
+
ADO is COM-based and works with connected architecture;
ADO.NET is .NET-based and supports both connected and disconnected
architecture.
BeginTransaction() and EnlistTransaction()?
+
BeginTransaction starts a local transaction;
EnlistTransaction enrolls the connection in a distributed transaction.
Close() and Dispose() on SqlConnection?
+
Close() closes the connection; Dispose() releases all
resources used by the connection object.
CommandBehavior.CloseConnection and default behavior?
+
CloseConnection automatically closes connection when
DataReader is closed; default keeps connection open.
CommandType.Text and CommandType.StoredProcedure?
+
CommandType.Text executes raw SQL queries;
CommandType.StoredProcedure executes stored procedures.
Connected and disconnected architecture in ADO.NET?
SqlConnection is specific to SQL Server;
OleDbConnection is generic and can connect to multiple databases via OLE DB
provider.
SqlDataAdapter and OleDbDataAdapter?
+
SqlDataAdapter is SQL Server-specific; OleDbDataAdapter
works with OLE DB providers for multiple databases.
SqlDataAdapter and SqlDataReader?
+
DataAdapter works with disconnected DataSet; DataReader
is connected and forward-only.
SqlDataAdapter.Fill() and SqlDataAdapter.FillSchema()?
+
Fill() loads data; FillSchema() loads table structure
including constraints.
SqlDataReader and SqlDataAdapter?
+
SqlDataReader is connected, fast, and read-only;
SqlDataAdapter works in disconnected mode with DataSet.
Synchronous and asynchronous ADO.NET operations?
+
Synchronous operations block until complete;
asynchronous operations run in background without blocking.
TableMapping and ColumnMapping?
+
TableMapping maps source table names to DataSet tables;
ColumnMapping maps source columns to DataSet columns.
Typed and untyped DataSet?
+
Typed DataSet has a predefined schema with compile-time
checks; untyped is generic and dynamic.
DiffBet ADO and ADO.NET.
+
ADO is connected and recordset-based, whereas ADO.NET
supports disconnected architecture using DataSet. ADO.NET is XML-based and
works well with distributed applications.
DiffBet ADO and ADO.NET?
+
ADO uses connected model and Recordsets. ADO.NET
supports disconnected model, XML, and multiple tables.
DiffBet Command and CommandBuilder
+
Command executes SQL statements, while CommandBuilder
automatically generates SQL (Insert, Update, Delete) commands for
DataAdapters.
DiffBet connected and disconnected model?
+
Connected: DataReader, requires live DB connection.,
Disconnected: DataSet, DataAdapter, works offline.
DiffBet DataReader and DataAdapter?
+
DataReader is forward-only, read-only; DataAdapter
fills DataSet and supports disconnected operations.
DiffBet DataReader and DataSet.
+
· DataReader: forward-only, read-only, connected model,
high performance., · DataSet: in-memory collection, disconnected model,
supports navigation and editing.
DiffBet DataReader and Dataset?
+
DataReader is fast, connected, read-only; Dataset is
disconnected, editable, and supports multiple tables.
DiffBet DataSet and DataReader.
+
(Already answered in Q5, summarized above.)
DiffBet DataSet and Recordset?
+
DataSet is disconnected, supports multiple tables and
relationships., Recordset is connected and read-only or updatable depending
on type.
DiffBet Dataset.Clone and Dataset.Copy
+
Clone() copies only the schema of the DataSet without
data. Copy() duplicates both the schema and data, creating a full dataset
replica.
Scalar: single value, Reader: forward-only rows,
NonQuery: update/delete/insert.
DiffBet Fill() and Update()?
+
Fill() loads data from DB to DataSet; Update() writes
changes back to DB.
DiffBet IQueryable and IEnumerable?
+
IQueryable: server-side execution, LINQ to
SQL/Entities, IEnumerable: client-side, in-memory
DiffBet OLEDB and SQLClient Providers
+
OLEDB provider works with multiple data sources like
Access, Oracle, and Excel, while SQLClient is optimized specifically for SQL
Server. SQLClient offers better speed, security, and support for SQL Server
features like stored procedures and transactions.
Difference: Response.Expires vs
Response.ExpiresAbsolute
+
Expires specifies duration in minutes. ExpiresAbsolute
sets exact expiration date/time.
Different Execute Methods in ADO.NET
+
Key execution methods include ExecuteReader() for row
data, ExecuteScalar() for a single value, ExecuteNonQuery() for
insert/update/delete operations, and ExecuteXmlReader() for XML data.
Disconnected data?
+
Disconnected data allows retrieving, modifying, and
working with data without continuous DB connection. DataSet and DataTable
support this model.
Dispose() in ADO.NET?
+
Releases unmanaged resources like DB connections,
commonly used with using block.
Do we use stored procedures in ADO.NET?
+
Yes, stored procedures can be executed using the
Command object by setting CommandType.StoredProcedure.
EF Migration?
+
Updates DB schema as models evolve without losing data.
ExecuteNonQuery()?
+
Executes insert, update, or delete commands and returns
affected row count.
ExecuteReader()?
+
Executes a query and returns a DataReader for reading
rows forward-only.
ExecuteScalar()?
+
Executes a query that returns a single value (first
column of first row).
DataTable stores rows and columns of data. DataRow
represents a single record, while DataColumn defines the schema (fields).
Together they form structured tabular data.
Explain ExecuteReader().
+
ExecuteReader returns a DataReader object to read
result sets row-by-row in forward-only mode, ideal for performance in large
data retrieval.
Explain ExecuteXmlReader?
+
ExecuteXmlReader is used with SQL Server to read XML
data returned by a command. It returns an XmlReader object that allows
forward-only streaming of XML. It is useful when retrieving XML documents
from queries or stored procedures.
Explain OleDbDataAdapter Command Properties with
Example?
+
OleDbDataAdapter has properties like SelectCommand,
InsertCommand, UpdateCommand, and DeleteCommand. These commands define SQL
operations for reading and updating data. Example:, adapter.SelectCommand =
new OleDbCommand("SELECT * FROM Students", connection);
Explain the Clear() method of DataSet?
+
Clear() removes all rows from all DataTables within the
DataSet. The structure remains intact, but data is deleted. It is useful
when reloading fresh data.
Explain the ExecuteScalar method in ADO.NET?
+
ExecuteScalar executes a SQL command and returns a
single scalar value. It is commonly used for aggregate queries like COUNT(),
MAX(), MIN(), or retrieving a single field. It improves performance as it
does not return rows or a dataset. It returns the first column of the first
row.
Features of ADO.NET?
+
Disconnected model, XML support, DataReader, DataSet,
DataAdapter, object pooling.
GetChanges() in DataSet?
+
Returns modified rows (Added, Deleted, Modified) from
DataSet for update operations.
GetChanges()?
+
GetChanges() returns a copy of DataSet with only
changed rows (Added, Deleted, Modified). Useful for updating only modified
records.
HasChanges() in DataSet?
+
Checks if DataSet has any changes since last load or
accept changes.
HasChanges() method of DataSet?
+
HasChanges() checks if the DataSet contains modified,
deleted, or new rows. It returns true if changes exist, helping detect
update needs.
Important Classes in ADO.NET.
+
Key classes include SqlConnection, SqlCommand,
SqlDataReader, SqlDataAdapter, DataSet, DataTable, and SqlParameter.
Is it possible to edit data in Repeater control?
+
No, Repeater does not provide built-in editing support
like GridView.
Keyword to accept variable parameters
+
The keyword params is used to accept a variable number
of arguments in C#.
Layers of ADO.NET
+
The two layers are Connected Layer (Connection,
Command, DataReader) and Disconnected Layer (DataSet, DataTable,
DataAdapter).
Lazy vs eager loading in EF?
+
Lazy: loads related entities on demand, Eager: loads
with query using Include()
LINQ deferred execution?
+
Query runs only when enumerated (foreach, ToList()).
Main components of ADO.NET?
+
Connection, Command, DataReader, DataSet, DataAdapter,
DataTable, and DataView.
Method in OleDbAdapter to populate dataset
+
The method is Fill(), used to load records into
DataSet/DataTable.
Method in OleDbDataAdapter populates a dataset with
records?
+
The Fill() method of OleDbDataAdapter populates a
DataSet or DataTable with data. It executes the SELECT command and loads the
returned rows into the dataset for disconnected use.
Method to execute SQL returning single value
+
The method is ExecuteScalar(), which returns the first
column of the first row.
Method used to read XML daily
+
The Read() or Load() methods using XmlReader or
XDocument are used to process XML files.
Method used to sort data
+
Sorting can be done using DataView.Sort property.
Methods of DataSet.
+
Common methods include AcceptChanges(),
RejectChanges(), ReadXml(), WriteXml(), and GetChanges() for data
manipulation and synchronization.
Methods of XML DataSet Object
+
Common methods include ReadXml(), WriteXml(),
ReadXmlSchema(), and WriteXmlSchema(), which allow reading and writing XML
data and schema.
Methods under SqlCommand
+
Common methods include ExecuteReader(),
ExecuteScalar(), ExecuteNonQuery(), ExecuteXmlReader(), Cancel(), Prepare()
and ExecuteAsync() for asynchronous calls.
Namespaces for Data Access.
+
Common namespaces:, · System.Data, ·
System.Data.SqlClient, · System.Data.OleDb
Namespaces used in ADO.NET?
+
Common namespaces:, · System.Data, ·
System.Data.SqlClient, · System.Data.OleDb
Object used to add relationship
+
DataRelation object is used to create relationships
between DataTables.
Optimistic concurrency in ADO.NET?
+
Optimistic concurrency allows multiple users to access
data and checks for conflicts only when updating.
OrderBy/ThenBy in LINQ?
+
Sorts collection first by OrderBy, then further sorting
with ThenBy.
Parameterized query in ADO.NET?
+
A parameterized query uses parameters to prevent SQL
injection and pass values safely.
Parameterized query?
+
Prevents SQL injection and allows passing parameters
safely in SqlCommand.
Parameters in ADO.NET?
+
Parameters are used in parameterized queries or stored
procedures to prevent SQL injection and pass values securely.
Pessimistic concurrency in ADO.NET?
+
Pessimistic concurrency locks data while a user is
editing to prevent conflicts.
Preferred method for executing SQL with parameters?
+
Use Parameterized queries with SqlCommand and
Parameters collection. This prevents SQL injection and handles data safely.
The OleDb provider is used to connect to multiple
heterogeneous databases like MS Access, Excel, and Oracle.
RowVersion in ADO.NET?
+
RowVersion represents the state of a DataRow (Original,
Current, Proposed) for concurrency control.
SqlCommand Object?
+
The SqlCommand object executes SQL queries and stored
procedures against a SQL Server database. It supports methods like
ExecuteReader(), ExecuteScalar(), and ExecuteNonQuery().
SqlCommand?
+
Executes SQL queries, commands, and stored procedures
on a database.
SqlCommandBuilder?
+
SqlCommandBuilder auto-generates Insert, Update, and
Delete commands for a DataAdapter based on a select query. It reduces manual
SQL writing.
SqlTransaction in ADO.NET?
+
SqlTransaction allows executing multiple commands as a
single transaction with commit or rollback.
SqlTransaction?
+
SqlTransaction ensures multiple operations execute as a
single unit. If any operation fails, the entire transaction can be rolled
back.
Stop a running thread?
+
Threads can be stopped using Thread.Abort(),
CancellationToken, or cooperative flag-based termination (recommended).
Strongly typed DataSet?
+
Strongly typed DataSet has a predefined schema and
provides compile-time checking of tables and columns.
System.Data Namespace Class.
+
System.Data namespace provides classes for working with
relational data. It includes DataTable, DataSet, DataRelation, DataColumn,
and connection-related classes.
TableMapping in ADO.NET?
+
TableMapping maps source table names from a DataAdapter
to destination DataSet table names.
Transaction in ADO.NET?
+
A transaction is a set of operations executed as a
single unit, ensuring ACID properties.
Transactions and Concurrency in ADO.NET?
+
Transactions ensure multiple database operations
execute as a unit (commit/rollback). Concurrency manages simultaneous access
using locking or optimistic/pessimistic control.
Transactions in ADO.NET?
+
Ensures a set of operations execute as a unit; rollback
occurs on failure.
Two Fundamental Objects in ADO.NET.
+
· Connection Object, · Command Object
Two important ADO.NET objects?
+
DataReader for connected model and DataSet for
disconnected model.
Typed vs. Untyped Dataset
+
Typed DataSet has predefined schema with IntelliSense
support. Untyped DataSet does not have fixed schema and works with dynamic
tables.
Use of connection object?
+
Creates a link to the database and opens/closes
transactions and commands.
Use of DataSet Object.
+
A DataSet stores multiple tables in memory, supports
XML formatting, relational mapping, and offline work. Changes can later be
synchronized with the database via DataAdapter.
Use of DataView
+
DataView provides a filtered, sorted view of a
DataTable without modifying actual data. It supports searching, sorting, and
binding to UI controls.
Iterative development improves the product through
repeated cycles based on feedback.
Iterative vs incremental development?
+
Iterative improves existing functionality, while
incremental delivers new functionality in parts.
Agile increment?
+
An increment is the sum of completed work at the end of
a sprint that meets the Definition of Done.
Agile be used?
+
Agile is best used when requirements evolve and
frequent customer feedback is required.
Agile be avoided?
+
Avoid Agile in fixed-scope, fixed-budget, or highly
regulated projects with minimal change.
Key success factors of Agile?
+
Collaboration, empowered teams, clear vision, adaptive
planning, and iterative delivery.
Challenges in Agile development?
+
Unclear requirements, dependencies, cultural
resistance, and estimation challenges.
Common obstacles to Agile adoption?
+
Resistance to change, lack of training, poor
communication, and legacy constraints.
Four values of the Agile Manifesto?
+
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools,
working software over comprehensive documentation, customer collaboration
over contract negotiation, and responding to change over following a plan.
“individuals and interactions over processes and
tools” mean?
+
It emphasizes people and communication as more
important than rigid processes or tools.
“working software over comprehensive documentation”
mean?
+
It prioritizes delivering functional software rather
than excessive documentation.
“customer collaboration over contract negotiation”
mean?
+
It focuses on continuous stakeholder involvement
instead of strict contractual boundaries.
“responding to change over following a plan” mean?
+
It values adaptability to change rather than strictly
sticking to predefined plans.
Principles are defined in Agile?
+
There are 12 principles defined in Agile.
First principle of Agile?
+
The highest priority is to satisfy the customer through
early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
Welcoming change mean in Agile?
+
Agile welcomes changing requirements, even late in
development, to deliver customer value.
Frequent delivery mean in Agile?
+
Delivering working software frequently in short time
frames.
Collaboration in Agile principles emphasize?
+
Close, daily collaboration between business
stakeholders and developers.
Motivated individuals in Agile principles?
+
Teams should be built around motivated individuals and
trusted to get the job done.
Working software as a measure of progress mean?
+
Progress is measured by functional software rather than
documentation or plans.
Sustainable development mean in Agile?
+
Teams should maintain a constant pace indefinitely
without burnout.
Technical excellence mean in Agile?
+
Continuous focus on good design and technical quality
enhances agility.
Simplicity mean in Agile principles?
+
Maximizing the amount of work not done is essential.
Self-organizing teams in Agile?
+
Teams that decide how best to accomplish work without
external direction.
Regular reflection mean in Agile?
+
Teams regularly reflect on how to become more effective
and adjust behavior.
Continuous improvement in Agile principles?
+
Ongoing inspection and adaptation to improve processes
and outcomes.
Common types of Agile frameworks?
+
Scrum, Kanban, XP (Extreme Programming), Lean, SAFe,
Crystal, LeSS, Nexus, and Spotify model.
Kanban?
+
Kanban is an Agile framework focused on visualizing
workflow and enabling continuous delivery using WIP limits.
Extreme Programming (XP)?
+
XP is an Agile framework emphasizing technical
practices like TDD, pair programming, and continuous integration.
Lean in Agile?
+
Lean focuses on eliminating waste, optimizing flow, and
delivering value efficiently.
Crystal framework?
+
Crystal is a family of Agile methodologies focused on
people, interaction, and project size.
Scrum be used?
+
Scrum is best used for projects with evolving
requirements and iterative delivery needs.
Kanban be used?
+
Kanban is ideal for maintenance, support, DevOps, and
continuous flow-based work.
Scrum vs Kanban usage difference?
+
Scrum is sprint-based, while Kanban is continuous and
flow-based.
Agile vs Scrum?
+
Agile is a mindset and methodology, while Scrum is a
specific framework under Agile.
Agile vs Lean?
+
Agile focuses on iterative development, while Lean
focuses on waste reduction and process optimization.
Agile vs SAFe?
+
Agile applies to individual teams, while SAFe scales
Agile across large organizations.
Role of frameworks in Agile?
+
Frameworks provide structure to apply Agile values and
principles effectively.
Main roles in Scrum?
+
Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team are
the three main Scrum roles.
Responsibilities of a Product Owner?
+
Managing the product backlog, prioritizing items,
defining product vision, and ensuring value delivery.
Responsibilities of a Scrum Master?
+
Facilitating ceremonies, removing impediments, coaching
the team, and ensuring Scrum adherence.
Servant leadership in Scrum?
+
Servant leadership focuses on supporting and enabling
the team rather than directing them.
Role of Scrum Master as a servant leader?
+
The Scrum Master removes obstacles, empowers the team,
and fosters continuous improvement.
Development Team?
+
The Development Team is a cross-functional group
responsible for delivering product increments.
Responsibilities of the Development Team?
+
Designing, developing, testing, and delivering working
software each sprint.
Are stakeholders in Scrum?
+
Stakeholders are individuals or groups with interest or
influence over the product.
Qualities of a Scrum Master?
+
Strong communication, facilitation skills, servant
leadership mindset, and Agile knowledge.
Qualities of an Agile tester?
+
Collaboration, adaptability, business understanding,
and focus on continuous improvement.
Scrum ceremonies?
+
Scrum ceremonies are time-boxed events used to plan,
inspect, and adapt work in Scrum.
Main Scrum ceremonies?
+
Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-up, Sprint Review, and
Sprint Retrospective.
Scrum cycle length?
+
The Scrum cycle or sprint typically lasts between 1 and
4 weeks.
Purpose of Daily Stand-up?
+
To improve communication, transparency, and identify
impediments early.
Sprint retrospection action items?
+
Improvements identified during retrospectives to apply
in upcoming sprints.
Sprint planning, review, and retrospective?
+
They are ceremonies used to plan work, review outcomes,
and improve processes.
Agile artifacts?
+
Agile artifacts are documents or tools that provide
transparency and opportunities for inspection and adaptation.
Main Agile artifacts in Scrum?
+
Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Increment.
Maintains the Product Backlog?
+
The Product Owner is responsible for maintaining and
prioritizing the Product Backlog.
Increment?
+
An Increment is the sum of all completed work in a
sprint that meets the Definition of Done.
Definition of Done include?
+
Code quality, testing, documentation, and acceptance
criteria completion.
Definition of Ready include?
+
Clear description, acceptance criteria, estimation, and
no major dependencies.
Definition of Done important?
+
It ensures quality, consistency, and transparency of
completed work.
Definition of Ready important?
+
It reduces uncertainty and prevents blockers during the
sprint.
Sprint Backlog vs Product Backlog?
+
Sprint Backlog contains sprint-specific work, while
Product Backlog contains all product requirements.
Backlog management?
+
Backlog management is the process of creating,
prioritizing, and maintaining backlog items.
Backlog grooming?
+
Backlog grooming is the practice of prioritizing and
preparing backlog items for future sprints.
Is backlog grooming and backlog refinement the same?
+
Yes, both terms refer to the same backlog preparation
activity.
Often should backlog refinement be done?
+
Typically once per sprint on an ongoing basis.
Much time is spent on backlog refinement?
+
Around 5–10% of the team’s sprint capacity.
Backlog refinement best practices?
+
Regular review, clear requirements, prioritization, and
breaking large stories.
Techniques are used for backlog prioritization?
+
MoSCoW, business value, risk, ROI, and dependency
analysis.
Epic decomposition?
+
Breaking epics into smaller, manageable user stories.
Tasks in Agile?
+
Tasks are technical activities required to complete a
user story.
MVP vs prototype?
+
MVP is usable and delivers value, while a prototype is
used for experimentation.
Balance stakeholder requests in the backlog?
+
By evaluating business value, urgency, dependencies,
and team capacity.
Story points used instead of hours?
+
They avoid false precision and focus on relative
complexity rather than time.
T-shirt sizing?
+
T-shirt sizing estimates work using sizes like XS, S,
M, L, and XL.
Affinity estimation?
+
Affinity estimation groups similar-sized stories to
estimate large backlogs quickly.
Purpose of sprint planning?
+
To define sprint goals and plan the work required to
achieve them.
Estimate tasks in sprint planning?
+
Using story points, ideal hours, or T-shirt sizing.
Release planning?
+
Release planning defines a roadmap for delivering
features over multiple sprints.
Release planning horizon?
+
It defines the time period covered by a release plan.
Burndown chart?
+
A burndown chart shows remaining work over time in a
sprint or project.
Types of burndown charts?
+
Sprint burndown, release burndown, and product burndown
charts.
Burnup chart?
+
A burnup chart shows completed work versus total scope
over time.
Cumulative flow diagram (CFD)?
+
CFD visualizes work in different states over time to
identify bottlenecks.
Track multiple sprints or teams?
+
Using dashboards, program boards, and scaled Agile
tools.
Testing continuous in Agile?
+
Because testing starts early and runs throughout the
development lifecycle.
Principles of Agile testing?
+
Early testing, continuous feedback, collaboration, and
customer focus.
TDD used?
+
To improve design, reduce defects, and support
regression testing.
Definition of Done (DoD) in testing?
+
DoD ensures testing criteria are met before work is
considered complete.
Refactoring?
+
Refactoring improves internal code structure without
changing behavior.
Refactoring important?
+
It improves readability, maintainability, and reduces
technical debt.
Ensure quality in Agile delivery?
+
Through automated testing, code reviews, CI/CD, and
adherence to DoD.
Role of QA in Agile?
+
QA collaborates early, defines acceptance criteria, and
ensures continuous quality.
Benefit of CI/CD in Agile?
+
It enables faster feedback, early defect detection, and
frequent releases.
Build breaker?
+
A build breaker is an issue that causes the CI build or
pipeline to fail.
Should be done when a build is broken?
+
It should be fixed immediately before continuing new
development.
Release candidate?
+
A release candidate is a near-final product version
ready for final testing.
Tracer bullet technique?
+
Tracer bullet delivers a thin working slice early to
validate architecture.
Ensure timely delivery in Agile?
+
By clear sprint goals, proper estimation, daily
tracking, and removing blockers.
Scaling Agile needed?
+
To coordinate multiple teams, manage dependencies, and
deliver value at scale.
Scrum of Scrums?
+
Scrum of Scrums is a coordination technique where
multiple Scrum teams synchronize work.
Participates in Scrum of Scrums?
+
Representatives from each Scrum team participate to
coordinate dependencies.
Scaling challenges in Agile?
+
Coordination, maintaining consistency, dependency
management, and cultural alignment.
LeSS in scaling Agile?
+
LeSS scales Scrum principles across multiple teams
working on one product.
Nexus framework?
+
Nexus provides integration-focused scaling of Scrum for
multiple teams.
Benefits of scaling Agile?
+
Faster delivery, better alignment, improved
transparency, and shared ownership.
Agile tools?
+
Agile tools help teams plan, track, collaborate, and
report Agile work.
Track progress in Jira?
+
Using dashboards, reports, burndown charts, and
cumulative flow diagrams.
Create a Kanban board in Jira?
+
Create a board, select Kanban, configure columns, and
add issues.
Control permissions in Confluence?
+
By setting space-level or page-level permissions.
Link Jira issues in Confluence?
+
Using Jira macros to embed issues or reports.
Backlog tracking in Agile tools?
+
Managing and prioritizing backlog items using boards
and reports.
Popular Agile tools?
+
Jira, Trello, Azure DevOps, Asana, Rally, Monday.com,
and VersionOne.
Difference between Agile and Waterfall?
+
Agile is iterative and flexible, while Waterfall is
linear and sequential.
Difference between Waterfall and Agile?
+
Waterfall requires fixed requirements upfront, while
Agile adapts to change.
Difference between Agile and Scrum?
+
Agile is a mindset and methodology, while Scrum is a
framework under Agile.
Difference between Scrum and Kanban?
+
Scrum uses fixed sprints and roles, while Kanban
focuses on continuous flow and WIP limits.
Difference between Agile and DevOps?
+
Agile focuses on development practices, while DevOps
focuses on deployment and operations.
Difference between Agile and Lean?
+
Agile emphasizes iterative delivery, while Lean focuses
on waste reduction.
Difference between Scrum and Waterfall?
+
Scrum is adaptive and iterative, while Waterfall
follows a fixed sequential flow.
Difference between Epic, Feature, and User Story?
+
Epic is large, Feature is mid-level, and User Story is
implementable work.
Difference between Epic, User Story, and Task?
+
Epic is broken into stories, and stories are broken
into tasks.
Difference between Product Backlog and Sprint Backlog?
+
Product Backlog contains all requirements, while Sprint
Backlog contains sprint-selected items.
Difference between Sprint Backlog and Product Backlog?
+
Sprint Backlog is short-term and sprint-specific, while
Product Backlog is long-term.
Difference between Story Points and Hours?
+
Story points measure relative effort, while hours
measure actual time.
Difference between Burnup and Burndown charts?
+
Burndown shows remaining work, while burnup shows
completed work and scope.
Difference between Cross-functional and Functional
teams?
+
Cross-functional teams have multiple skills, while
functional teams are role-based.
Difference between Incremental and Iterative delivery?
+
Incremental delivers new features, while iterative
improves existing ones.
Difference between MVP and Prototype?
+
MVP is usable and delivers value, while prototype is
for experimentation.
Difference between Agile and Lean thinking?
+
Agile focuses on adaptability, while Lean focuses on
efficiency.
Difference between Bug and Story in backlog?
+
Bug fixes defects, while story delivers new
functionality.
Difference between Jira and Confluence?
+
Jira is for tracking work, while Confluence is for
documentation.
Difference between DoD and DoR?
+
DoD defines completion, while DoR defines readiness.
Ensure effective communication in cross-functional
teams?
+
By using daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, shared
documentation, and collaboration tools.
Improve team collaboration?
+
By fostering open communication, clear goals, and
regular retrospectives.
Ensure team accountability?
+
Through transparent commitments, daily tracking, and a
clear Definition of Done.
Ensure timely delivery?
+
By setting clear sprint goals, estimating properly, and
removing blockers early.
Handle blocked tasks?
+
By identifying blockers early and escalating or
resolving them collaboratively.
Handle changing priorities mid-sprint?
+
By minimizing changes and negotiating scope adjustments
with the Product Owner.
Manage scope creep during a sprint?
+
By freezing the sprint backlog and deferring new
requests to future sprints.
Handle unplanned work during a sprint?
+
By evaluating urgency and negotiating trade-offs with
the Product Owner.
Handle incomplete stories at sprint end?
+
By returning them to the backlog for re-estimation and
reprioritization.
Handle urgent production issues during a sprint?
+
By addressing critical issues immediately and
documenting sprint impact.
Manage dependencies across teams?
+
By identifying dependencies early and coordinating
during planning and stand-ups.
Track sprint progress?
+
By using burndown charts, task boards, and daily
stand-ups.
Communicate delivery status to stakeholders?
+
Through sprint reviews, dashboards, and release notes.
Measure team performance?
+
Using velocity, quality metrics, predictability, and
stakeholder feedback.
Measure productivity in Agile teams?
+
By tracking velocity, cycle time, and delivery
consistency.
Measure successful delivery?
+
By meeting sprint goals, Definition of Done, and
delivering business value.
Manage conflicts in cross-functional teams?
+
By encouraging open discussion and aligning on shared
goals.
Handle skill gaps in cross-functional teams?
+
By enabling mentoring, pair programming, and
cross-training.
Handle technical debt in the backlog?
+
By tracking and prioritizing technical debt alongside
feature work.
Balance speed and quality in delivery?
+
By maintaining testing standards and avoiding
overcommitment.
12 principles of agile?
+
Principles include customer satisfaction welcoming
change frequent delivery collaboration motivated individuals working
software as measure of progress sustainable development technical excellence
simplicity self-organizing teams reflection and continuous improvement.
Acceptance criteria?
+
Acceptance criteria define the conditions a user story
must meet to be considered complete.
Acceptance testing?
+
Acceptance testing verifies that software meets
business requirements and user expectations.
Adaptive planning?
+
Adaptive planning adjusts plans based on changing
requirements and feedback.
Advantages & disadvantages of agile
+
Agile enables faster delivery, better customer
collaboration, flexibility to change, and improved product quality. However,
it may lack predictability, require experienced teams, and may struggle with
large distributed teams or fixed-budget environments.
Agile adoption challenges?
+
Challenges include resistance to change lack of
management support poor collaboration and unclear roles.
Agile backlog refinement best practices?
+
Review backlog regularly prioritize items clarify
requirements and break down large stories.
Agile backlog refinement frequency?
+
Typically done once per sprint to keep backlog
up-to-date and prioritized.
Agile ceremonies?
+
Agile ceremonies include sprint planning daily stand-up
sprint review and sprint retrospective.
Agile change management?
+
Agile change management handles requirement and process
changes iteratively and collaboratively.
Agile coach?
+
An Agile coach helps teams and organizations adopt and
improve Agile practices.
Agile continuous delivery?
+
Continuous delivery ensures software can be reliably
released to production at any time.
Agile continuous feedback?
+
Continuous feedback ensures product and process
improvements throughout development.
Agile continuous improvement?
+
Continuous improvement involves inspecting and adapting
processes tools and practices regularly.
Agile cross-functional team benefit?
+
Cross-functional teams reduce handoffs improve
collaboration and deliver faster.
Agile customer collaboration?
+
Customer collaboration involves stakeholders throughout
the development process for feedback and alignment.
Agile customer value?
+
Customer value refers to delivering features and
functionality that meet user needs and expectations.
Agile documentation?
+
Agile documentation is concise just enough to support
development and collaboration.
Agile epic decomposition?
+
Breaking epics into smaller actionable user stories for
implementation.
Agile estimation techniques?
+
Techniques include story points planning poker T-shirt
sizing and affinity estimation.
Agile estimation?
+
Agile estimation is the process of predicting the
effort or complexity of user stories or tasks.
Agile frameworks?
+
They are structured methods like Scrum, Kanban, SAFe,
and XP that implement Agile principles in development.
Agile impediment?
+
Impediment is anything blocking the team from achieving
its sprint goal.
Agile kanban vs scrum?
+
Scrum uses sprints and roles; Kanban is continuous and
focuses on visualizing workflow and limiting WIP.
Agile key success factors?
+
Key factors include collaboration clear vision
empowered teams adaptive planning and iterative delivery.
Agile manifesto?
+
Agile manifesto is a set of values and principles
guiding Agile development.
Agile maturity model?
+
Agile maturity model assesses how effectively an
organization applies Agile practices.
Agile methodology?
+
Agile is an iterative software development approach
focusing on flexibility, customer collaboration, and incremental delivery
through continuous feedback.
Agile metrics?
+
Agile metrics track team performance progress quality
and predictability.
MVP delivers minimal usable product; prototype is a
preliminary model for validation and experimentation.
Agile pair programming?
+
Pair programming involves two developers working
together at one workstation to improve code quality.
Agile portfolio management?
+
Portfolio management applies Agile principles to manage
multiple projects and initiatives.
Agile process?
+
Agile process involves planning, developing in small
increments, testing, review, and adapting based on feedback.
Agile product vision?
+
Product vision defines the long-term goal and direction
of the product.
Agile project management?
+
Agile project management applies Agile principles to
plan execute and deliver projects iteratively.
Agile quality assurance?
+
QA integrates testing early and continuously in the
Agile development cycle.
Agile release planning horizon?
+
Defines a planning period for delivering features or
increments usually several sprints.
Agile release planning?
+
Agile release planning defines a roadmap and schedule
for delivering product increments over multiple sprints.
Agile release train?
+
Release train coordinates multiple teams to deliver
value in a predictable schedule.
Agile retrospection action items?
+
Action items are improvements identified during
retrospectives to implement in future sprints.
Agile retrospectives?
+
Retrospectives are meetings to reflect on the process
discuss improvements and take action.
Agile risk management?
+
Agile risk management identifies assesses and mitigates
risks iteratively during development.
Agile risk mitigation?
+
Risk mitigation involves identifying monitoring and
addressing risks iteratively.
Agile roles and responsibilities?
+
Roles include Product Owner Scrum Master Development
Team and Stakeholders.
Agile scaling challenges?
+
Challenges include coordination between teams
consistent processes and maintaining Agile culture.
Agile servant leadership role?
+
Servant leader supports team autonomy removes
impediments and fosters continuous improvement.
Agile sprint goal?
+
Sprint goal is a clear objective that guides the team's
work during a sprint.
Agile stakeholder engagement?
+
Engaging stakeholders throughout development for
feedback validation and alignment.
Agile team collaboration?
+
Team collaboration emphasizes communication
transparency and shared responsibility.
Agile testing
+
Agile testing is a continuous testing approach aligned
with Agile development. It focuses on early defect detection, customer
feedback, and testing alongside development rather than after coding
completes.
Agile testing?
+
Agile testing involves continuous testing throughout
the development lifecycle.
Agile timeboxing benefit?
+
Timeboxing improves focus predictability and encourages
timely delivery.
Agile?
+
Agile is a methodology for software development that
emphasizes iterative development collaboration and flexibility to change.
Application binary interface
+
ABI defines how software components interact at the
binary level. It standardizes function calls, data types, and machine
interfaces.
Backlog grooming or refinement?
+
The process of reviewing, prioritizing, and estimating
backlog items to ensure readiness for future sprints.
Backlog grooming/refinement?
+
Backlog grooming is the process of reviewing and
prioritizing the product backlog.
Backlog prioritization?
+
Backlog prioritization determines the order of user
stories based on value risk and dependencies.
Backlog refinement?
+
Ongoing process of reviewing, clarifying, and
estimating backlog items to prepare them for future sprints.
Behavior-driven development (bdd)?
+
BDD involves writing tests in natural language to align
development with business behavior.
Best time to use agile
+
Agile is ideal when requirements are evolving, the
project needs frequent updates, and user feedback is essential. It suits
dynamic environments and product-based development.
Build breaker mean?
+
A build breaker is an issue introduced into the
codebase that causes the CI pipeline or build process to fail. It prevents
deployment and needs immediate fixing before new features continue.
Burn-down chart?
+
A burn-down chart shows remaining work in a sprint or
project over time.
Burn-up & burn-down charts
+
Burn-down charts show remaining work; burn-up charts
track completed progress. Both help monitor sprint or project progress.
Burn-up chart?
+
A burn-up chart shows work completed versus total work
in a project or release.
Can cross-functional teams work with external
dependencies?
+
Yes, but dependencies should be managed with clear
communication, planning, and incremental delivery.
Challenges in agile development
+
Unclear requirements, integration issues, team
dependencies, cultural resistance, and estimation challenges are common.
Common agile metrics
+
Velocity, cycle time, burndown rate, lead time, defect
density, and customer satisfaction are common metrics.
Common agile metrics?
+
Common metrics include velocity burn-down/burn-up
charts cycle time lead time and cumulative flow.
Confluence page template?
+
Predefined layouts to standardize documentation like
architecture diagrams, meeting notes, or requirements.
Confluence?
+
Confluence is a collaboration wiki platform for
documenting requirements, architecture, and project knowledge.
Cross-functional team?
+
A team where members have different skills to complete
a project from end to end, including development, testing, and design.
Cross-functional teams handle knowledge sharing?
+
Through pair programming, documentation, workshops,
demos, and retrospectives.
Cross-functional teams important in agile?
+
They reduce handoffs, improve collaboration, accelerate
delivery, and promote shared responsibility.
Cross-functional teams improve quality?
+
Integrated expertise reduces errors, promotes early
testing, and ensures design and code quality throughout the sprint.
Cumulative flow diagram?
+
Visualizes work in different states over time, helping
identify bottlenecks in workflow.
Cycle time?
+
Time taken from when work starts on a task until it is
completed. Helps measure efficiency.
Daily stand-up meeting
+
A short 10–15 minute meeting where team members discuss
what they completed, what they will do next, and any blockers. It improves
transparency and collaboration.
Daily stand-up?
+
Daily stand-up is a short meeting where team members
share progress plans and blockers.
Definition of done (dod)?
+
Criteria that a backlog item must meet to be considered
complete, including code quality, testing, and documentation.
Definition of ready (dor)?
+
Criteria that a backlog item must meet before being
pulled into a sprint. Ensures clarity and reduces blockers.
Diffbet a bug and a story in the backlog?
+
A bug represents a defect or error; a story is a new
feature or enhancement. Both are tracked but may differ in priority.
Diffbet agile and devops?
+
Agile focuses on development process; DevOps focuses on
development deployment and operations collaboration.
Diffbet agile and lean?
+
Agile focuses on iterative development; Lean focuses on
waste reduction and process optimization.
Diffbet agile and waterfall?
+
Agile is iterative and flexible; Waterfall is
sequential and rigid.
Diffbet burnup and burndown charts?
+
Burndown shows remaining work over time; burnup shows
work completed and total scope over time.
Diffbet cross-functional and functional teams?
+
Cross-functional teams have multiple skill sets in one
team; functional teams are organized by specialized roles.
Diffbet epic, feature, and user story?
+
Epic is a large goal, Feature is a smaller
functionality, User Story is a detailed, implementable piece of work.
Diffbet jira and confluence?
+
Jira is for task and project tracking; Confluence is
for documentation and knowledge management. Both integrate for traceability.
Diffbet product backlog and sprint backlog?
+
Product backlog is the full list of features, bugs, and
enhancements. Sprint backlog is a subset selected for the sprint.
Diffbet scrum and kanban?
+
Scrum uses fixed sprints and roles; Kanban is
continuous and focuses on workflow visualization.
Diffbet story points and hours?
+
Story points measure relative effort; hours estimate
actual time to complete a task.
Diffbet waterfall and agile.
+
Waterfall is linear and sequential, while Agile is
iterative and flexible. Agile adapts to change, whereas Waterfall requires
full requirements upfront.
Difference agile vs scrum
+
Agile is a broader methodology mindset, while Scrum is
a specific framework under Agile. Scrum uses roles, ceremonies, and sprints;
Agile provides principles and values.
Epic in agile?
+
An Epic is a large user story that can be broken into
smaller stories.
Epic, user stories & tasks
+
An epic is a large feature broken into user stories. A
user story describes a requirement from the user's perspective, and tasks
break stories into development activities.
Exploratory testing in agile?
+
Exploratory testing is an informal testing approach
where testers learn and test simultaneously.
Four values of agile manifesto?
+
Values: individuals & interactions > processes & tools
working software > documentation customer collaboration > contract
negotiation responding to change > following a plan.
Impediment
+
A problem or blocker preventing a team from
progressing. Scrum Master helps resolve it.
Importance of sprint retrospective?
+
To reflect on the sprint, identify improvements, and
strengthen team collaboration and processes.
Importance of sprint review?
+
To demonstrate completed work, gather feedback, and
validate alignment with business goals.
An increment is the sum of completed product work at
the end of a sprint, delivering potentially shippable functionality.
Incremental delivery?
+
Delivering working software in small, usable increments
rather than waiting for a full release.
Incremental vs iterative delivery?
+
Incremental delivers small usable pieces, iterative
improves them over cycles based on feedback.
Is velocity used in sprint planning?
+
Velocity is the average amount of work completed in
previous sprints. It helps estimate how much the team can commit to in the
current sprint.
Iteration in agile?
+
Iteration is a time-boxed cycle of development also
known as a sprint.
Iterative & incremental development
+
Iterative development improves the system through
repeated cycles, while incremental development delivers the system in small
functional parts. Agile combines both to deliver working software early and
refine it based on feedback.
Jira issue types?
+
Common types: Epic, Story, Task, Bug, Sub-task. Each
represents a different level of work.
Jira workflow?
+
A sequence of statuses and transitions representing the
lifecycle of an issue. Supports automation and approvals.
Jira?
+
Jira is a project management tool used for issue
tracking, Agile boards, sprints, and backlog management.
Kanban
+
Kanban focuses on visual workflow management using a
board and continuous delivery. Work-in-progress limits help efficiency.
Kanban board?
+
Kanban board visualizes work items workflow stages and
progress.
Kanban wip limit?
+
WIP limit restricts the number of work items in
progress to improve flow and reduce bottlenecks.
Key outputs of sprint planning?
+
Sprint backlog, sprint goal, task estimates, and
commitment of the team to complete selected items.
Key principles of agile?
+
Key principles include customer collaboration
responding to change working software and individuals and interactions over
processes.
Lead time?
+
Time from backlog item creation to delivery. Useful for
overall process efficiency.
Less?
+
LeSS (Large-Scale Scrum) extends Scrum principles to
multiple teams working on the same product.
Long should sprint planning take?
+
Typically 2–4 hours for a 2-week sprint. Longer sprints
may require more time proportionally.
Main roles in scrum
+
Scrum has three key roles: Product Owner, who manages
backlog and priorities; Scrum Master, who ensures process compliance and
removes blockers; and the Development Team, responsible for delivering
increments every sprint.
Major agile components.
+
User stories, sprint planning, backlog, iterations,
stand-up meetings, sprint reviews, and retrospectives.
Minimum viable product (mvp)?
+
MVP is the simplest version of a product that delivers
value and can gather feedback.
Moscow prioritization?
+
MoSCoW prioritization categorizes backlog items as Must
have Should have Could have and Won't have.
Nexus?
+
Nexus is a framework to scale Scrum across multiple
teams with integrated work.
Obstacles to agile
+
Challenges include resistance to change, unclear
requirements, lack of training, poor communication, distributed teams, and
legacy constraints.
Often should backlog be refined?
+
Ongoing, but typically once per sprint, about 5–10% of
the sprint time is used for grooming.
Other agile frameworks
+
Kanban, XP (Extreme Programming), SAFe, Crystal, and
Lean are major frameworks besides Scrum.
Pair programming
+
Two developers work together on one workstation. It
improves code quality, knowledge sharing, and reduces errors., QA
collaborates from the start, writes acceptance criteria, tests continuously,
and ensures quality through automation and feedback.
Participates in sprint planning?
+
The Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Development Team
participate. PO clarifies backlog items, Dev Team estimates effort, and
Scrum Master facilitates.
Planning poker
+
A collaborative estimation technique where teams assign
story points using cards. Helps achieve shared understanding and consensus.
Planning poker?
+
Planning Poker is a consensus-based estimation
technique using cards with story points.
Popular agile tools
+
Common Agile tools include Jira, Trello, Azure DevOps,
Asana, Rally, Monday.com, and VersionOne. They help manage backlogs, tasks,
sprints, and reporting.
Principles of agile testing
+
Principles include customer-focused testing, continuous
feedback, early testing, frequent delivery, collaboration, and embracing
change. Testing is seen as a shared responsibility, not a separate stage.
Product backlog?
+
An ordered list of features, bugs, and technical work
maintained by the Product Owner. It evolves continuously as requirements
change.
Product increment?
+
Product increment is the sum of all completed work in a
sprint that meets the definition of done.
Product owner?
+
Product Owner represents stakeholders manages the
backlog and ensures value delivery.
Product roadmap
+
A strategic plan outlining vision, milestones,
timelines, and prioritized features for product development.
Purpose of sprint planning
+
Sprint planning determines sprint goals, selects
backlog items, and defines how the work will be completed.
Qualities of a scrum master
+
A Scrum Master should have communication and
facilitation skills, problem-solving ability, servant leadership mindset,
patience, and knowledge of Agile principles to guide the team effectively.
Qualities of an agile tester
+
An Agile tester should be collaborative, adaptable, and
proactive. They must understand business requirements, communicate well, and
focus on continuous improvement and quick feedback cycles.
Refactoring
+
Refactoring improves existing code without changing its
external behavior. It enhances readability, performance, and maintainability
while reducing technical debt.
Release candidate
+
A nearly completed product version ready for final
testing and approval before release.
Responsible for backlog management?
+
The Product Owner is primarily responsible, with input
from stakeholders and the development team.
Retrospectives improve delivery?
+
They help identify process improvements, bottlenecks,
and team collaboration issues to improve future sprints.
Role of scrum master in sprint planning?
+
Facilitates discussion, ensures clarity, prevents scope
creep, and promotes team collaboration.
Role of the scrum master in cross-functional teams?
+
Facilitates collaboration, removes impediments, and
promotes self-organization among team members.
Safe?
+
SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework) is a framework to scale
Agile practices across large enterprises.
Scaling agile?
+
Scaling Agile applies Agile practices across multiple
teams or large projects.
Scrum & kanban used?
+
Scrum is used where work is iterative with evolving
requirements, such as software development and product improvement. Kanban
is used in support, maintenance, DevOps, and continuous delivery
environments where work is flow-based rather than sprint-based.
Scrum cycle length
+
A scrum cycle, or sprint, usually lasts 1–4 weeks. The
duration remains consistent throughout the project.
Scrum master?
+
Scrum Master facilitates Scrum processes removes
impediments and supports the team.
Scrum of scrums
+
A technique used when multiple scrum teams work
together. Representatives meet to coordinate dependencies and align
progress.
Scrum?
+
Scrum is an Agile framework that uses roles events and
artifacts to manage complex projects.
Spike & zero sprint
+
A spike is research activity to resolve uncertainty or
technical issues. Zero sprint (Sprint 0) involves initial setup activities
like architecture, environment, and backlog preparation before development.
Spike?
+
A spike is a time-boxed research activity to explore a
solution or reduce uncertainty.
Spotify model?
+
Spotify model organizes Agile teams as squads tribes
chapters and guilds to foster autonomy and alignment.
Sprint backlog vs product backlog
+
The product backlog contains all requirements
prioritized by the product owner, while the sprint backlog contains the
selected items for the current sprint. Sprint backlog is short-term; product
backlog is long-term.
Sprint backlog?
+
The sprint backlog is a subset of the product backlog
selected for implementation in a sprint.
Sprint delivery?
+
Sprint delivery is the completion and demonstration of
committed backlog items to stakeholders at the end of a sprint.
Sprint goal?
+
A short description of what the sprint aims to achieve.
It guides the team and aligns stakeholders.
Sprint planning, review & retrospective
+
Sprint planning defines sprint goals and backlog.
Sprint review demonstrates work to stakeholders. Retrospective reflects on
improvements.
Sprint planning?
+
Sprint Planning is a Scrum ceremony where the team
decides which backlog items to work on in the upcoming sprint. It defines
the sprint goal and estimated tasks.
Sprint retrospective?
+
Sprint retrospective is a meeting to reflect on the
sprint and identify improvements.
Sprint review?
+
Sprint review is a meeting to demonstrate completed
work to stakeholders and gather feedback.
Sprint?
+
A sprint is a time-boxed iteration usually 1-4 weeks
where a set of work is completed.
Story points
+
A unit for estimating effort or complexity in Scrum,
not tied to time. Helps predict workload and sprint capacity.
Story points?
+
Story points are relative measures of effort complexity
or risk for user stories.
Team velocity tracking?
+
Tracking velocity helps predict how much work a team
can complete in future sprints.
Test-driven development (tdd)
+
TDD involves writing tests before writing code. It
ensures better design, reduces bugs, and supports regression testing.
Test-driven development (tdd)?
+
TDD is a practice where tests are written before the
code to ensure functionality meets requirements.
Theme in agile?
+
A theme is a collection of related user stories or
epics around a common objective.
Time-boxing?
+
Time-boxing is allocating a fixed duration to
activities to improve focus and productivity.
To balance stakeholder requests in backlog?
+
Evaluate based on business value, urgency,
dependencies, and capacity. Communicate trade-offs transparently.
To control permissions in confluence?
+
Set space-level or page-level permissions for viewing,
editing, or commenting based on user roles or groups.
To create a kanban board in jira?
+
Create a board from project → select Kanban → configure
columns → add issues for workflow tracking.
To handle unplanned work during a sprint?
+
Minimize interruptions. If unavoidable, negotiate scope
adjustments with PO and team. Track and learn for future planning.
To link jira issues in confluence?
+
Use Jira macro to embed issues, sprints, or reports
directly into Confluence pages.
To track progress in jira?
+
Use dashboards, reports, burndown charts, and
cumulative flow diagrams.
Tracer bullet
+
A technique delivering a thin working slice of the
system early to validate architecture and direction.
Types of agile methodology.
+
Scrum, Kanban, XP (Extreme Programming), Lean, SAFe,
and Crystal are popular Agile variants.
Types of burn-down charts
+
Types include sprint burndown, release burndown, and
product burndown charts. Each offers different timelines and scope levels.
Use agile
+
Avoid Agile in fixed-scope, fixed-budget projects,
strict compliance domains, or when customer feedback is unavailable.
Use waterfall instead of scrum
+
Use Waterfall when requirements are fixed,
documentation-heavy, regulated, and no major changes are expected. It fits
infrastructure or hardware projects better.
User story?
+
A user story is a short simple description of a feature
from the perspective of an end user.
Velocity in agile
+
Velocity measures the amount of work a team completes
in a sprint, typically in story points. It helps estimate future sprint
capacity and planning.
Velocity in agile?
+
Velocity measures the amount of work a team completes
in a sprint.
Velocity?
+
Velocity measures the amount of work a team completes
in a sprint, often in story points. Helps with forecasting.
You balance speed and quality in delivery?
+
Prioritize well-defined backlog items, maintain testing
standards, and avoid overcommitment.
You communicate delivery status to stakeholders?
+
Use sprint reviews, dashboards, Jira reports, and
release notes for transparency.
You ensure effective communication in cross-functional
teams?
+
Daily stand-ups, retrospectives, sprint reviews, shared
documentation, and collaboration tools help maintain transparency.
You ensure quality in delivery?
+
Unit tests, code reviews, automated testing, CI/CD
pipelines, and adherence to Definition of Done.
You ensure team accountability?
+
Transparent commitments, daily stand-ups, peer reviews,
and clear Definition of Done.
You ensure timely delivery?
+
Clear sprint goals, proper estimation, daily tracking,
and removing blockers proactively help ensure on-time delivery.
You estimate tasks in sprint planning?
+
Using story points, ideal hours, or T-shirt sizing.
Estimation considers complexity, effort, and risk.
You handle blocked tasks?
+
Identify blockers early, escalate if needed, and
collaborate to remove impediments quickly.
You handle changing priorities mid-sprint?
+
Limit mid-sprint changes; negotiate with PO, document
impact, and adjust future sprint planning.
You handle conflicts in cross-functional teams?
+
Encourage open communication, identify root causes,
facilitate discussions, and align on shared goals.
You handle incomplete stories at sprint end?
+
Move them back to backlog, review root cause, and
include in future sprints after re-estimation.
You handle skill gaps in cross-functional teams?
+
Encourage knowledge sharing, mentoring, pair
programming, and cross-training to build team capability.
You handle technical debt in backlog?
+
Track and prioritize technical debt items along with
functional stories to ensure system maintainability.
You handle urgent production issues during a sprint?
+
Address them immediately if critical, or plan within
sprint buffer. Document impact on sprint goals.
You improve team collaboration?
+
Facilitate open communication, collaborative tools,
clear goals, and regular retrospectives.
You manage dependencies across teams?
+
Identify dependencies early, communicate timelines, and
coordinate during planning and stand-ups.
You manage scope creep during a sprint?
+
Freeze the sprint backlog, handle new requests in the
next sprint, and communicate priorities clearly.
You measure productivity in cross-functional teams?
+
Use velocity, cycle time, burndown charts, quality
metrics, and stakeholder feedback.
You measure successful delivery?
+
Completion of sprint backlog, meeting Definition of
Done, stakeholder satisfaction, and business value delivered.
You prioritize backlog items?
+
Using MoSCoW (Must, Should, Could, Won’t), business
value, risk, dependencies, and ROI.
You track multiple sprints simultaneously?
+
Use program boards, Jira portfolios, or scaled Agile
tools like SAFe to visualize cross-team progress.
You track sprint progress?
+
Use burndown charts, task boards, and daily stand-ups
to monitor completed versus remaining work.
ANGULAR
+
Is Angular a framework or library?
+
Angular is a full-fledged framework.
Angular introduced?
+
To build dynamic, fast, client-side single-page
applications.
Type of applications does Angular build?
+
Single Page Applications (SPAs).
Language is Angular written in?
+
Angular is written in TypeScript.
Angular architecture?
+
Modules, Components, Templates, Directives, Services,
Dependency Injection, and Routing.
Component in Angular?
+
A component controls a part of the UI with logic,
template, and styles.
Types of data binding does Angular support?
+
Interpolation, property binding, event binding, and
two-way binding.
Does Angular use client-side rendering by default?
+
Yes, Angular uses client-side rendering by default.
Browsers does Angular support?
+
Modern evergreen browsers like Chrome, Edge, Firefox,
and Safari.
Angular component?
+
A component is a class that controls a portion of the
UI with a template and styles.
Main parts of a component?
+
Component class, template, metadata, and styles.
@Component decorator?
+
It marks a class as an Angular component and supplies
configuration metadata.
Properties are defined in @Component?
+
selector, templateUrl, styleUrls, and providers.
Selector in Angular?
+
A CSS selector that identifies where the component is
used.
TemplateUrl?
+
It points to the external HTML file of a component.
StyleUrls?
+
It defines CSS files applied to the component.
Inline template?
+
A template defined directly inside the component
decorator.
Inline style?
+
CSS styles defined directly inside the component
decorator.
Template in Angular?
+
An HTML view that renders component data.
Interpolation in templates?
+
Displaying component data using {{ }} syntax.
Property binding?
+
Binding component properties to HTML element
properties.
Event binding?
+
Binding DOM events to component methods.
Two-way data binding?
+
Synchronizing data between component and view using
ngModel.
NgModel?
+
A directive used for two-way data binding in forms.
Template reference variable?
+
A variable that references a DOM element or directive.
View encapsulation?
+
A mechanism to scope component styles.
View encapsulation types?
+
Emulated, ShadowDom, and None.
Structural directive?
+
A directive that changes the DOM layout by adding or
removing elements.
Common structural directives?
+
*ngIf, *ngFor, and *ngSwitch.
Attribute directive?
+
A directive that changes the appearance or behavior of
an element.
Common attribute directives?
+
ngClass and ngStyle.
NgClass do?
+
Dynamically adds or removes CSS classes.
NgStyle do?
+
Dynamically applies inline styles.
Custom directive?
+
A user-defined directive to extend HTML behavior.
Decorator is used to create a directive?
+
@Directive decorator.
Pipe syntax?
+
Using the pipe symbol (|) in templates.
Built-in pipes in Angular?
+
Date, UpperCase, LowerCase, Currency, Decimal, and
Percent.
Decorator is used to create a pipe?
+
@Pipe decorator.
Services used in Angular?
+
To separate business logic from UI components.
Angular injector?
+
A system that creates and manages service instances.
Decorator is used to create a service?
+
@Injectable decorator.
ProvidedIn property do?
+
Specifies where the service is provided in the
application.
ProvidedIn: 'root'?
+
Registers the service as a singleton at the application
root.
Provider in Angular?
+
A configuration that tells Angular how to create a
service.
Providers be registered?
+
Root module, component, or module level.
Hierarchical dependency injection?
+
A tree-based injector structure allowing scoped
services.
Singleton service?
+
A service with only one instance across the
application.
Scoped service?
+
A service instance limited to a specific module or
component.
UseClass provider?
+
Provides a class as a dependency.
UseValue provider?
+
Provides a static value as a dependency.
UseFactory provider?
+
Provides a dependency using a factory function.
UseExisting provider?
+
Aliases one provider to another.
Dependency injection token?
+
A unique identifier for non-class dependencies.
InjectionToken?
+
A token used for injecting values that are not classes.
Tree-shakable service?
+
A service removed from build output if unused.
Angular routing?
+
Angular routing enables navigation between different
views in a single-page application.
Module is used for routing?
+
RouterModule.
Routes in Angular?
+
A configuration array that defines application routes.
Route?
+
A mapping between a URL path and a component.
RouterOutlet?
+
A directive that displays routed components.
RouterLink?
+
A directive used to navigate between routes
declaratively.
Programmatic navigation?
+
Navigation performed using the Router service.
ActivatedRoute?
+
A service that provides information about the current
route.
Snapshot in ActivatedRoute?
+
A static representation of route data at a moment in
time.
Query parameter?
+
Optional parameters appended to the URL.
Route guard?
+
A mechanism to control access to routes.
Types of route guards?
+
CanActivate, CanDeactivate, CanLoad, Resolve, and
CanActivateChild.
CanActivate guard do?
+
Determines whether a route can be activated.
CanDeactivate guard do?
+
Determines whether a user can leave a route.
Resolve guard?
+
Preloads data before route activation.
Lazy loading used?
+
To improve application performance and load time.
Wildcard route?
+
A route used to handle unknown paths.
Forms in Angular?
+
Forms are used to capture and validate user input.
Types of forms does Angular support?
+
Template-driven forms and Reactive forms.
Module is required for template-driven forms?
+
FormsModule.
Directive is used for template-driven forms?
+
ngModel.
Two-way binding in forms?
+
Synchronizing form input with component data using
ngModel.
Validation done in template-driven forms?
+
Using HTML validation attributes and Angular
directives.
Module is required for reactive forms?
+
ReactiveFormsModule.
FormGroup?
+
A collection of form controls tracked as a group.
FormControl?
+
An object that tracks value and validation state of an
input.
FormArray?
+
A collection of FormControl or FormGroup instances.
Form validation?
+
Ensuring form input meets defined rules.
Built-in validators?
+
Validators.required, minLength, maxLength, and pattern.
Custom validation?
+
User-defined validation logic.
Synchronous validation?
+
Validation executed immediately.
Asynchronous validation?
+
Validation executed asynchronously, often using HTTP
calls.
Form submission?
+
Handling user input when the form is submitted.
Form state?
+
Status like valid, invalid, touched, or dirty.
Reset() in forms?
+
Clears form values and resets state.
HttpClient in Angular?
+
HttpClient is a service used to communicate with
backend APIs over HTTP.
Module provides HttpClient?
+
HttpClientModule.
HTTP methods does HttpClient support?
+
GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, and OPTIONS.
Http.get() do?
+
Retrieves data from a server.
Http.post() do?
+
Sends data to create a new resource.
Http.put() do?
+
Updates an existing resource completely.
Http.patch() do?
+
Partially updates an existing resource.
Http.delete() do?
+
Deletes a resource on the server.
Library provides Observables in Angular?
+
RxJS.
Subscribe()?
+
A method used to consume Observable data.
RxJS operators?
+
Functions that transform or manipulate Observable
streams.
Common RxJS operators?
+
map, filter, tap, mergeMap, switchMap, and catchError.
Pipe() in RxJS?
+
A method to combine multiple operators.
Error handling in HttpClient?
+
Handling HTTP errors using RxJS operators.
CatchError()?
+
An operator used to handle errors in Observables.
HttpInterceptor?
+
A service that intercepts HTTP requests and responses.
Interceptors used?
+
For logging, authentication headers, and error
handling.
Async pipe?
+
A pipe that subscribes and unsubscribes to Observables
automatically.
State in Angular?
+
State represents application data that affects the UI
and behavior.
State management?
+
Managing and synchronizing application state
consistently.
State management important?
+
It improves predictability, scalability, and
maintainability.
Component state?
+
State managed locally within a component.
Shared state?
+
State shared across multiple components.
Shared state managed in Angular?
+
Using services with dependency injection.
NgRx store components?
+
Store, Actions, Reducers, Selectors, and Effects.
Action in NgRx?
+
An object describing a state change event.
Reducer?
+
A pure function that updates state based on actions.
Selector?
+
A function that selects slices of state.
Effect in NgRx?
+
Handles side effects like API calls.
Change detection?
+
The process of updating the view when data changes.
Triggers change detection?
+
Events, async operations, and data binding changes.
Default change detection strategy?
+
Checks all components for changes.
OnPush change detection?
+
Checks component only when input references change.
OnPush improve performance?
+
By reducing unnecessary change detection cycles.
TrackBy in ngFor?
+
Optimizes rendering by tracking item identity.
Lazy loading for performance?
+
Loading modules only when required.
Angular performance optimization?
+
Techniques to improve speed and responsiveness.
Testing in Angular?
+
Testing verifies correctness and reliability of Angular
applications.
Types of testing are used in Angular?
+
Unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end
testing.
Unit testing in Angular?
+
Testing individual components, services, or pipes in
isolation.
Framework is commonly used for Angular unit testing?
+
Jasmine.
Karma?
+
A test runner used to execute Angular unit tests.
ComponentFixture?
+
A wrapper that provides access to a component instance
and DOM.
Mocking in Angular testing?
+
Replacing real dependencies with fake ones.
Spy in Jasmine?
+
A function that tracks calls and arguments.
End-to-end testing?
+
Testing the entire application flow from user
perspective.
Tool is used for Angular E2E testing?
+
Protractor or Cypress.
Debugging in Angular?
+
Identifying and fixing application issues.
Common debugging tools?
+
Browser DevTools and Angular DevTools.
Console logging?
+
Using console methods to inspect runtime values.
Error handling in Angular?
+
Managing runtime and HTTP errors gracefully.
ErrorHandler class?
+
A global error handling service in Angular.
Try-catch used for?
+
Handling synchronous runtime errors.
HTTP error handling?
+
Handling backend API errors using HttpClient.
Global error handling?
+
Centralized handling of application errors.
Proper error handling important?
+
It improves application stability and user experience.
Angular build process?
+
The process of compiling and bundling Angular
application files.
Tool is used to build Angular applications?
+
Angular CLI.
Ng build?
+
A command that builds the Angular application.
Production build?
+
A build optimized for performance and size.
#NAME?
+
Enables production optimizations like minification and
tree shaking.
Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation?
+
Compiling templates during build time.
Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation?
+
Compiling templates at runtime.
Code splitting?
+
Dividing code into smaller chunks for lazy loading.
Lazy loading in production?
+
Loading feature modules only when required.
Environment configuration?
+
Using environment-specific settings for builds.
Environment.ts?
+
A file storing environment-specific variables.
Deployment in Angular?
+
Publishing the built application to a server.
Angular apps be deployed?
+
Web servers, cloud platforms, or CDNs.
CI/CD in Angular?
+
Automated build, test, and deployment pipelines.
Angular Universal in production?
+
Using server-side rendering for better performance and
SEO.
Bundle optimization?
+
Reducing bundle size for faster loading.
Performance budget?
+
Limits set on bundle size and load time.
Production monitoring?
+
Tracking errors and performance in live applications.
:host property in CSS
+
:host targets the component’s root element from within
its CSS., Allows styling the host without affecting other components.
Activated route?
+
ActivatedRoute provides info about the current route.,
Access route params, query params, fragments, and data., Injected into
components via constructor.
Active router links?
+
Active links are highlighted when the route matches the
current URL., Use routerLinkActive directive:, Home, This helps in UI
feedback for navigation.
Add web workers in your application?
+
Use Angular CLI: ng generate web-worker ., Update
angular.json and enable TypeScript worker configuration., Offloads heavy
computation to background threads for performance.
Advantages and disadvantages of Angular
+
Advantages: Component-based, TypeScript, SPA support,
tooling., Disadvantages: Steep learning curve, larger bundle size, complex
for small apps.
Advantages of Angular over other frameworks
+
Strong TypeScript support., Declarative templates with
data binding., Rich ecosystem and official libraries (Material, Forms,
RxJS)., Modular, testable, and maintainable code.
Advantages of Angular over React
+
Angular is a full-fledged framework, React is a
library., Built-in support for forms, routing, and HTTP., Strong TypeScript
integration for better type safety.
Advantages of Angular?
+
Two-way data binding, modularity, dependency injection,
TypeScript support, and powerful CLI.
Advantages of AOT
+
Faster app startup., Smaller bundle size., Detects
template errors at build time., Better security by compiling templates ahead
of time.
Advantages of Bazel tool
+
Faster builds with caching, Parallel execution,
Language-agnostic support, Scales well for monorepos
Angular Animation?
+
Angular Animation allows creating smooth UI animations
in components., Built on Web Animations API with @angular/animations.,
Supports transitions, keyframes, triggers, and states for dynamic effects.
Angular application work?
+
Angular apps run in the browser., Templates define UI,
components handle logic, and services manage data., Data binding updates the
view dynamically when the model changes.
Authentication: Verify user identity (login, JWT).,
Authorization: Control access to resources/routes based on roles.,
Implemented using guards, tokens, and HttpInterceptors.
Angular CLI Builder?
+
Angular CLI Builder is a customizable build pipeline
tool., It allows modifying build, serve, and test processes., Used to extend
or replace default Angular CLI behavior.
Angular CLI?
+
Angular CLI is a command-line tool for Angular
projects., Used to generate components, modules, services, and run builds.,
Simplifies scaffolding and deployment tasks.
Angular compiler?
+
Transforms Angular TypeScript and templates into
JavaScript., Includes AOT and JIT compilers., Generates code for change
detection and view rendering.
Angular DSL?
+
DSL (Domain-Specific Language) in Angular refers to
template syntax., It allows declarative UI using HTML with Angular
directives., Includes *ngIf, *ngFor, interpolation, and bindings.
Angular Elements
+
Angular Components packaged as custom HTML elements.,
Can be used outside Angular apps., Supports inputs, outputs, and
encapsulation.
Angular expressions vs JavaScript expressions
+
Angular expressions are evaluated in the scope context
and are safe., No loops, conditionals, or global access., JS expressions can
access any variable or perform complex operations.
Angular finds components, directives, and pipes
+
Compiler scans NgModule declarations., Generates
factories and resolves templates and dependencies.
Angular Framework?
+
Angular is a TypeScript-based front-end framework for
building dynamic single-page applications (SPAs)., It provides features like
components, data binding, dependency injection, and routing., Maintains a
modular architecture and encourages reusable code., It supports both
client-side rendering and progressive web apps.
Angular introduced as a client-side framework?
+
To create dynamic SPAs with fast user interactions.,
Reduces server load by rendering templates on the client., Provides data
binding, modularity, and reusable components.
Angular Ivy?
+
Ivy is the new rendering engine in Angular., It
improves build size, speed, and runtime performance., Supports AOT
compilation, better debugging, and improved type checking.
Angular Language Service?
+
Provides editor support like autocomplete, type
checking, and error detection for Angular templates., Helps developers write
Angular code faster and with fewer mistakes.
Angular library
+
Reusable module/package with components, directives,
services., Can be published and shared via npm.
Angular Material mean?
+
Angular Material is a UI component library implementing
Google’s Material Design., Provides pre-built components like buttons,
tables, forms, and dialogs., Enhances UI consistency and responsiveness.
Angular Material?
+
Official UI component library for Angular., Provides
modern, accessible, and responsive UI components.
Angular render on server-side?
+
Yes, using Angular Universal., Enables SSR for SEO and
faster initial load.
Angular Router?
+
Angular Router allows navigation between
views/components., It maps URLs to components., Supports nested routes, lazy
loading, and route guards., Enables single-page application (SPA) behavior.
Angular security model for preventing XSS attacks
+
Angular automatically escapes interpolated content.,
Sanitizes URLs, HTML, and styles in templates., Prevents injection attacks
on the DOM.
Angular Signals with an example
+
import { signal } from '@angular/core';, const count =
signal(0);, count.set(5); // Updates reactive value, count.subscribe(val =>
console.log(val));, When count changes, subscribed components update
automatically.
Angular Signals?
+
Signals are reactive primitives to track state
changes., They allow automatic UI updates when values change.
Angular simplifies Internationalization (i18n)
+
Provides built-in i18n support, translation files, and
pipes., Supports pluralization, locale formatting, and dynamic
translations., CLI helps extract and compile translations.
Angular Universal?
+
Angular Universal enables server-side rendering (SSR)
of Angular apps., Improves SEO and performance., Pre-renders HTML on the
server before sending to client.
Angular uses client-side rendering by default
+
True. Angular renders templates in the browser using
JavaScript., Server-side rendering (Angular Universal) is optional.
Angular?
+
Angular is a TypeScript-based front-end framework.,
Used to build single-page applications (SPAs)., Supports components,
modules, services, and reactive programming.
Annotations in Angular
+
Older term for decorators in AngularJS., Used to attach
metadata to classes or functions., Helps framework know how to process the
component.
AOT (Ahead-of-Time) compiles Angular templates during
build time., Advantages: Faster rendering, smaller bundle size, early error
detection, and better security.
AOT compiler
+
Ahead-of-Time compiler compiles templates during build,
not runtime., Reduces bundle size, improves performance, and catches
template errors early.
AOT?
+
AOT compiles Angular templates during build., Generates
optimized JavaScript before the app loads., Improves performance and reduces
runtime errors.
Applications of HTTP interceptors
+
Add authentication tokens, logging, error handling,
caching., Modify request/response globally., Handle API versioning or header
manipulation.
Are all components generated in production build?
+
Only components referenced or reachable from templates
and routes are included., Unused components are tree-shaken.
Are multiple interceptors supported in Angular?
+
Yes, interceptors are executed in the order provided.,
Each can pass control to the next using next.handle().
AsyncPipe in Angular?
+
AsyncPipe subscribes to Observables/Promises in
templates and handles unsubscription automatically.
Bazel tool?
+
Bazel is a build and test tool developed by Google., It
handles large-scale projects efficiently., Supports incremental builds and
caching.
BehaviorSubject in Angular?
+
BehaviorSubject stores current value and emits it to
new subscribers.
Benefit of Automatic Inlining of Fonts
+
Embeds fonts directly into CSS to reduce network
requests., Improves page load speed and performance., Enhances First
Contentful Paint (FCP) metrics.
Best practices for security in Angular
+
Use sanitization, HttpClient, and Angular templates
safely., Avoid innerHTML for untrusted content., Enable Content Security
Policy (CSP) and HTTPS.
Bootstrapped component?
+
Root component loaded by Angular to start the
application., Declared in bootstrap array of AppModule.
Bootstrapping module?
+
It is the root Angular module that launches the
application., Defined with @NgModule and bootstrap array., Typically called
AppModule.
Browser support for Angular
+
Supports latest Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari., IE11
support is deprecated in recent Angular versions., Modern Angular relies on
evergreen browsers for features.
Browser support of Angular Elements
+
Supported in all modern browsers (Chrome, Firefox,
Edge, Safari)., Polyfills may be needed for IE11.
Builder?
+
A Builder is a class or script that executes a specific
task in Angular CLI., It can run builds, tests, linting, or deploy tasks.,
Provides flexibility to customize CLI workflows.
Building blocks of Angular?
+
Angular is built using several key components:
Components (UI control), Modules (grouping functionality), Templates (HTML
with Angular bindings), Services (business logic), and Dependency Injection.
These work together to build scalable single-page applications.
Can you read full response?
+
Use { observe: 'response' } with HttpClient:,
this.http.get('api/users', { observe: 'response' }).subscribe(resp =>
console.log(resp.status, resp.body));, It returns headers, status, and body.
Case types in Angular?
+
Angular uses naming conventions:, camelCase for
variables and functions, PascalCase for classes and components, kebab-case
for selectors and filenames, This ensures consistency and readability.
Categorize data binding types?
+
One-way binding: Interpolation, property, event,
Two-way binding: [(ngModel)], Enables dynamic updates between component and
view.
Chain pipes?
+
Multiple pipes can be applied sequentially using |.,
Example: {{ name | uppercase | slice:0:5 }}, Output is passed from one pipe
to the next.
Change Detection and how does it work?
+
Change Detection tracks updates in component data and
updates the view., Angular checks the component tree for changes
automatically., It works via Zones and triggers re-rendering when a model
changes., Helps keep UI and data synchronized.
Change detection in Angular?
+
Change detection tracks changes in application state
and updates the DOM accordingly.
Change settings of zone.js
+
Configure zone.js flags before import in polyfills:,
(window as any).__Zone_disable_X = true;, Controls patching of timers,
events, or async operations.
Choose an element from a component template?
+
Use ViewChild or ViewChildren decorators., Example:
@ViewChild('myElement') element: ElementRef;, Access DOM elements directly
in component class.
Class decorators in Angular?
+
Class decorators attach metadata to a class., Common
ones: @Component, @Directive, @Injectable, @NgModule., They define how the
class behaves in Angular’s DI and rendering system.
Class decorators?
+
Class decorators define metadata for classes., Example:
@Injectable() marks a class for dependency injection.
Class field decorators?
+
Class field decorators annotate properties of a class.,
Examples: @Input(), @Output(), @ViewChild()., They help Angular bind data,
access DOM, or communicate between components.
Classes that should not be added to declarations
+
Services, Modules, Non-Angular classes, Declarations
should include components, directives, and pipes only.
Client-side frameworks like Angular were introduced?
+
To create dynamic, responsive web apps without
reloading pages., They handle data binding, DOM manipulation, and routing on
the client side., Improves performance and user experience.
Code for creating a decorator.
+
A basic Angular decorator example:, function
Log(target, key) {, console.log(`Property ${key} was accessed`);, },
Decorators enhance or modify class behavior during runtime.
Codelyzer?
+
Codelyzer is a static analysis tool for Angular
projects., It checks for coding style, best practices, and template errors.,
Used with TSLint for linting Angular apps.
Collection?
+
In Angular, a collection is a group of objects like
arrays, sets, or maps., Used to store and iterate over data in templates
using ngFor.
Compare service() and factory() functions.
+
service() returns an instantiated singleton object and
is created using a constructor function. factory() allows returning a custom
object, function, or primitive and provides more flexibility. Both are used
for sharing reusable logic across components.
Compilation process?
+
Transforms Angular templates and metadata into
efficient JavaScript., Ensures type safety and detects template errors.,
Optimizes the app for performance.
Component Decorator?
+
@Component defines a class as an Angular component.,
Specifies metadata like selector, template, and styles., Registers the
component with Angular’s module system.
Component Test Harnesses?
+
A test API for Angular Material components., Allows
interacting with components in tests without relying on DOM selectors.,
Provides a clean and maintainable way to write unit tests.
Components in Angular?
+
Components are building blocks of Angular applications
that control a part of the UI.
Components, Modules, and Services in Angular
+
Component: UI + logic., Module: Groups components,
directives, and services., Service: Provides reusable business logic,
injected via dependency injection.
Components?
+
Components are building blocks of Angular apps., They
contain template, class (logic), and metadata., Responsible for rendering
views and handling user interaction.
Concept of Dependency Injection (DI).
+
DI provides class dependencies automatically via
Angular’s injector., Reduces manual instantiation and promotes testability.,
Example: Injecting a service into a component constructor.
Configure injectors with providers at different levels
+
Root injector: App-wide singleton (providedIn:
'root')., Module injector: Module-specific., Component injector: Scoped to
component and children.
Content projection?
+
Mechanism to pass content from parent to child
component., Allows child components to display dynamic content from parent
templates.
Create a standalone component manually
+
Set standalone: true in the component decorator:,
@Component({, selector: 'app-my-component',, standalone: true,, templateUrl:
'./my-component.html', }), export class MyComponent {}
Create a standalone component using CLI
+
Run: ng generate component my-component --standalone.,
Generates a component without declaring it in a module.
Create an app shell in Angular?
+
Use Angular CLI command: ng add @angular/pwa to enable
PWA features., Then run ng generate app-shell --client-project ., It
generates server-side rendered shell for faster initial load., App shell
improves performance and perceived loading speed.
Create directives using CLI
+
Run:, ng generate directive myDirective, Generates
directive file with @Directive decorator ready to use.
Create displayBlock components
+
Use display: block in component CSS or
Create schematics for libraries?
+
Use Angular CLI command: ng generate schematic , Define
rules to create components or modules in the library., Automates repetitive
tasks in library development.
Custom elements
+
Custom elements are browser-native HTML elements
defined by developers., They encapsulate functionality and can be reused
like standard tags.
Custom elements work internally
+
Angular wraps a component in custom element class.,
Manages inputs/outputs, change detection, and lifecycle hooks., Element
behaves like a standard HTML tag.
Custom pipe?
+
Custom pipe is a user-defined pipe to transform data.,
Created using @Pipe decorator and implementing PipeTransform., Useful for
app-specific formatting or logic.
Data binding in Angular
+
Synchronizes data between component and template., Can
be one-way or two-way., Reduces manual DOM manipulation.
Data binding in Angular?
+
Data binding synchronizes data between the component
class and template.
Data binding?
+
Data binding connects component class with
template/view., Types include one-way (interpolation, property, event) and
two-way binding., Enables dynamic UI updates.
Data Binding? In how many ways can it be executed?
+
Data binding connects data between the component and
the UI. Angular supports four main types: Interpolation ({{ }}), Property
Binding ([ ]), Event Binding (( )), and Two-way Binding ([( )]) using
ngModel.
Deal with errors in observables?
+
Use the catchError operator in RxJS., Handle errors
inside subscribe via error callback., Example:,
observable.pipe(catchError(err => of([]))).subscribe(...)
Declarable in Angular?
+
Declarable refers to classes that can be declared in an
NgModule., Includes Components, Directives, and Pipes., They define UI
behavior or transformations in templates.
Decorator in Angular?
+
Decorator is a function that adds metadata to classes,
e.g., @Component, @Injectable.
Decorators in Angular
+
Decorators provide metadata to classes, methods, or
properties., Types: @Component, @Injectable, @Directive, @Pipe., They enable
Angular features like dependency injection and templates.
Define routes?
+
Routes are defined using a Routes array:, const routes:
Routes = [, { path: 'home', component: HomeComponent },, { path: 'about',
component: AboutComponent }, ];, Configured via
RouterModule.forRoot(routes).
Define the ng-content Directive
+
Allows content projection into a child component., Acts
as a placeholder for parent-provided HTML content.
Define typings for custom elements
+
Create a .d.ts file declaring:, interface
HTMLElementTagNameMap { 'my-element': MyComponentElement; }, Ensures
TypeScript type checking.
Dependency Hierarchy formed?
+
Angular forms a tree hierarchy of injectors., Root
injector provides global services., Child components can have
component-level injectors., Services are resolved from closest injector
upwards.
Dependency Injection
+
DI is a design pattern to inject dependencies into
components/services., Promotes loose coupling and testability., Angular has
a built-in DI system.
Dependency injection in Angular?
+
Dependency Injection (DI) provides services or objects
to components automatically., Avoids manual creation of service instances.,
Promotes modularity and testability.
Dependency injection tree in Angular?
+
Hierarchy of injectors controlling service scope and
lifetime.
Describe the MVVM architecture
+
Model-View-ViewModel separates data, UI, and logic.,
Angular components act as ViewModel, templates as View, services/models as
Model.
Describe various dependencies in Angular application?
+
Dependencies are described using constructor injection
in services or components., Decorators like @Injectable() and @Inject()
define provider rules., Angular’s DI system manages the lifecycle and
resolution of dependencies.
Design goals of Service Workers
+
Offline-first experience, Background sync and push
notifications, Improved performance and caching strategies, Enhancing
reliability and responsiveness
Detect route change in Angular?
+
Subscribe to Router events:,
this.router.events.subscribe(event => { /* handle NavigationEnd */ });, You
can use ActivatedRoute to detect parameter changes., Useful for executing
logic on route transitions.
DI token?
+
DI token is a key used to inject a dependency in
Angular’s DI system., Can be a type, string, or InjectionToken., Helps
Angular locate and provide the correct service or value.
ActivatedRoute and Router?
+
ActivatedRoute provides info about current route;
Router is used to navigate programmatically.
Angular Elements and Angular Components?
+
Angular Elements are Angular components packaged as
custom elements to use in non-Angular apps.
Angular Material and Bootstrap?
+
Angular Material provides Angular components with
Material Design; Bootstrap is CSS framework.
Angular service and singleton service?
+
Service is reusable class; singleton ensures a single
instance application-wide using providedIn: 'root'.
Angular Service Worker and Service Worker API?
+
Angular Service Worker integrates with Angular for PWA
features; Service Worker API is native browser API.
AngularJS and Angular?
+
AngularJS is based on JavaScript (v1.x); Angular (v2+)
is based on TypeScript and component-based architecture.
CanActivate and CanDeactivate guards?
+
CanActivate controls route access; CanDeactivate
controls leaving a route.
CatchError and retry operators in RxJS?
+
catchError handles errors; retry retries failed
requests a specified number of times.
window.history manipulates browser history; Angular
Router manages SPA routes without full page reload.
DiffBet Angular and AngularJS
+
AngularJS (1.x) uses JavaScript and MVC., Angular (2+)
uses TypeScript, components, and modules., Angular is faster, modular, and
supports Ivy compiler.
DiffBet Angular and Backbone.js
+
Angular: MVVM, components, DI, two-way binding.,
Backbone.js: Lightweight, MVC, manual DOM manipulation., Angular offers more
structured development and tooling.
DiffBet Angular and jQuery
+
Angular: Full SPA framework, two-way binding, MVVM.,
jQuery: DOM manipulation library, no architecture.
DiffBet Angular expressions and JavaScript expressions
+
Angular expressions are safe and auto-sanitized., Run
within Angular context and cannot use loops or exceptions.
DiffBet AngularJS and Angular?
+
AngularJS is JavaScript-based and uses MVC
architecture., Angular (2+) is TypeScript-based, faster, modular, and uses
components., Angular supports mobile development and modern tooling.,
Angular has better performance, AOT compilation, and enhanced dependency
injection.
DiffBet Annotation and Decorator
+
Annotation: Metadata in older frameworks., Decorator
(Angular): Adds metadata and behavior to classes, properties, or methods.
DiffBet Component and Directive
+
Component: Has template + logic, renders UI.,
Directive: No template, modifies DOM behavior., Component is a type of
directive with a view.
DiffBet constructor and ngOnInit
+
constructor: Instantiates the class, used for
dependency injection., ngOnInit: Lifecycle hook, executes after inputs are
initialized., Use ngOnInit for initialization logic instead of constructor.
DiffBet interpolated content and innerHTML
+
Interpolation ({{ }}) is automatically sanitized by
Angular., innerHTML can bypass sanitization if used with untrusted content.,
Interpolation is safer for user-generated content.
DiffBet ngIf and hidden property
+
ngIf adds/removes element from DOM., [hidden] hides
element but keeps it in DOM., Use ngIf for conditional rendering and hidden
for styling.
DiffBet NgModule and JavaScript module
+
NgModule defines Angular metadata (components,
directives, services)., JavaScript module only exports/imports variables or
classes.
DiffBet promise and observable
+
Promise: Handles single async value; executes
immediately., Observable: Can emit multiple values over time; lazy
execution., Observable supports operators, cancellation, and chaining.
DiffBet pure and impure pipe
+
Pure Pipe: Executes only when input changes; optimized
for performance., Impure Pipe: Executes on every change detection; can
handle complex scenarios., Impure pipes can cause performance overhead.
Differences between AngularJS and Angular
+
AngularJS: JS-based, uses MVC, two-way binding.,
Angular: TypeScript-based, component-driven, improved performance., Angular
has better mobile support and modular architecture.
Differences between AngularJS and Angular for DI
+
AngularJS uses function-based injection with $inject.,
Angular uses class-based injection with @Injectable() decorators., Angular
DI supports hierarchical injectors and tree-shakable services.
Differences between reactive and template-driven forms
+
Reactive: Model-driven, synchronous, testable.,
Template-driven: Template-driven, simpler, less scalable., Reactive supports
dynamic controls; template-driven does not.
Differences between various versions of Angular
+
AngularJS (1.x) is JavaScript-based and uses MVC.,
Angular 2+ is TypeScript-based, component-driven, modular, and faster.,
Later versions added Ivy compiler, CLI improvements, RxJS updates, and
stricter type checking., Each version focuses on performance, security, and
tooling enhancements.
Different types of compilation in Angular
+
JIT (Just-in-Time): Compiles in the browser at
runtime., AOT (Ahead-of-Time): Compiles at build time.
Different ways to group form controls
+
FormGroup: Groups multiple controls logically.,
FormArray: Groups controls dynamically as an array., Nested FormGroups for
hierarchical structures.
Digest cycle in AngularJS.
+
The digest cycle is the internal process where
AngularJS checks for model changes and updates the view. It compares current
and previous values in watchers and continues until all bindings stabilize.
It runs automatically during events handled by Angular.
Directive in Angular?
+
Directive is a class that can modify DOM behavior or
structure.
Directives in Angular
+
Directives are instructions for the DOM., Types:
Attribute, Structural (*ngIf, *ngFor), and Custom directives., They modify
the behavior or appearance of elements.
Directives in Angular?
+
Instructions to manipulate DOM., Types: Structural
(*ngIf, *ngFor) and Attribute ([ngClass], [ngStyle]).
Directives?
+
Directives are instructions in templates to manipulate
DOM., Types: Structural (*ngIf, *ngFor) and Attribute ([ngClass])., They
modify appearance, behavior, or layout of elements.
Do I need a Routing Module always?
+
Not strictly, but recommended for modularity., Helps
separate route configuration from main app module., Improves maintainability
and scalability.
Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?
+
No, Angular Elements are self-bootstrapped using
createCustomElement().
Do I still need entryComponents in Angular 9?
+
No, Ivy compiler handles dynamic and bootstrapped
components automatically.
Do you perform error handling?
+
Use RxJS catchError or pipe with tap:,
this.http.get('api').pipe(catchError(err => of([])));, Allows graceful
fallback or logging.
Does Angular prevent HTTP-level vulnerabilities?
+
Angular provides HttpClient with built-in CSRF/XSRF
support., Prevents common HTTP attacks if configured correctly., Additional
server-side measures may still be required.
Does Angular support dynamic imports?
+
Yes, using import() syntax for lazy-loaded modules.,
Enables code splitting and reduces initial bundle size., Works seamlessly
with Angular CLI and Webpack.
DOM sanitizer?
+
Service that cleans untrusted content before
rendering., Used for HTML, styles, URLs, and resource URLs., Prevents script
execution in Angular apps.
Dynamic components
+
Components created programmatically at runtime., Use
ComponentFactoryResolver or ViewContainerRef.createComponent(), Useful for
modals, tabs, or runtime content.
Dynamic forms
+
Forms created programmatically at runtime., Useful when
form structure is not known at compile-time., Built using FormBuilder or
reactive APIs.
Eager and Lazy loading?
+
Eager loading: Loads all modules at app startup., Lazy
loading: Loads modules on demand, improving initial load time.
Editor support for Angular Language Service
+
Supported in VS Code, WebStorm, Sublime, and Atom.,
Provides autocompletion, quick info, error detection, and navigation in
templates.
Enable binding expression validation?
+
Enable it via "strictTemplates": true in
angularCompilerOptions., It validates property and event bindings in
templates., Prevents runtime template errors and improves type safety.
Entry component?
+
Component instantiated dynamically, not referenced in
template., Used in modals, dialogs, or dynamically created components.
EntryComponents array not necessary every time?
+
Angular 9+ uses Ivy compiler, which automatically
detects required components., No manual entryComponents needed for dynamic
components.
Event binding in Angular?
+
Event binding binds events from DOM elements to
component methods using (event) syntax.
Exactly is a parameterized pipe?
+
A pipe that accepts arguments to modify output.,
Example: {{ birthday | date:'shortDate' }} where 'shortDate' is a parameter.
Exactly is the router state?
+
Router state is the current configuration and URL state
of the Angular router., Includes active routes, parameters, query
parameters, and route data.
Example of built-in validators
+
name: new FormControl('', [Validators.required,
Validators.minLength(3)]), Applies required and minimum length validation.
Example of few metadata errors
+
Using arrow functions in decorators., Dynamic
expressions in @Input() default values., Referencing non-static properties
in metadata.
Autocomplete for directives, components, and inputs,
Error checking in templates, Quick info on variables and types, Navigation
to component and template definitions
Find Angular CLI version
+
Run command: ng version or ng v in terminal., It shows
Angular CLI, framework, and Node versions.
Folding?
+
Folding is the process of resolving expressions at
compile time., Helps AOT replace constants and simplify templates.
ForRoot helps avoid duplicate router instances
+
forRoot() ensures singleton services in shared
modules., Lazy-loaded modules can use forChild() without duplicating router.
Command: ng generate class my-class, Creates a
TypeScript class file in project structure.
Get current direction for locales
+
Use Directionality service: dir.value returns 'ltr' or
'rtl'., Useful for layout adjustments in RTL languages.
Get the current route?
+
Use Angular ActivatedRoute or Router service., Example:
this.route.snapshot.url or this.router.url., It provides access to route
parameters, query params, and path info.
Give an example of attribute directives
+
Attribute directives change the appearance or behavior
of DOM elements., Example:,
Give an example of custom pipe
+
A custom pipe transforms data in templates., Example:,
@Pipe({name: 'reverse'}), export class ReversePipe implements PipeTransform
{, transform(value: string) { return value.split('').reverse().join(''); },
}, Usage: {{ 'Angular' | reverse }} → ralugnA.
Guard in Angular?
+
Guard is a service to control access to routes, e.g.,
CanActivate, CanDeactivate.
Happens if custom id is not unique
+
Angular may overwrite translations or throw errors.,
Unique IDs prevent conflicts and ensure correct mapping.
Happens if I import the same module twice?
+
Angular does not create duplicate services if a module
is imported multiple times., Components and directives are available where
declared., Providers are instantiated only once at root level.
Happens if you do not supply handler for the observer
+
No callback is executed; observable executes but
subscriber ignores emitted values., No error or complete handling occurs.
Happens if you use script tag inside template?
+
Angular does not execute script tags in templates for
security., Scripts are ignored to prevent XSS attacks., Use services or
component logic instead.
Happens if you use the script tag within a template?
+
Scripts in Angular templates do not execute for
security reasons (DOM sanitization)., Use external scripts or component
logic instead.
Http Interceptors?
+
Classes that intercept HTTP requests and responses
globally., Can modify headers, log activity, or handle errors., Implemented
via HTTP_INTERCEPTORS token.
HttpClient and its benefits?
+
HttpClient is Angular’s service for HTTP
communication., Supports typed responses, interceptors, and observables.,
Simplifies REST API calls with automatic JSON parsing.
HttpInterceptor in Angular?
+
Interceptor is a service to modify HTTP requests or
responses globally.
Hydration?
+
Hydration converts server-rendered HTML into a fully
interactive client app., Used in Angular Universal for SSR (Server-Side
Rendering).
If BrowserModule used in feature module?
+
Error occurs: BrowserModule should only be imported in
AppModule., Feature modules should use CommonModule instead.
Imported modules in CLI-generated feature modules
+
CommonModule for common directives., FormsModule if
forms are used., RouterModule for routing inside the feature module.
Impure Pipes
+
Impure pipes may return different output even if input
is same., Executed on every change detection cycle., Useful for dynamic or
async data transformations.
Include SASS into an Angular project?
+
Install node-sass or use Angular CLI:, ng config
schematics.@schematics/angular:component.style scss, Rename .css files to
.scss., Angular compiles SASS into CSS automatically.
Index property in ngFor directive
+
let i = index gives the current iteration index., Can
be used for numbering items or conditionally styling elements.
Inject dynamic script in Angular?
+
Use Renderer2 or document.createElement('script') in a
component., Set src and append it to document.body., Ensure scripts are
loaded after component initialization.
Install Angular Language Service in a project?
+
Use NPM: npm install @angular/language-service
--save-dev., Also, enable it in your IDE (VS Code, WebStorm) for Angular
templates.
Interpolation in Angular?
+
Interpolation allows embedding expressions in HTML
using {{ expression }} syntax.
Interpolation?
+
Interpolation binds component data to HTML view using
{{ }}., Example:
Invoke a builder?
+
In Angular, a builder is invoked via angular.json or
the CLI., Use commands like ng build or ng run :., Builders handle tasks
like building, serving, or testing projects., They are customizable via
options in the angular.json configuration.
Is aliasing possible for inputs and outputs?
+
Yes, using @Input('aliasName') or
@Output('aliasName')., Allows different property names externally vs
internally.
Is bootstrapped component required to be entry
component?
+
Yes, it must be included in entryComponents in Angular
versions <9., In Angular 9+ (Ivy), entryComponents array is no longer
needed.
Is it mandatory to use @Injectable on every
service?
+
Only required if the service has dependencies
injected., Recommended for consistency and AOT compatibility.
Is it safe to use direct DOM API methods?
+
No, direct DOM manipulation may bypass Angular
security., It can introduce XSS risks., Prefer Angular templates,
bindings, or Renderer2.
Is static flag mandatory for ViewChild?
+
static: true/false required when accessing child
elements in ngOnInit vs ngAfterViewInit., true for early access, false
for later lifecycle access.
It helps determine what component should be
displayed.
+
Router links?, Router links ([routerLink]) are
Angular directives to navigate between routes., Example: Home.
JIT?
+
JIT compiles Angular templates in the browser at
runtime., Faster builds but slower app startup., Used mainly during
development.
Key components of Angular
+
Component: UI + logic, Directive: Behavior or DOM
manipulation, Module: Organizes components, Service: Shared logic/data,
Pipe: Data transformation, Routing: Navigation between views
Lazy loading in Angular?
+
Lazy loading loads modules only when needed,
improving performance.
Lifecycle hooks available
+
Common hooks:, ngOnInit - after component
initialization, ngOnChanges - on input property change, ngDoCheck -
custom change detection, ngOnDestroy - cleanup before component removal
Lifecycle hooks in Angular?
+
Lifecycle hooks are methods called at specific
points in a component's life, e.g., ngOnInit, ngOnDestroy.
Lifecycle hooks in Angular? Examples?
+
Lifecycle hooks allow execution of logic at
specific component stages. Common hooks include:, · ngOnInit() -
initialization, · ngOnChanges() - when input properties change, ·
ngOnDestroy() - cleanup before removal, · ngAfterViewInit() - when view
loads
Lifecycle hooks of a zone
+
onStable: triggered when zone has no pending
tasks., onUnstable: triggered when async tasks start., onMicrotaskEmpty:
after microtasks complete.
Lifecycle hooks? Explain a few.
+
Lifecycle hooks are methods called at specific
component stages., Examples:, ngOnInit: Initialization, ngOnChanges:
Detect input changes, ngOnDestroy: Cleanup before destruction, They help
manage component behavior.
Limitations with web workers
+
Cannot access DOM directly, Limited access to
window or document objects, Cannot use Angular services directly,
Communication is via messages only
Angular supports: zero, one, two, few, many,
other., Used in ICU plural expressions.
Macros?
+
Macros are predefined expressions or reusable
snippets in Angular compilation., Used to simplify repeated patterns in
metadata or templates.
Manually bootstrap an application
+
Use
platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule) in main.ts., Starts
Angular without relying on automatic bootstrapping.
Manually register locale data
+
Import locale from @angular/common and register:,
import { registerLocaleData } from '@angular/common';, import localeFr
from '@angular/common/locales/fr';, registerLocaleData(localeFr);
Mapping rules between Angular component and custom
element
+
Component inputs → element attributes/properties,
Component outputs → DOM events, Lifecycle hooks are preserved
automatically
Metadata rewriting?
+
Metadata rewriting updates compiled metadata JSON
files for AOT., Allows Angular to optimize templates and components at
build time.
Metadata?
+
Metadata provides additional info about classes to
Angular., Used via decorators like @Component and @NgModule., Tells
Angular how to process a class.
Method decorators?
+
Decorators applied to methods to modify or enhance
behavior., Example: @HostListener listens to events on host elements.
Methods of NgZone to control change detection
+
run(): execute inside Angular zone (triggers
detection)., runOutsideAngular(): execute outside detection., onStable,
onUnstable for subscriptions.
Module in Angular?
+
Modules group components, directives, pipes, and
services into cohesive blocks of functionality.
Multicasting?
+
Multicasting allows sharing a single observable
execution among multiple subscribers., Achieved using Subject or share()
operator., Reduces unnecessary API calls or processing.
MVVM Architecture
+
Model-View-ViewModel separates UI, logic, and
data., Model: Data and business logic., View: User interface.,
ViewModel: Mediator between view and model, handles commands and data
binding., Promotes testability and clean separation of concerns.
Navigating between routes in Angular
+
Use RouterLink or Router service:, Home, Or
programmatically: this.router.navigate(['/home']);
NgAfterContentInit in Angular?
+
ngAfterContentInit is called after content
projected into component is initialized.
NgAfterViewInit in Angular?
+
ngAfterViewInit is called after component's view
and child views are initialized.
Ngcc
+
Angular Compatibility Compiler converts
node_modules packages compiled with View Engine to Ivy., Ensures
libraries are compatible with Angular Ivy compiler.
Ng-content and its purpose?
+
is a placeholder in a component template., Used for
content projection, letting parent content be rendered in child
components.
NgModule in Angular?
+
NgModule is a decorator that defines a module and
its metadata, like declarations, imports, providers, and bootstrap.
NgOnDestroy in Angular?
+
ngOnDestroy is called just before component
destruction to clean up resources.
NgOnInit in Angular?
+
ngOnInit is called once after component
initialization.
NgOnInit?
+
ngOnInit is a lifecycle hook called after Angular
initializes a component., Used to perform component initialization and
fetch data., Runs once per component instantiation.
NgRx?
+
NgRx is a state management library for Angular.,
Based on Redux pattern, uses actions, reducers, and store., Helps manage
complex application state predictably.
NgUpgrade?
+
NgUpgrade allows hybrid apps running AngularJS and
Angular together., Facilitates incremental migration from AngularJS to
Angular., Supports components, services, and routing interoperability.
NgZone
+
NgZone is a service that manages Angular’s change
detection context., It runs code inside or outside Angular zone to
control updates efficiently.
Non-null type assertion operator?
+
The ! operator asserts that a value is not null or
undefined., Example: value!.length tells TypeScript the variable is
safe., Used to prevent compiler errors when you know the value exists.
NoopZone
+
A no-operation zone that disables automatic change
detection., Useful for performance optimization in large apps.
Observable creation functions
+
of() - emits given values, from() - converts array,
promise to observable, interval() - emits sequence periodically,
fromEvent() - listens to DOM events
Observable in Angular?
+
Observable represents a stream of asynchronous data
that can be subscribed to.
Observable?
+
Observable is a stream of data over time., It can
emit next, error, and complete notifications., Used for HTTP, events,
and async tasks.
Observables different from promises?
+
Observables can emit multiple values over time,
promises only one., Observables are lazy and cancellable., Promises are
eager and simpler., Observables support operators for transformation and
filtering.
Observables vs Promises
+
Observables: Multiple values over time,
cancellable, lazy evaluation., Promises: Single value, eager, not
cancellable., Observables are used with RxJS in Angular.
Observables?
+
Observables are data streams that emit values over
time., They allow asynchronous operations like HTTP requests or events.,
Provided by RxJS in Angular.
Observer?
+
An observer is an object that listens to an
observable., It has methods: next, error, and complete., Example: {
next: x => console.log(x), error: e => console.log(e) }.
Operators in RxJS?
+
Operators are functions to transform, filter, or
combine Observables, e.g., map, filter, mergeMap.
Optimize performance of async validators
+
Use debounceTime to reduce API calls., Use
distinctUntilChanged for unique inputs., Avoid heavy computation inside
validator function.
Option to choose between inline and external
template file
+
In @Component decorator:, template - inline HTML,
templateUrl - external HTML file, Choice depends on component size and
readability., *21. Purpose of ngFor directive, *ngFor is used to loop
over a collection and render elements., Syntax: *ngFor="let item of
items"., Useful for dynamic lists and tables., *22. Purpose of ngIf
directive, *ngIf conditionally renders elements based on boolean
expression., Removes or adds elements from the DOM., Helps control UI
dynamically.
Optional dependency
+
A dependency that may or may not be provided., Use
@Optional() decorator in constructor injection.
Parameterized pipe?
+
Pipes that accept arguments to modify output.,
Example: {{ amount | currency:'USD':true }}, Allows flexible data
formatting in templates.
Parent to Child data sharing example
+
Parent Component:, , Child Component:, @Input()
childData: string;, This passes parentData from parent to child.
Pass headers for HTTP client?
+
Use HttpHeaders in Angular’s HttpClient., Example:,
this.http.get(url, { headers: new HttpHeaders({'Auth':'token'}) }),
Allows sending authentication, content-type, or custom headers.
Perform error handling in observables?
+
Use catchError operator inside .pipe()., Example:
observable.pipe(catchError(err => of(defaultValue))), Can also use
retry() to retry failed requests.
Pipe in Angular?
+
Pipe transforms data in templates, e.g., date,
currency, custom pipes.
Pipes in Angular?
+
Pipes transform data before displaying in a
template., Example: {{ name | uppercase }} converts text to uppercase.,
Can be built-in or custom.
Pipes?
+
Pipes transform data in the template without
changing the component., Example: {{date | date:'short'}}, Angular has
built-in pipes like DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, CurrencyPipe.
PipeTransform Interface
+
Interface that custom pipes must implement.,
Defines the transform() method for input-to-output transformation.,
Enables reusable data formatting.
Platform in Angular?
+
Platform provides runtime context for Angular
applications., Examples: platformBrowser(), platformServer()., It
bootstraps the Angular application on the respective environment.
Possible data update scenarios for change
detection
+
Model updates via property binding, User input in
forms, Async operations like HTTP requests, timers, Manual triggering
using ChangeDetectorRef
Possible errors with declarations
+
Declaring a component twice in different modules,
Declaring non-component classes, Missing component import in module
Precedence between pipe and ternary operators
+
Ternary operators have higher precedence., Pipe (|)
executes after ternary expression evaluates.
Prevent automatic sanitization
+
Use Angular DomSanitizer to mark content as
trusted:, bypassSecurityTrustHtml, bypassSecurityTrustUrl, etc., Use
carefully to avoid XSS vulnerabilities.
Prioritize TypeScript over JavaScript in Angular?
+
TypeScript provides strong typing, classes,
interfaces, and compile-time checks., Improves developer productivity
and maintainability.
Property binding in Angular?
+
Property binding binds component properties to HTML
element properties using [property] syntax.
Property decorators?
+
Decorators that enhance class properties with
Angular features., Example: @Input() for parent-to-child binding,
@Output() for event emission.
Protractor?
+
Protractor is an end-to-end testing framework for
Angular apps., It runs tests in real browsers and integrates with
Selenium., It understands Angular-specific elements like ng-model and
ng-repeat.
Provide a singleton service
+
Use @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })., Angular
injects one instance app-wide., Do not redeclare in feature modules to
avoid duplicates.
Provide build configuration for multiple locales
+
Use angular.json configurations:, "locales": {
"fr": "src/locale/messages.fr.xlf" }, Build with: ng build --localize.
Provide configuration inheritance?
+
Angular modules can extend or import other
modules., Child modules inherit providers, declarations, and
configurations from parent modules., Helps maintain shared settings
across the app.
Provider?
+
A provider tells Angular how to create a service.,
It defines the dependency injection configuration., Declared in modules,
components, or services.
Pure Pipes
+
Pure pipes return same output for same input.,
Executed only when input changes., Used for performance optimization.
Purpose of tag
+
Specifies the base path for relative URLs in an
Angular app., Helps router resolve paths correctly., Placed in the
section of index.html., Example: .
Purpose of animate function
+
animate() specifies duration, timing, and styles
for transitions., It animates the element from one style to another.,
Used inside transition() to control animation flow.
Purpose of any type cast function?
+
The any type allows bypassing TypeScript type
checking., It is used to temporarily cast a variable when type is
unknown., Useful during migration or working with dynamic data.
Purpose of async pipe
+
async pipe automatically subscribes to Observable
or Promise., It updates the template with emitted values., Handles
subscription and unsubscription automatically.
Purpose of CommonModule?
+
CommonModule provides common directives like ngIf
and ngFor., It is imported in feature modules to use standard Angular
directives., Helps avoid reimplementing basic functionality.
Purpose of custom id
+
Assigns a unique identifier to a translatable
string., Helps maintain consistent translations across builds.
Purpose of differential loading in CLI
+
Generates two bundles: modern ES2015+ for new
browsers, ES5 for old browsers., Reduces payload for modern browsers.,
Improves performance and load time.
Purpose of FormBuilder
+
Simplifies creation of FormGroup, FormControl, and
FormArray., Reduces boilerplate code for reactive forms.
Purpose of hidden property
+
[hidden] toggles visibility of an element using CSS
display: none., Unlike ngIf, it does not remove the element from the
DOM.
Purpose of i18n attribute
+
Marks an element or text for translation., Angular
extracts these for generating translation files.
Purpose of innerHTML
+
innerHTML sets or gets the HTML content of an
element., Used for dynamic HTML rendering in the DOM.
Purpose of metadata JSON files
+
Store compiled metadata about components,
directives, and modules., Used by AOT compiler for dependency injection
and code generation.
Purpose of ngFor trackBy
+
trackBy improves performance by tracking items
using unique identifier., Prevents unnecessary DOM re-rendering when
lists change.
Purpose of ngSwitch directive
+
ngSwitch conditionally displays elements based on
expression value., ngSwitchCase and ngSwitchDefault define cases and
default view.
Purpose of Wildcard route
+
Wildcard route (**) catches all undefined routes.,
Typically used for 404 pages., Example: { path: '**', component:
PageNotFoundComponent }.
Reactive forms
+
Form model is defined in component class using
FormControl, FormGroup., Provides predictable, programmatic control and
validators.
Reason for No provider for HTTP exception
+
Occurs when HttpClientModule is not imported in
AppModule., Add HttpClientModule to imports to resolve dependency
injection errors.
Reason to deprecate Web Tracing Framework
+
It was browser-dependent and complex., Angular
adopted modern debugging tools and console-based tracing., Simplifies
performance monitoring and reduces maintenance.
Reason to deprecate web worker packages
+
Native Web Worker APIs became standardized.,
Angular moved to simpler, built-in worker support., External packages
were redundant and increased bundle size.
Recommendation for provider scope
+
Provide services in root for singleton usage.,
Avoid multiple registrations in lazy-loaded modules unless necessary.,
Use feature module providers for module-scoped instances.
ReplaySubject in Angular?
+
ReplaySubject emits a specified number of previous
values to new subscribers.
Report missing translations
+
Angular logs missing translations in console during
compilation., Use tools or custom loaders to handle untranslated keys.
Reset the form
+
Use form.reset() to reset values and validation
state., Optionally, pass default values: form.reset({ name: 'John' }).
Restrict provider scope to a module
+
Declare the provider in the providers array of the
module., Avoid providedIn: 'root' in @Injectable()., This creates a
module-specific instance.
Restrictions of metadata
+
Cannot use dynamic expressions in decorators.,
Arrow functions or complex expressions are not allowed., Only static,
serializable values are permitted.
Restrictions on declarable classes
+
Declarables cannot be services or modules., They
must be declared in exactly one NgModule., Cannot be imported multiple
times across modules.
Role of ngModule metadata in compilation process
+
Defines components, directives, pipes, and
services., Helps compiler resolve dependencies and build module graph.
Role of template compiler for XSS prevention
+
The compiler escapes unsafe content during template
rendering., Ensures dynamic content does not execute scripts., Acts as a
first-line defense against XSS.
Root module in Angular?
+
The AppModule is the root module bootstrapped to
launch the application.
Route Parameters?
+
Data passed through URLs to routes., Path
parameters: /user/:id, Query parameters: /user?id=1, Fragment:
#section1, Matrix parameters: /user;id=1
Routed entry component?
+
Component loaded via router dynamically, not
referenced in template., Needs to be known to Angular compiler to
generate factory.
Router events?
+
Router events are lifecycle events during
navigation., Examples: NavigationStart, RoutesRecognized, NavigationEnd,
NavigationError., You can subscribe to Router.events for tracking
navigation.
Router imports?
+
To use routing, import:, RouterModule, Routes from
@angular/router, Then configure routes using
RouterModule.forRoot(routes) or forChild(routes).
Router links?
+
[routerLink] is used for navigation without page
reload., Example: Home, It generates URLs based on route configuration.
Router outlet?
+
is a placeholder where routed components are
displayed., The router dynamically injects the matched component here.,
Only one per view or multiple for nested routes.
Router state?
+
Router state represents current route information.,
Contains URL, params, queryParams, and component data., Accessible via
Router or ActivatedRoute service.
RouterModule in Angular?
+
RouterModule provides services and directives for
configuring routing.
Routing in Angular?
+
Routing enables navigation between different views
in a single-page application.
Rule in Schematics?
+
A rule defines transformations on a project tree.,
It decides how files are created, modified, or deleted., Rules are
building blocks of schematics.
Run Bazel directly?
+
Use Bazel CLI commands: bazel build //src:app or
bazel test //src:app., It executes targets defined in BUILD files.,
Helps in running incremental builds independently of Angular CLI.
RxJS in Angular?
+
RxJS is a library for reactive programming., Used
with observables to handle async data, events, and streams., Provides
operators like map, filter, and debounceTime.
RxJS Subject in Angular?
+
Subject is an observable that multicasts values to
multiple observers., It can act as both an observer and observable.,
Used for communication between components or services.
RxJS?
+
RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a
library for reactive programming., Provides observables, operators, and
subjects., Used for async tasks and event handling in Angular.
Safe navigation operator?
+
?. operator prevents null or undefined errors in
templates., Example: user?.name returns undefined if user is null.
Sanitization? Does Angular support it?
+
Sanitization cleans untrusted input to prevent code
injection., Angular provides built-in DomSanitizer for HTML, styles,
URLs, and scripts.
Schematic?
+
Schematics are code generators for Angular
projects., They automate creation of components, services, modules, or
custom templates., Used with Angular CLI.
Schematics CLI?
+
Command-line tool to run, test, and create
schematics., Example: schematics blank --name=my-schematic., Helps
automate repetitive tasks in Angular projects.
Scope hierarchy in Angular
+
Angular components have isolated scopes with
hierarchical injectors., Child components inherit parent services via
DI.
Scope in Angular
+
Scope is the binding context between controller and
view., Used in AngularJS; replaced by Component class properties in
Angular.
Security principles in Angular
+
Follow XSS prevention, CSRF protection, input
validation, and sanitization., Avoid direct DOM manipulation and unsafe
URL usage., Use Angular built-in sanitizers and HttpClient.
Select an element in component template?
+
Use template reference variables or @ViewChild()
decorator., Example: @ViewChild('myDiv') myDivElement: ElementRef;.,
This allows accessing DOM elements or child components from the
component class.
Select an element within a component template?
+
Use @ViewChild() or @ViewChildren() decorators.,
Example: @ViewChild('myDiv') div: ElementRef;, Allows access to DOM
elements or child components in TS code.
Select ICU expression
+
Used for conditional translations based on variable
values., Example: gender-based messages: {gender, select, male {...}
female {...} other {...}}
Server-side XSS protection in Angular
+
Validate and sanitize inputs before sending to
client., Use CSP headers, HTTPS, and server-side escaping., Combine with
Angular client-side protections.
Service in Angular?
+
Service is a class that provides shared
functionality across components.
Service Worker and its role in Angular?
+
Service Worker is a background script that
intercepts network requests., It enables offline caching, push
notifications, and performance improvements., Angular supports Service
Worker via @angular/pwa package.
Services in Angular?
+
Reusable classes that hold business logic or shared
data., Injected into components via DI., Helps separate UI and logic.
Set ngFor and ngIf on same element
+
Use :,
Share data between components in Angular?
+
Parent-to-child: @Input(), Child-to-parent:
@Output() with EventEmitter, Service with BehaviorSubject or Subject for
unrelated components
Share services using modules?
+
Yes, but use Core module or providedIn: 'root'.,
Avoid providing in Shared module to prevent multiple instances.
Shared module
+
A module containing reusable components,
directives, pipes, and services., Imported by other modules to reduce
code duplication., Typically does not provide singleton services.
Shorthand notation for subscribe method
+
Instead of an observer object, use separate
callbacks:, observable.subscribe(val => console.log(val), err =>
console.log(err), () => console.log('complete'));
Single Page Applications (SPA)
+
SPA loads one HTML page and dynamically updates
content., Routing is handled on the client side., Improves speed and
reduces server load.
Slice pipe?
+
Slice pipe extracts a subset of array or string.,
Example: {{ items | slice:0:3 }} shows first 3 items., Useful for
pagination or previews.
Some features of Angular
+
Component-based architecture., Two-way data binding
and dependency injection., Directives, services, and RxJS support.,
Powerful CLI for project scaffolding.
SPA? (Single Page Application)
+
A SPA loads a single HTML page and dynamically
updates content using JavaScript without full page reloads. Unlike
traditional websites where each action loads a new page, SPAs improve
speed, user experience, and reduce server load.
Special configuration for Angular 9?
+
Angular 9 uses Ivy compiler by default., No
additional configuration is needed for most apps.
Specify Angular template compiler options?
+
Template compiler options are specified in
tsconfig.json or angular.json., You can enable strict type checking,
full template type checking, and other options., Example:
"angularCompilerOptions": { "strictTemplates": true }., It helps catch
template errors at compile time.
Standalone component?
+
A component that does not require a module., Can be
used independently with its own imports, providers, and declarations.
State CSS classes provided by ngModel
+
ng-valid, ng-invalid, ng-dirty, ng-pristine,
ng-touched, ng-untouched, Helps style form validation states.
State function?
+
state() defines a named state for an animation., It
specifies styles associated with that state., Used in combination with
transition() to animate between states.
Steps to use animation module
+
1. Install @angular/animations., 2. Import
BrowserAnimationsModule in the root module., 3. Use trigger, state,
style, animate, and transition in components., 4. Bind animations to
templates using [ @triggerName ].
Steps to use declaration elements
+
1. Declare component, directive, or pipe in
NgModule., 2. Export if needed for other modules., 3. Import module in
consuming module., 4. Use element in template.
String interpolation and property binding.
+
String interpolation: {{ value }} inserts data into
templates., Property binding: [property]="value" binds data to element
properties., Both keep view and data synchronized.
String interpolation in Angular?
+
Binding data from component to template using {{
value }}., Automatically updates the DOM when the component value
changes.
Style function?
+
style() defines CSS styles to apply in a particular
state or keyframe., Used inside state(), transition(), or animate().,
Example: style({ opacity: 0, transform: 'translateX(-100%)' }).
Subject in Angular?
+
Subject is an Observable that allows multicasting
to multiple subscribers.
Subscribing?
+
Subscribing is listening to an observable.,
Example: .subscribe(data => console.log(data));, Triggers execution and
receives emitted values.
Template expressions?
+
Template expressions are evaluated inside
interpolation or binding., Can include properties, methods, operators.,
Cannot contain statements like loops or conditionals.
Template statements?
+
Template statements handle events like (click) or
(change)., Invoke component methods in response to user actions.,
Example: Click
Template?
+
Template is the HTML view of a component., It
defines structure, layout, and binds data using Angular syntax., Can
include directives, bindings, and pipes.
Template-driven forms
+
Forms defined directly in HTML template using
ngModel., Less control but simpler for small forms.
Templates in Angular
+
Templates define the HTML view of a component.,
They can contain Angular directives, bindings, and expressions.,
Templates are combined with component logic to render the UI.
Templates in Angular?
+
HTML with Angular directives, bindings, and
components., Defines the view for a component.
Test Angular application using CLI?
+
Use ng test to run unit tests with Karma and
Jasmine., Use ng e2e for end-to-end testing with Protractor or Cypress.,
CLI manages configurations and test runner setup automatically.
TestBed?
+
TestBed is Angular’s unit testing utility for
configuring and initializing environment., It allows creating
components, services, and modules in isolation., Used with Karma or
Jasmine to run tests.
Three phases of AOT
+
1. Metadata analysis: Parse decorators and template
metadata., 2. Template compilation: Convert templates to TypeScript
code., 3. Code generation: Emit optimized JavaScript for the browser.
Transfer components to custom elements
+
Use createCustomElement(Component, { injector }),
Register via customElements.define('tag-name', element).
Transition function?
+
transition() defines how animations move between
states., It specifies conditions, duration, and easing for the
animation., Example: transition('open => closed', animate('300ms
ease-in')).
Translate an attribute
+
Add i18n-attribute to mark element attributes:
Welcome,
Translate text without creating an element
+
Use i18n attribute on existing elements or
directives., Angular supports inline translations for text content.
Transpiling in Angular?
+
Transpiling converts TypeScript or modern
JavaScript into plain JavaScript., This ensures compatibility with
browsers., Angular uses the TypeScript compiler (tsc) for this process.,
It helps leverage ES6+ features safely in older browsers.
Trigger an animation
+
Use Angular Animation API: trigger, state,
transition, animate., Call animation in template with [@animationName].,
Can also trigger via component methods.
Two-way binding in Angular?
+
Two-way binding synchronizes data between component
and template using [(ngModel)].
Two-way data binding
+
Updates component model when view changes and vice
versa., Implemented using [(ngModel)]., Simplifies form handling.
Type narrowing?
+
Type narrowing is the process of refining a
variable’s type., TypeScript uses control flow analysis like if, typeof,
or instanceof., Example: if (typeof x === "string") { x.toUpperCase(); }
Eager-loaded modules: Loaded at app startup.,
Lazy-loaded modules: Loaded on demand via routing., Shared modules:
Contain reusable components, directives, pipes., Core module: Provides
singleton services.
Types of filters in AngularJS.
+
Filters format data displayed in the UI. Common
filters include:, ✓ currency (formats currency), ✓ date (formats date),
✓ filter (filters arrays), ✓ uppercase/lowercase, ✓ orderBy (sorts
collections),
TestBed APIs now return strongly typed component
and fixture instances., Improves type checking in unit tests.
TypeScript class with constructor and function
+
class Person {, constructor(public name: string)
{}, greet() { console.log(`Hello ${this.name}`); }, }, let p = new
Person("John");, p.greet();
Update specific properties of a form model
+
Use patchValue() for partial updates., setValue()
requires all properties to be updated., Example: form.patchValue({ name:
'John' }).
Upgrade Angular version?
+
Use ng update @angular/core @angular/cli., Follow
migration guides for breaking changes., CLI updates dependencies,
TypeScript, and configuration automatically.
Upgrade location service of AngularJS?
+
Migrate $location service to Angular’s Router
module., Update code to use Router.navigate() or ActivatedRoute.,
Ensures smooth URL and state management in Angular.
Use any JavaScript feature in expression syntax
for AOT?
+
No, only static and serializable expressions are
allowed., Dynamic or runtime JavaScript features are rejected.
Use AOT compilation with Ivy?
+
Yes, Ivy fully supports AOT (Ahead-of-Time)
compilation., It improves startup performance and catches template
errors at compile time.
Use arrow functions in AOT?
+
No, arrow functions are not allowed in decorators
or metadata., AOT requires static, serializable expressions.
Use Bazel with Angular CLI?
+
Install Bazel schematics: ng add @angular/bazel.,
Build or test projects using Bazel commands: ng build --bazel., It
replaces default Webpack builder for performance optimization.
Use HttpClient with an example
+
Inject HttpClient in a service:, this.http.get
('api/users').subscribe(data => console.log(data));, Use .get, .post,
.put, .delete for REST calls., Returns observable streams.
Use interceptor for entire application
+
Provide it in AppModule providers:, providers: [{
provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyInterceptor, multi: true }],
Ensures all HTTP requests pass through it.
Use jQuery in Angular?
+
Install jQuery via npm: npm install jquery., Import
it in angular.json scripts or component: import * as $ from 'jquery';.,
Use carefully; prefer Angular templates over direct DOM manipulation.
Use polyfills in Angular application?
+
Modify polyfills.ts file to enable browser
compatibility., Includes support for older browsers (IE, Edge).,
Polyfills ensure Angular features work across different platforms.
Use SASS in Angular project?
+
Set --style=scss when creating project: ng new app
--style=scss., Or change file extensions to .scss and configure
angular.json., Angular CLI automatically compiles SASS to CSS.
Utility functions provided by RxJS
+
Functions like of, from, interval, timer,
throwError, and fromEvent., Used to create or manipulate observables.
Various kinds of directives
+
Structural: *ngIf, *ngFor - modify DOM structure,
Attribute: [ngStyle], [ngClass] - change element behavior/appearance,
Custom directives: User-defined behaviors
Various security contexts in Angular
+
HTML (content in templates), Style (CSS binding),
Script (JavaScript context), URL (resource links), Resource URL
(external resources)
Verify model changes in forms
+
Subscribe to valueChanges or statusChanges on form
or controls., Example: form.valueChanges.subscribe(val =>
console.log(val)).
View encapsulation in Angular?
+
Controls CSS scope in components., Types: Emulated
(default), None, Shadow DOM., Prevents styles from leaking or being
overridden.
ViewEncapsulation? Types?
+
ViewEncapsulation controls styling scope in Angular
components., It has three modes:, · Emulated (default, scoped styles), ·
None (global styles), · ShadowDom (real Shadow DOM isolation)
Ways to control AOT compilation
+
Enable/disable in angular.json using "aot":
true/false., Use CLI commands: ng build --aot., Manage template metadata
and decorators carefully.
Ways to remove duplicate service registration
+
Provide service only in root., Avoid lazy-loaded
module providers for shared services., Use forRoot pattern for modules
with services.
Ways to trigger change detection in Angular
+
User events (click, input) automatically trigger
detection., ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges() manually triggers
detection., NgZone.run() executes code inside Angular zone., Async
operations via Observables or Promises also trigger it.
Workspace APIs?
+
Workspace APIs allow managing Angular projects
programmatically., Used for creating, modifying, or generating projects
and configurations., Part of Angular DevKit (@angular-devkit/core).
Zone context
+
The environment that monitors async operations.,
Angular uses it to know when to run change detection.
Zone?
+
Zone.js is a library used by Angular to detect
asynchronous operations., It helps Angular trigger change detection
automatically., All async tasks like setTimeout, promises, and HTTP
requests are tracked.
API First Architecture
+
Advantages of api first?
+
Improves consistency, reduces rework, enables early
integration, supports microservices and multi-platform clients.
Api first architecture?
+
Designs the API before implementing business logic,
ensuring consistency, reusability, and collaboration with front-end and
third-party teams.
Api first supports microservices?
+
APIs act as contracts between services, enabling
independent development, testing, and deployment.
Diffbet api first and code-first design?
+
API-first designs API before coding, focusing on
contracts. Code-first generates APIs from implementation, which may lack
consistency.
Diffbet rest and graphql?
+
Rest exposes fixed endpoints; graphql allows clients to
query exactly what they need. both can follow api-first design.
Openapi (swagger)?
+
A specification for defining REST APIs, including
endpoints, payloads, responses, and authentication, supporting documentation
and code generation.
To handle security in api-first design?
+
Use OAuth2, JWT, API keys, TLS/HTTPS, and input
validation.
APIs
+
API endpoint?
+
An endpoint is a specific URL where an API can access
resources or perform operations.
API monitoring?
+
API monitoring tracks performance, uptime, errors, and
usage patterns.
REST stand for?
+
REST stands for Representational State Transfer.
RESTful API?
+
A RESTful API follows REST principles using HTTP
methods to access resources.
REST constraints?
+
Client-server, statelessness, cacheability, uniform
interface, layered system, and optional code on demand.
HTTP GET do?
+
GET retrieves data from the server.
HTTP POST do?
+
POST creates a new resource.
HTTP PUT do?
+
PUT updates or replaces an existing resource.
HTTP PATCH do?
+
PATCH partially updates a resource.
HTTP DELETE do?
+
DELETE removes a resource.
Difference between PUT and PATCH?
+
PUT replaces the entire resource; PATCH updates only
specific fields.
Idempotency in REST?
+
An idempotent request produces the same result when
repeated.
HTTP methods are idempotent?
+
GET, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD are idempotent.
HTTP status code?
+
A status code indicates the result of an HTTP request.
2xx status codes?
+
They indicate successful requests.
4xx status codes?
+
They indicate client-side errors.
5xx status codes?
+
They indicate server-side errors.
Content negotiation?
+
Content negotiation selects response format using
headers like Accept.
API design best practices?
+
API design best practices ensure APIs are consistent,
scalable, secure, and easy to use.
Good API design important?
+
Good API design improves usability, maintainability,
and developer adoption.
Naming convention should be used for REST APIs?
+
Use clear, meaningful, and plural nouns for resource
names.
Should verbs be used in REST API URLs?
+
No, HTTP methods represent actions, not verbs in URLs.
Good REST API URL example?
+
/api/v1/users/{id}
Should nested resources be designed?
+
Use hierarchical URLs to represent relationships
between resources.
Versioning in API design?
+
Versioning manages API changes without breaking
existing clients.
Pagination in APIs?
+
Pagination limits the number of records returned in a
response.
Pagination important?
+
It improves performance and reduces payload size.
Filtering in APIs?
+
Filtering restricts returned data based on criteria.
Sorting in APIs?
+
Sorting orders response data based on specified fields.
Field selection in APIs?
+
Field selection returns only required fields in the
response.
Consistent error handling?
+
Using standardized error formats and HTTP status codes.
Authentication in APIs?
+
Authentication verifies the identity of the API
consumer.
Authorization in APIs?
+
Authorization determines what resources an
authenticated client can access.
API key?
+
An API key is a simple token used to identify an API
client.
API keys be used?
+
For basic identification and low-security scenarios.
JWT contain?
+
Header, payload, and signature.
JWT stateless?
+
All required authentication data is stored inside the
token.
Secure API communication?
+
Using HTTPS, tokens, and proper authentication
mechanisms.
Rate limiting in API security?
+
Limiting the number of requests to prevent abuse.
An API Gateway used?
+
To centralize authentication, routing, logging, and
rate limiting.
Eventual consistency allows data replicas to converge
over time without guaranteeing immediate consistency.
Explain idempotency.
+
Idempotency ensures that multiple identical requests
produce the same result without side effects.
Explain layered vs hexagonal architecture.
+
Layered architecture has rigid layers; hexagonal
promotes testable decoupled core business logic.
Explain message queue.
+
A message queue allows asynchronous communication
between components using messages.
Explain modular monolith.
+
A modular monolith organizes a single application into
independent modules to gain maintainability without full microservices
complexity.
Explain mvc architecture.
+
MVC (Model-View-Controller) separates application
logic: Model handles data View handles UI and Controller handles input.
Explain mvc vs mvvm.
+
MVC separates Model View Controller; MVVM binds
ViewModel with View using data binding reducing Controller logic.
Explain oauth.
+
OAuth is an authorization protocol allowing third-party
applications to access user data without sharing credentials.
Explain polling vs webhooks.
+
Polling repeatedly checks for updates; webhooks notify
automatically when an event occurs.
Explain retry pattern.
+
Retry pattern resends failed requests with delays to
handle transient failures.
Explain rolling deployment.
+
Rolling deployment gradually replaces old instances
with new versions without downtime.
Explain rolling vs blue-green deployment.
+
Rolling deployment updates instances gradually;
blue-green deployment switches traffic between two identical environments.
Explain serverless architecture.
+
Serverless architecture runs code without managing
servers; the cloud provider handles infrastructure automatically.
Explain service discovery.
+
Service discovery automatically detects services and
their endpoints in dynamic environments.
Explain singleton pattern.
+
Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance
and provides a global access point.
Explain soap service.
+
SOAP service uses XML-based messages and strict
protocols for communication.
Explain sticky sessions.
+
Sticky sessions bind a client to a specific server
instance to maintain state across multiple requests.
Explain sticky vs stateless sessions.
+
Sticky sessions bind users to a server; stateless
sessions allow requests to be handled by any server.
Explain strategy pattern.
+
Strategy pattern defines a family of algorithms
encapsulates each and makes them interchangeable.
Explain synchronous vs asynchronous apis.
+
Synchronous APIs wait for a response; asynchronous APIs
allow processing in the background without waiting.
Explain the diffbet layered and microservices
architectures.
+
Layered architecture is monolithic with multiple
layers; microservices split functionality into independently deployable
services.
Explain the diffbet soa and microservices.
+
SOA is an enterprise-level architecture with larger
services; microservices break services into smaller independently deployable
units.
Explain the diffbet synchronous and asynchronous
communication.
+
Synchronous communication waits for a response
immediately; asynchronous communication does not.
Explain the repository pattern.
+
The repository pattern abstracts data access logic
providing a clean interface to query and manipulate data.
Explain vertical vs horizontal scaling.
+
Vertical scaling adds resources to a single machine;
horizontal scaling adds more machines.
Façade pattern?
+
Façade pattern provides a simplified interface to a
complex subsystem.
Fault tolerance?
+
Fault-tolerant systems continue functioning correctly
even when components fail, minimizing downtime and data loss.
Hexagonal architecture?
+
Hexagonal architecture (Ports & Adapters) isolates core
logic from external systems through adapters.
High availability?
+
High availability ensures a system remains operational
and accessible despite failures, often using redundancy and failover.
Kafka?
+
Kafka is a distributed streaming platform for building
real-time data pipelines and applications.
Layered architecture?
+
Layers (Presentation, Business, Data) separate
concerns, making systems easier to develop, maintain, and test.
Maintainability in architecture?
+
Maintainability is ease of making changes, fixing bugs,
or adding features without affecting other parts of the system.
Microkernel architecture?
+
Microkernel architecture provides a minimal core system
with plug-in modules for extended functionality.
Microservices anti-pattern?
+
Microservices anti-patterns include tight coupling
shared databases and improper service boundaries.
Monolith vs microservices?
+
Monolith is a single deployable application;
microservices break functionality into independently deployable services.
Monolithic architecture?
+
Monolithic architecture is a single unified application
where all components are tightly coupled.
Non-functional requirements (nfrs)?
+
NFRs define system qualities like performance,
scalability, reliability, and security rather than features.
Performance optimization?
+
Designing systems for low latency, efficient resource
usage, and fast response times under load.
Proxy pattern?
+
Proxy pattern provides a placeholder or surrogate to
control access to another object.
Proxy server?
+
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client
and server for requests caching and security.
Rabbitmq?
+
RabbitMQ is a message broker that uses queues to enable
asynchronous communication between services.
Reference architecture?
+
A reference architecture is a standardized template or
blueprint for building systems within a domain, promoting best practices.
Rest vs soap?
+
REST is lightweight uses HTTP and stateless; SOAP is
protocol-based heavier and supports strict contracts.
Restful architecture?
+
RESTful architecture uses stateless HTTP requests to
manipulate resources following REST principles.
Restful service?
+
A RESTful service follows REST principles using
standard HTTP methods for communication.
Role of architecture documentation?
+
Communicates system structure, decisions, and rationale
to stakeholders, enabling clarity and informed decision-making.
Role of architecture in devops?
+
Ensures system design supports CI/CD pipelines,
automated testing, monitoring, and fast deployment cycles.
Scalability in architecture?
+
Scalability is a system’s ability to handle growing
workloads by adding resources vertically or horizontally.
Service-oriented architecture (soa)?
+
SOA organizes software as interoperable services with
standard communication protocols, promoting reuse across systems.
Sharding vs partitioning?
+
Sharding splits data horizontally across databases;
partitioning divides tables within a database for management and
performance.
Software architecture?
+
Software architecture defines the high-level structure
of a system, its components, and their interactions. It ensures scalability,
maintainability, and alignment with business goals.
Solution architecture vs enterprise architecture?
+
Solution architecture focuses on a specific project or
system; enterprise architecture aligns all IT systems with business
strategy.
Token-based authentication?
+
Token-based authentication uses tokens to authenticate
users without storing session state on the server.
Trade-off in architecture?
+
Balancing conflicting requirements like performance vs
cost or flexibility vs simplicity to make informed design decisions.
Architecture Documentation & Diagrams
+
Architecture documentation important?
+
Provides clarity, supports communication with
stakeholders, enables consistency, reduces technical debt, and assists
onboarding new developers.
Architecture documentation?
+
It is a set of artifacts describing software systems’
structure, components, interactions, and design decisions. Helps teams
understand, maintain, and scale the system.
Architecture review?
+
A structured assessment of architecture artifacts to
ensure design meets requirements, quality standards, and scalability needs.
Component diagram?
+
A component diagram shows modular parts of a system and
their dependencies. Useful to illustrate service boundaries in Microservices
or layered architecture.
Deployment diagram?
+
Shows how software artifacts are deployed on physical
nodes or infrastructure. Important for cloud or on-premise planning.
Diffbet erd and uml?
+
ERD focuses on database entities and relationships, UML
covers broader software architecture including behavior, structure, and
interactions.
Diffbet logical, physical, and deployment diagrams?
+
Logical diagrams show functional components and
relationships, physical diagrams show actual hardware or servers, deployment
diagrams show how software is distributed across nodes.
Authorisation Cloud Security
+
Redirect uris be exact?
+
To prevent open redirect vulnerabilities.
Aaud' claim?
+
Audience — the application that token is meant for.
Access token lifetime?
+
Default 60–90 minutes depending on policies.
Access token manager?
+
Component controlling token storage/expiry.
Acr'?
+
Authentication Context Class Reference — indicates
authentication strength.
Acs url?
+
Endpoint where SP receives SAML responses.
Active-active vs active-passive ha?
+
Active-Active: all nodes serve traffic simultaneously.,
Active-Passive: one node is primary, another is standby for failover.
Adaptive authentication?
+
Dynamic authentication based on risk.
Adaptive sso?
+
Applies dynamic authentication conditions.
Address' scope?
+
Access to user address attributes.
Adfs application group?
+
Collection of OAuth/OIDC clients.
Adfs farm?
+
Cluster of servers providing redundancy.
Adfs federation metadata?
+
XML describing ADFS endpoints and certificates.
Adfs proxy?
+
Enables external access to internal ADFS.
Adfs web application proxy?
+
Proxy enabling external access to ADFS.
Adfs?
+
Active Directory Federation Services: on-prem identity
provider.
Enable MFA for all users use strong methods like TOTP
or hardware tokens.
Cloud native ha design?
+
Using redundancy, distributed systems, microservices,
and auto-scaling to achieve high availability.
Cloud native security?
+
Security designed specifically for cloud services and
microservices, including containers, Kubernetes, and serverless workloads.
Cloud network monitoring?
+
Network monitoring observes traffic flows detects
anomalies and enforces segmentation.
Cloud network segmentation?
+
Network segmentation isolates cloud workloads to reduce
attack surfaces.
Cloud patch management?
+
Automated application of security patches to OS,
software, and applications running in the cloud.
Cloud penetration testing policy?
+
Policy defines rules and approvals required before
conducting penetration tests on cloud services.
Cloud penetration testing tools?
+
Tools include Kali Linux Metasploit Nmap Burp Suite and
cloud provider-native tools.
Cloud penetration testing?
+
Ethical testing to identify vulnerabilities and
misconfigurations in cloud infrastructure.
Cloud role-based access control (rbac)?
+
RBAC assigns permissions based on user roles to enforce
least privilege.
Cloud secrets management?
+
Secrets management stores and controls access to
sensitive information like API keys and passwords.
Cloud secure devops?
+
Secure DevOps integrates security into DevOps processes
and CI/CD pipelines.
Cloud secure gateway?
+
Secure gateway controls and monitors access between
users and cloud applications.
Cloud security assessment?
+
Assessment evaluates cloud infrastructure
configurations and practices against security standards.
Cloud security auditing?
+
Auditing evaluates cloud resources and policies to
ensure security and compliance.
Cloud security automation tools?
+
Tools include AWS Config Azure Security Center GCP
Security Command Center and Terraform with security checks.
Cloud security automation?
+
Automates security checks, patching, and policy
enforcement to reduce human error and improve speed.
Cloud security baseline?
+
Security baseline defines standard configurations and
controls for cloud environments.
Cloud security group best practices?
+
Use least privilege separate environments restrict
inbound/outbound rules and monitor traffic.
Cloud security incident types?
+
Types include data breach misconfiguration account
compromise malware infection and insider threats.
Cloud security monitoring tools?
+
Tools include AWS GuardDuty Azure Defender GCP Security
Command Center and third-party SIEM.
Cloud security orchestration?
+
Security orchestration automates workflows threat
response and remediation across cloud systems.
Cloud security policy?
+
Policy defines rules standards and practices to protect
cloud resources.
Cloud security posture management (cspm)?
+
CSPM tools continuously monitor misconfigurations,
vulnerabilities, and compliance risks in cloud environments.
Cloud security?
+
Cloud security involves policies, controls, procedures,
and technologies that protect data, applications, and services in the cloud.
It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of cloud
resources.
Cloud siem?
+
Cloud SIEM centralizes log collection analysis alerting
and reporting for security events.
Cloud threat detection?
+
Threat detection identifies malicious activity or
anomalies in cloud environments.
Cloud threat intelligence?
+
Threat intelligence provides data on current security
threats and vulnerabilities to enhance cloud defenses.
Cloud threat modeling?
+
Identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and
mitigation strategies for cloud architectures.
Cloud vpn?
+
Cloud VPN securely connects on-premises networks to
cloud resources over encrypted tunnels.
Cloud vulnerability assessment?
+
It identifies security weaknesses in cloud
infrastructure applications and configurations.
Cloud vulnerability management?
+
Vulnerability management identifies prioritizes and
remediates security weaknesses.
Cloud vulnerability scanning?
+
Scanning detects security flaws in cloud infrastructure
applications and containers.
Cloud workload isolation?
+
Workload isolation separates applications or tenants to
prevent lateral movement of threats.
Cloud workload protection platform (cwpp)?
+
CWPP provides security for workloads running across
cloud VMs containers and serverless environments.
Cloud-native security?
+
Cloud-native security integrates security controls
directly into cloud applications and infrastructure.
Common saml attributes?
+
email, firstName, lastName, employeeID.
Compliance monitoring in cloud?
+
Continuous auditing to ensure resources follow
regulatory and internal security standards.
Confidential client?
+
Client that securely stores secrets (backend server).
Configuration management in cloud security?
+
Configuration management ensures cloud resources are
deployed securely and consistently.
Consent screen?
+
UI shown to user listing requested permissions.
Container security?
+
Securing containerized applications using image
scanning, runtime protection, and least privilege.
Continuous compliance?
+
Automated monitoring of cloud resources to maintain
compliance with regulations like HIPAA or GDPR.
Cookies relate to sso?
+
SSO often uses session cookies to maintain
authenticated sessions across multiple apps or domains.
Used to protect against CSRF attacks during
authentication.
Custom scopes?
+
App-defined permissions for additional claims.
Data loss prevention (dlp)?
+
DLP prevents unauthorized access sharing or leakage of
sensitive cloud data.
Data masking?
+
Hides sensitive data in non-production environments to
protect privacy while allowing application testing.
Ddos protection in cloud?
+
Defends cloud services against Distributed Denial of
Service attacks using mitigation, traffic filtering, and scaling.
Decentralized identity?
+
User-controlled identity using blockchain-based models.
Delegation?
+
Acting on behalf of a user with limited privileges.
Destination mismatch'?
+
Assertion sent to wrong ACS URL.
Device code flow?
+
Authentication for devices without browsers.
Diffbet access token and refresh token?
+
Access tokens are short-lived tokens for resource
access. Refresh tokens are long-lived and used to obtain new access tokens
without re-authentication.
Diffbet app registration and enterprise application?
A Region is a geographical location. An Availability
Zone (AZ) is an isolated data center within a region providing HA.
Diffbet dr and ha?
+
HA focuses on real-time availability and minimal
downtime. DR is about recovering after a major failure or disaster, which
may involve longer restoration times.
Diffbet icontentservice and ipublishedcontent?
+
IContentService is used for editing/staging content.
IPublishedContent is for reading published content efficiently.
Diffbet id_token and access_token?
+
ID token is for authentication; access token is for
authorization.
Diffbet oauth 1.0 and 2.0?
+
OAuth 1.0 requires cryptographic signing; OAuth 2.0
uses bearer tokens, simpler flow, and supports multiple grant types like
Authorization Code and Client Credentials.
Diffbet oauth and openid connect?
+
OAuth is for authorization; OIDC is an authentication
layer on top of OAuth providing user identity.
Diffbet oauth scopes and claims?
+
Scopes define the permissions requested; claims define
attributes about the user or session.
Diffbet par and jar?
+
PAR = push request; JAR = sign request.
Diffbet published content and draft content?
+
Draft content is editable but not visible to the
public; published content is live on the website.
Diffbet saml and jwt?
+
SAML = XML assertions; JWT = JSON tokens.
Diffbet saml and oauth?
+
SAML is for SSO using XML; OAuth is authorization using
JSON/REST.
Diffbet saml and oidc?
+
SAML uses XML and is enterprise-focused; OIDC uses JSON
and supports modern apps.
Diffbet sso and mfa?
+
SSO = one login across apps; MFA = additional security
factors during login.
Diffbet sso and oauth?
+
SSO is mainly for authentication across apps. OAuth is
for delegated authorization without sharing credentials.
Diffbet sso and password sync?
+
SSO shares authentication state; password sync copies
passwords across systems.
Diffbet sso and slo?
+
SSO = login across apps; SLO = logout across apps.
Diffbet stateless and stateful authentication?
+
JWT enables stateless authentication—server does not
store session info. Traditional sessions are stateful, stored on the server.
Diffbet symmetric and asymmetric encryption?
+
Symmetric uses same key for encryption and decryption.
Asymmetric uses public/private key pairs. Asymmetric is used in secure key
exchange.
Diffbet umbraco api controllers and mvc controllers?
+
API controllers return JSON or XML data for apps; MVC
controllers render views/templates.
Discovery document?
+
Well-known configuration endpoint for OIDC.
Discovery important?
+
Allows dynamic configuration of OIDC clients.
Distributed denial-of-service (ddos) protection?
+
DDoS protection mitigates attacks that overwhelm cloud
services with traffic.
Do access tokens depend on scopes?
+
Yes, scopes define API permissions.
Do all protocols support slo?
+
Yes, but implementations vary.
Do all sps support sso?
+
Not always — legacy apps may need custom connectors.
Do browsers impact sso?
+
Yes, privacy modes may block redirects/cookies.
Do not log tokens?
+
Never log access or refresh tokens.
Does adfs support mfa?
+
Yes, with built-in and external providers.
Does adfs support oauth2?
+
Yes, since ADFS 3.0.
Does adfs support saml sso?
+
Yes, as IdP and SP.
Does azure ad support saml?
+
Yes, SAML 2.0 with IdP-initiated and SP-initiated
flows.
Does id token depend on scopes?
+
Yes, claims in ID Token depend on scopes.
Does jwt work?
+
Server generates JWT after authentication. Client
stores it (usually in local storage). Subsequent requests include the token
in the Authorization header for stateless authentication.
Does oidc support single logout?
+
Yes, through RP-Initiated and Front/Back-channel
logout.
Does oidc support sso?
+
Yes, OIDC provides Single Sign-On functionality.
Does okta expose jwks?
+
/oauth2/v1/keys endpoint.
Does okta support password sync?
+
Yes, via provisioning connectors.
Does pingfederate issue jwt tokens?
+
Yes, for access and id tokens.
Does pingfederate support mfa?
+
Yes, via PingID or third-party integrations.
Does pingfederate support pkce?
+
Yes, for public clients.
Does pingfederate support saml sso?
+
Yes, both IdP and SP roles.
Does saml ensure security?
+
Uses XML signatures, encryption, certificates, and
timestamps.
A centralized identity provider authenticates the user,
issues a token or cookie, and applications trust this token to grant access.
Domain federation?
+
Configures ADFS or external IdP to authenticate domain
users.
Dpop?
+
Demonstration of Proof-of-Possession; prevents token
theft misuse.
Dynamic client registration?
+
Allows clients to auto-register at IdP.
Dynamic group?
+
Group with rule-based membership.
Email' scope?
+
Access to user email and email_verified.
Encode saml messages?
+
To ensure safe transport via URLs or POST.
Encrypt sensitive attributes?
+
Highly recommended.
Encryption at rest?
+
Encryption at rest protects stored data using
cryptographic techniques.
Encryption errors occur?
+
Incorrect certificate or key mismatch.
Encryption in cloud?
+
Encryption protects data in transit and at rest using
algorithms like AES or RSA. It prevents unauthorized access to sensitive
cloud data.
Encryption in transit?
+
Encryption in transit protects data as it travels over
networks between cloud services or users.
End_session endpoint?
+
Used for OIDC logout operations.
Endpoint security in cloud?
+
Protects client devices, VMs, and containers from
malware, unauthorized access, and vulnerabilities.
Enforce mfa?
+
Improves security for sensitive resources.
Enterprise application?
+
Represents an SP configuration used for SSO.
Enterprise sso?
+
SSO for employees using enterprise IdPs.
Entity category?
+
Classification of SP/IdP capabilities.
Entity id?
+
A unique identifier for SP or IdP in SAML.
Example of federation hub?
+
Azure AD, ADFS, Okta, PingFederate.
Exp' claim?
+
Expiration timestamp.
Expired assertion'?
+
Assertion outside NotOnOrAfter time.
Explain auto scaling.
+
Auto Scaling automatically adjusts compute resources
based on demand, improving availability and cost efficiency.
Explain bastion host.
+
A Bastion host is a secure jump server used to access
instances in private networks.
Explain cloud firewall.
+
Cloud firewalls filter network traffic at the edge or
VM level, enforcing security rules to prevent unauthorized access.
Explain disaster recovery in cloud.
+
Disaster Recovery (DR) is a set of processes to restore
cloud applications and data after failures. It involves backups,
replication, multi-region deployment, and failover strategies.
Failover in cloud?
+
Automatic switching to a redundant system when a
primary system fails, ensuring service continuity.
Fapi?
+
Financial grade API security profile for OIDC/OAuth2.
Fault tolerance in cloud?
+
Fault tolerance ensures the system continues
functioning despite component failures using redundancy and failover.
Federated identity?
+
Using external identity providers like Google or Azure
AD.
Defines how the client collects and exchanges access
tokens.
Graph api?
+
API to manage users, groups, and apps.
Happens if idp is down during slo?
+
SPs may not logout properly.
Haproxy in cloud?
+
HAProxy is a load balancer and proxy server that
supports high availability and failover.
High availability (ha) in cloud?
+
HA ensures that cloud services remain accessible with
minimal downtime. It uses redundancy, failover mechanisms, and load
balancing to maintain continuous operations.
Home realm discovery?
+
Choosing correct IdP based on the user.
Http artifact binding?
+
Message reference is sent, not entire assertion.
Http post binding?
+
SAML message sent through an HTML form post.
Http redirect binding?
+
SAML message is sent via URL query string.
Https requirement?
+
OAuth 2.0 must use HTTPS for all communication.
Hybrid cloud security?
+
Hybrid cloud security protects workloads and data
across on-premises and cloud environments.
Iat' claim?
+
Issued-at timestamp.
Id token signature?
+
Verifies integrity and authenticity.
Id_token?
+
OIDC token containing user identity claims.
Id_token_hint?
+
Hint for logout identifying user's ID Token.
Identifier (entity id)?
+
SP unique identifier configured in Azure AD.
Identity brokering?
+
IdP sits between user and multiple IdPs.
Identity federation?
+
A trust relationship allowing different systems to
share authentication.
Identity hub?
+
A centralized identity broker connecting many IdPs.
Identity protection?
+
Detects risky logins and risky users.
Identity token validation?
+
Ensuring token signature, audience, and issuer are
correct.
Idp discovery?
+
Selecting the correct identity provider for login.
Idp federation?
+
One IdP authenticates users for many SPs.
Idp in sso?
+
Identity Provider — authenticates the user.
Idp metadata url?
+
URL where SP fetches IdP metadata.
Idp proxying?
+
IdP acting as intermediary between user and another
IdP.
Idp?
+
System that authenticates users and issues
tokens/assertions.
Idp-initiated sso?
+
User starts login at the Identity Provider.
Impersonation?
+
User acting as another identity — dangerous and
restricted.
Implicit flow deprecated?
+
Less secure, exposes tokens in browser URL.
Implicit flow?
+
Old flow that returns tokens via browser fragments.
Implicit grant flow?
+
OAuth 2.0 flow for client-side apps where tokens are
returned directly without client secret.
Implicit vs code flow?
+
Code Flow more secure; Implicit deprecated.
Incremental consent?
+
Requesting only partial permissions at first.
Inresponseto attribute?
+
Links the response to the matching AuthnRequest.
Inresponseto missing'?
+
IdP did not include request ID; insecure for
SP-initiated.
Introspection endpoint?
+
Used to validate opaque access tokens.
Intrusion detection and prevention (ids/ips)?
+
IDS/IPS monitors network traffic for malicious
activity, raising alerts or blocking threats.
Intrusion detection system (ids)?
+
IDS monitors cloud traffic for malicious activity or
policy violations.
Intrusion prevention system (ips)?
+
IPS not only detects but also blocks malicious traffic
in real time.
Invalid signature' error?
+
Assertion signature mismatch or wrong certificate.
Is jwt used in microservices?
+
JWT allows secure stateless communication between
microservices, with each service verifying the token without a central
session store.
Is jwt verified?
+
Server uses the secret or public key to verify the
token’s signature and validity, ensuring it was issued by a trusted source.
Is more reliable — front or back channel?
+
Back-channel, because it avoids browser issues.
Is oauth 2.0 for authentication?
+
Not by design; it's for authorization. OIDC adds
authentication.
Is oauth 2.0 stateful or stateless?
+
Can be either, depending on token type and
architecture.
Is oidc authentication or authorization?
+
OIDC is authentication; OAuth2 is authorization.
Is oidc stateless or stateful?
+
Stateless — relies on JWT tokens.
Is oidc suitable for mobile apps?
+
Yes, highly optimized for mobile clients.
Is saml used for authentication or authorization?
+
Primarily authentication; asserts user identity to SP.
Is sso a single point of failure?
+
Yes, if IdP is down, login for all apps fails.
Is sso for authentication or authorization?
+
SSO is primarily for authentication.
Is sso latency-prone?
+
Yes, due to redirects and token validation.
Is token expiry handled in oauth?
+
Access tokens have a short TTL; refresh tokens are used
to request a new access token without user interaction.
Iss' claim?
+
Issuer identifier.
Issuer claim?
+
Identifies authorization server that issued the token.
Issuer mismatch'?
+
Incorrect IdP entity ID used.
Jar (jwt authorization request)?
+
Authorization request packaged as signed JWT.
Jarm?
+
JWT-secured Authorization Response Mode — adds signing
to auth responses.
Just-in-time provisioning?
+
User is created automatically during login.
Jwks uri?
+
Endpoint serving public keys for validating tokens.
Jwks?
+
JSON Web Key Set for validating tokens.
Jwt header?
+
Header specifies the signing algorithm (e.g., HS256)
and token type (JWT).
Jwt kid field?
+
Key ID to identify which signing key to use.
Jwt payload?
+
The payload contains claims, which are statements about
the user or session (e.g., user ID, roles, expiration).
Jwt token?
+
Self-contained token with claims.
Kerberos?
+
Network authentication protocol used in Windows SSO.
Key components of cloud security?
+
Key components include identity and access management
(IAM) data protection network security monitoring and compliance.
Key management service (kms)?
+
KMS securely creates, stores, and rotates encryption
keys for cloud resources.
Kubernetes role in ha?
+
Kubernetes provides HA by managing pods across multiple
nodes, self-healing, and load balancing.
Limit attribute sharing?
+
Minimize data to reduce privacy risk.
Limit scopes?
+
Yes, always follow least privilege.
Load balancer?
+
A load balancer distributes incoming traffic across
multiple servers to ensure high availability and performance.
Logging & auditing in cloud security?
+
Captures user actions and system events to detect
breaches, analyze incidents, and meet compliance.
Logout method is most reliable?
+
Back-channel logout.
Main cloud security challenges?
+
Challenges include data breaches insecure APIs
misconfigured cloud services insider threats and compliance issues.
Main types of cloud security?
+
Includes Data Security, Network Security, Identity &
Access Management (IAM), Application Security, and Endpoint Security. It
protects cloud workloads from breaches and vulnerabilities.
Metadata important?
+
Ensures both IdP and SP trust each other and understand
endpoints.
Metadata signature?
+
Indicates authenticity of metadata file.
Mfa in oauth?
+
Additional step enforced by authorization server.
Microsegmentation in cloud security?
+
Divides networks into smaller segments to isolate
workloads and minimize lateral attack movement.
Microsoft graph permissions?
+
Scopes that define what an app can access.
Monitor saml logs?
+
Detects anomalies and attacks.
Mtls in oauth?
+
Mutual TLS binding tokens to client certificates.
Multi-cloud security?
+
Multi-cloud security manages security consistently
across multiple cloud providers.
Multi-factor authentication (mfa)?
+
MFA requires two or more verification methods to access
cloud resources, enhancing security beyond passwords.
Multi-federation?
+
Multiple IdPs serving different user groups.
Multi-tenant app?
+
App serving multiple organizations with separate
identities.
Multi-tenant identity?
+
Multiple tenants share identity infrastructure.
Nameid formats?
+
EmailAddress, Persistent, Transient, Unspecified.
Nameid?
+
Unique identifier for the user in SAML.
Nameidmapping?
+
Mapping NameIDs between IdP and SP.
Network acl?
+
A Network Access Control List controls traffic at the
subnet level. It provides an additional layer beyond security groups.
Nonce' claim?
+
Used to prevent replay attacks.
Nonce?
+
Unique value used in ID token to prevent replay.
Not to store tokens?
+
LocalStorage or unencrypted browser memory.
Notbefore claim?
+
Defines earliest time the assertion is valid.
Notonorafter claim?
+
Expiration time of assertion.
Oauth 2
+
OAuth 2 is an open authorization framework enabling
secure access delegation without sharing passwords.
A simplification removing implicit and ROPC flows; PKCE
required.
Oauth backchannel logout?
+
Mechanism to notify apps of user logout.
Oauth device flow?
+
Auth flow for devices without browsers.
Oauth grant types?
+
Common grant types: Authorization Code, Implicit,
Password Credentials, Client Credentials. They define how clients obtain
access tokens.
Oauth introspection endpoint?
+
API to check token validity for opaque tokens.
Oauth revocation endpoint?
+
API to revoke access or refresh tokens.
Oauth?
+
OAuth is an open-standard authorization protocol that
allows third-party apps to access user resources without sharing
credentials. It issues access tokens to grant limited access to resources.
Oauth2 used for?
+
Authorization, not authentication.
Oauth2 with sso integration?
+
OAuth2 with SSO enables a single login using OAuth’s
token-based authorization to access multiple protected services.
Oidc claims?
+
Statements about a user (e.g., email, name).
Oidc created?
+
To enable secure user authentication using modern
JSON/REST technology.
Oidc discovery document?
+
Well-known configuration containing endpoints and
metadata.
Oidc federation?
+
Uses OIDC for federated identity.
Oidc flow is best for spas?
+
Auth Code Flow with PKCE.
Oidc in apple sign-in?
+
Apple Sign-In is based on OIDC standards.
Oidc in auth0?
+
Auth0 fully supports OIDC flows and JWT issuance.
Oidc in aws cognito?
+
Cognito provides OIDC-based hosted UI flows.
Oidc in azure ad?
+
Azure AD supports OIDC with Microsoft Identity
platform.
Oidc in fusionauth?
+
FusionAuth supports OIDC, MFA, and OAuth2 flows.
Oidc in google identity?
+
Google uses OIDC for all user authentication.
Oidc in keycloak?
+
Keycloak is an open-source IdP supporting OIDC.
Oidc in okta?
+
Okta provides custom and default OIDC authorization
servers.
Oidc in pingfederate?
+
PingFederate supports OIDC with OAuth AS extensions.
Oidc in salesforce?
+
Salesforce acts as an OIDC provider for SSO.
Oidc in sso?
+
OAuth2-based identity layer issuing ID tokens.
Oidc preferred over saml?
+
Lightweight JSON tokens, mobile-ready, modern
architecture.
Oidc scopes?
+
Permissions for claims in ID Token/UserInfo.
Oidc vs api keys?
+
OIDC is secure and user-based; API keys are static
secrets.
Oidc vs basic auth?
+
OIDC uses token-based modern auth; Basic Auth sends
credentials each time.
Oidc vs jwt?
+
OIDC uses JWT; JWT is a token format, not a protocol.
Identity and access management provider for cloud
applications.
Opaque token?
+
Token that requires introspection to validate.
Openid' scope?
+
Mandatory scope to enable OIDC.
Par (pushed authorization request)?
+
Client sends authorization details via a secure POST
before redirect.
Par (pushed authorization requests)?
+
Securely sends auth request to IdP before redirect —
prevents tampering.
Partial logout?
+
Only some apps logout.
Password credentials grant
+
User provides username/password directly to client; now
discouraged due to security risks.
Password vaulting sso?
+
SSO by storing and auto-filling credentials.
Passwordless sso?
+
SSO without passwords using FIDO2/WebAuthn.
Persistent nameid?
+
Long-lived identifier for a user.
Phone' scope?
+
Access to phone and phone_verified.
Pingdirectory?
+
Directory used with PingFederate for user management.
Pingfederate authentication policy?
+
Controls how authentication decisions are made.
Pingfederate connection?
+
Configuration linking SP and IdP.
Pingfederate console?
+
Admin dashboard for configuration.
Pingfederate idp adapter?
+
Plugin to authenticate users (LDAP, Kerberos etc).
Pingfederate oauth as?
+
Acts as authorization server issuing tokens.
Pingfederate vs adfs?
+
Ping = more flexible; ADFS = Microsoft
ecosystem-focused.
Pingfederate?
+
Enterprise federation server for SSO and identity
integration.
Pingone?
+
Cloud identity solution integrating with PingFederate.
Pkce extension?
+
Proof Key for Code Exchange — protects public clients.
Pkce introduced?
+
To prevent authorization code interception attacks.
Pkce?
+
Enhances OAuth2 security for public clients.
Policy contract?
+
Defines attributes shared with SP/IdP.
Post_logout_redirect_uri?
+
URL where user is redirected after logout.
Principle of least privilege?
+
Users are granted only the permissions necessary to
perform their job functions.
Privileged identity management?
+
Controls and audits privileged roles.
Profile' scope?
+
Access to basic user attributes.
Prohibited in oidc?
+
Tokens through URL (except legacy implicit flow).
Proof-of-possession?
+
Tokens tied to a key so only holder with key can use
them.
Protocol does azure ad support?
+
OIDC, OAuth2, SAML2, WS-Fed.
Protocol format does saml use?
+
XML.
Protocol is best for mobile apps?
+
OIDC and OAuth2.
Protocol is best for web apps?
+
SAML2 for enterprises, OIDC for modern apps.
Protocol uses json/jwt?
+
OIDC.
Protocol uses xml?
+
SAML2.
Protocols does adfs support?
+
SAML, WS-Fed, OAuth2, OIDC.
Protocols does okta support?
+
OIDC, OAuth2, SAML2, SCIM.
Protocols does pingfederate support?
+
OIDC, OAuth2, SAML2, WS-Trust.
Protocols support sso?
+
SAML2, OIDC, OAuth2, WS-Fed, Kerberos.
Public client?
+
Client without a secure place to store secrets (SPA,
mobile app).
Rate limiting in cloud security?
+
Limits the number of requests to APIs or services to
prevent abuse and DDoS attacks.
Recipient attribute?
+
SP endpoint expected to receive the assertion.
Redirect uri?
+
Endpoint where authorization server sends tokens or
codes.
Redirect_uri?
+
URL where tokens/codes are sent after login.
Redundancy in ha?
+
Duplication of critical components to avoid single
points of failure, e.g., multiple servers, networks, or databases.
Refresh token flow?
+
Used to obtain new access tokens silently.
Refresh token grace period?
+
Allows old token to work briefly during rotation.
Refresh token lifetime?
+
Can be days to months based on policy.
Refresh token rotation?
+
Each refresh returns a new token; old one invalidated.
Refresh tokens long lived?
+
To enable new access tokens without user interaction.
Registration endpoint?
+
Dynamic client registration.
Relationship between oauth2 and oidc?
+
OIDC extends OAuth2 by adding identity features.
Relaystate?
+
Parameter that preserves return URL or context.
Relying party trust?
+
Configuration for apps that rely on ADFS for
authentication.
Replay detected'?
+
Assertion already used before.
Reply/acs url?
+
Endpoint where Azure AD posts SAML responses.
Resource owner password grant (ropc)?
+
User sends username/password directly; insecure and
deprecated.
Resource server responsibility?
+
Validate tokens and expose APIs.
Response_mode?
+
Defines how tokens are returned (query, form_post,
fragment).
Response_type?
+
Defines which tokens are returned (code, id_token,
token).
Restrict redirect_uri?
+
Prevents token leakage to malicious URLs.
Risk-based authentication?
+
Adaptive authentication based on context.
Risk-based sso?
+
Challenges based on user risk profile.
Ropc flow?
+
Resource Owner Password Credentials — now discouraged.
Ropc used?
+
Legacy or highly trusted systems; not recommended.
Rotate certificates periodically?
+
Prevents long-term compromises.
Rotate secrets regularly?
+
Client secrets should be rotated periodically.
Rp-initiated logout?
+
Client logs the user out at IdP.
Rpo and rto?
+
RPO (Recovery Point Objective): max data loss allowed,
RTO (Recovery Time Objective): max downtime allowed during recovery
Saml 2.0?
+
A standard for exchanging authentication and
authorization data using XML-based security assertions.
Saml attribute query?
+
SP querying user attributes via SOAP.
Saml authentication flow?
+
SP sends AuthnRequest → IdP authenticates → IdP sends
assertion → SP validates → user logged in.
Saml binding?
+
Defines how SAML messages are transported over HTTP.
Saml federation?
+
Establishes trust using SAML metadata.
Saml flow is more secure?
+
SP-initiated SSO due to request ID matching.
Saml in sso?
+
XML-based single sign-on protocol used in enterprises.
Saml is not good for mobile?
+
XML processing is heavy and not designed for mobile
flows.
Saml logoutrequest?
+
Request to initiate logout across IdP and SP.
Saml metadata?
+
XML document describing IdP and SP configuration.
Saml profile?
+
Defines use cases like Web SSO, SLO, IdP proxying.
Saml response?
+
IdP's message containing user identity.
Saml single logout (slo)?
+
Logout from one system logs the user out of all
SAML-connected systems.
Saml still used?
+
Strong enterprise adoption and compatibility with
legacy systems.
Saml strength?
+
Federated SSO, enterprise security.
Saml weakness?
+
Complexity, XML overhead, slower than OIDC.
Saml?
+
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an
XML-based standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data
between an identity provider and service provider.
Scim provisioning in okta?
+
Automatic user account creation/deletion in apps.
Scim provisioning?
+
Automatic provisioning of users to cloud apps.
Scim?
+
Automated user provisioning for SSO apps.
Scope restriction?
+
Limit token permissions to least privilege.
Scope?
+
Defines the level of access requested by the client.
Seamless sso?
+
Automatically signs in users on corporate devices.
Security automation with devsecops?
+
Integrating security in CI/CD pipelines to automate
scanning, testing, and policy enforcement during development.
Security group vs network acl?
+
Security group is stateful; network ACL is stateless
and applies at subnet level.
Security group?
+
Security Groups act as virtual firewalls in cloud
environments to control inbound and outbound traffic for VMs and containers.
Security groups in cloud?
+
Security groups act as virtual firewalls controlling
inbound and outbound traffic to cloud resources.
Security information and event management (siem)?
+
SIEM collects and analyzes logs in real-time to detect,
alert, and respond to security threats.
Separate auth and resource servers?
+
Improves security and scales better.
Serverless security?
+
Securing FaaS (Functions as a Service) involves
identity policies, least privilege access, and monitoring event triggers.
Session endpoint?
+
Endpoint for session management.
Session federation?
+
Sharing session state across domains.
Session hijacking?
+
Stealing a valid session to impersonate a user.
Session in sso?
+
Stored authentication state allowing continuous access.
Session token vs id token?
+
Session = internal system token; ID token = external
identity token.
Session_state?
+
Identifier for user session at IdP.
Shared responsibility model in aws?
+
AWS secures the cloud infrastructure; customers secure
their data applications and configurations.
Shared responsibility model in azure?
+
Azure secures physical data centers; customers manage
applications data and identity.
Shared responsibility model in gcp?
+
GCP secures the infrastructure; customers secure
workloads data and user access.
Should assertions be encrypted?
+
Yes, especially for sensitive data.
Should tokens be short-lived?
+
Reduces impact of compromise.
Signature validation?
+
Checks if signed by trusted IdP.
Signature verification fails?
+
Wrong certificate or XML manipulation.
Silent authentication?
+
Refreshes tokens without user interaction.
Single federation?
+
Using one IdP across multiple apps.
Single logout?
+
Logout from one app logs out from all federated apps.
Sla in cloud?
+
Service Level Agreement defines uptime guarantees,
availability, and performance metrics with providers.
Slo is more reliable?
+
Back-channel — avoids browser failures.
Slo may fail?
+
SPs may ignore logout request or session mismatch.
Slo unreliable?
+
Different SP implementations and browser constraints.
Sni support in adfs?
+
Allows multiple SSL certs on same host.
Soap binding?
+
Used for back-channel communication like logout.
Sp adapter?
+
Adapter to authenticate SP requests.
Sp federation?
+
One SP trusts multiple IdPs.
Sp in sso?
+
Service Provider — application consuming the identity.
Sp metadata url?
+
URL where IdP fetches SP metadata.
Sp?
+
Application that uses IdP authentication.
Sp-initiated sso?
+
User starts login at the Service Provider.
Ssl/tls in cloud?
+
SSL/TLS encrypts data in transit, ensuring secure
communication between clients and cloud services.
Sso connector?
+
Pre-integrated SSO configuration for apps.
Sso improves identity governance?
+
Yes, ensures consistent user lifecycle management.
Sso in saml?
+
Single Sign-On enabling users to access multiple apps
with one login.
Sso needed?
+
It improves user experience and security by eliminating
repeated logins.
Sso provider?
+
A platform offering authentication and federation
services.
Sso setup complex?
+
Requires certificates, metadata, mappings, and trust
configuration.
Sso url?
+
Identity Provider endpoint that handles authentication
requests.
Sso with adfs?
+
Supports SAML and WS-Fed for on-prem identity.
Sso with azure ad?
+
Uses SAML, OIDC, OAuth, and Conditional Access.
Sso with okta?
+
Supports SAML, OIDC, SCIM, and rich policy controls.
Sso with pingfederate?
+
Enterprise SSO with SAML, OAuth, and adaptive auth.
Sso?
+
Single Sign-On allows a user to log in once and access
multiple systems without logging in again.
State parameter?
+
Protects against CSRF attacks.
Step-up authentication?
+
Requesting stronger authentication mid-session.
Sts?
+
Security Token Service issuing tokens.
Sub' claim?
+
Subject — unique identifier of the user.
Subjectconfirmationdata?
+
Contains conditions like recipient and expiration.
Surface controllers?
+
Surface controllers handle form submissions and page
interactions in MVC views for Umbraco sites.
Tenant in azure ad?
+
A dedicated Azure AD instance for an organization.
Securely inject secrets, certificates, and keys into
CI/CD pipelines without exposing credentials.
Rotate secrets in Key Vault?
+
Use automatic or manual rotation to periodically update
keys/secrets without downtime.
Scale Azure App Service?
+
Scale up (bigger instance) or scale out (more
instances). Autoscale can respond to CPU/memory metrics.
Soft-delete in Key Vault?
+
Allows recovery of deleted secrets/keys for a retention
period (default 90 days).
Azure Repos
+
Pull Requests in Azure Repos?
+
They enable code review and enforce branch policies
before merging code into protected branches.
Azure Repos?
+
Azure Repos is part of Azure DevOps providing Git
repositories and TFVC (Team Foundation Version Control) for collaborative
development.
Branch policy in Azure Repos?
+
Policies enforce code quality, mandatory reviews,
builds, and checks before merging into protected branches.
Branching strategy?
+
Defines rules for feature, release, hotfix, and main
branches to ensure clean development workflow (e.g., GitFlow, trunk-based).
Create a repo in Azure Repos?
+
Azure DevOps → Repos → New repository → Git or TFVC →
Initialize with README → Create.
DiffBet Azure Repos and GitHub?
+
Azure Repos integrates tightly with Azure DevOps
pipelines and boards, while GitHub is more widely used for public repos and
community collaboration.
DiffBet Git and TFVC in Azure Repos?
+
Git is distributed VCS; TFVC is centralized. Git
supports branching/merging; TFVC uses workspace checkouts.
DiffBet GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket, Azure Repos?
+
All host Git repos. GitHub focuses on public
collaboration, GitLab on DevOps lifecycle, Bitbucket integrates with Jira,
Azure Repos integrates with Azure DevOps ecosystem.
Enforce branch policies?
+
Use required reviewers, build validations, and limit
who can merge.
Handle merge conflicts in multi-developer environment?
+
Use feature branches, PRs/MRs, communicate changes, and
resolve conflicts manually when they arise.
Integrate Azure Repos with CI/CD?
+
Connect with Azure Pipelines to automatically build,
test, and deploy on push or PR events.
Integrate Azure Repos with pipelines?
+
Link repo to Azure Pipelines and trigger CI/CD
pipelines on push or PR events.
Manage secrets in CI/CD pipelines?
+
Use GitHub secrets, GitLab CI variables, Bitbucket
secured variables, or Azure Key Vault.
Monitor repository activity?
+
Use webhooks, built-in analytics, CI/CD logs, audit
logs, or integration tools like SonarQube for code quality monitoring.
Rollback a PR in Azure Repos?
+
Revert the merged PR using the revert button or
manually revert commits.
Azure Service Bus
+
Dead-letter queues (DLQ)?
+
Sub-queues to store messages that cannot be delivered
or processed. Helps error handling and retries.
DiffBet Service Bus and Storage Queue?
+
Service Bus supports advanced messaging features
(pub/sub, sessions, DLQ), Storage Queue is simpler and cost-effective.
Duplicate detection?
+
Service Bus can detect and ignore duplicate messages
based on MessageId within a defined time window.
Enable auto-forwarding?
+
Forward messages from one queue/subscription to another
automatically for workflow chaining.
Message lock duration?
+
Time a message is locked for processing. Prevents
multiple consumers from processing simultaneously.
Message session in Service Bus?
+
Used to group related messages for ordered processing
by the same consumer.
Peek-lock?
+
Locks the message while reading but does not delete it
until explicitly completed.
Queue in Service Bus?
+
FIFO message storage where one consumer reads messages
at a time.
Topic and Subscription?
+
Topics allow multiple subscribers to receive copies of
a message. Useful for pub/sub patterns.
Bitbucket
+
Bitbucket api?
+
Bitbucket API allows programmatic access to
repositories pipelines pull requests and other resources.
Bitbucket app password?
+
App password allows authentication for API or Git
operations without using your main password.
Bitbucket artifacts in pipelines?
+
Artifacts are files produced by steps that can be used
in later steps or downloads.
Bitbucket branch model?
+
Branch model defines naming conventions and workflow
for feature release and hotfix branches.
Bitbucket branch permission?
+
Branch permission restricts who can push merge or
delete on specific branches.
Bitbucket build status?
+
Build status shows pipeline or CI/CD success/failure
associated with commits or pull requests.
Bitbucket caches in pipelines?
+
Caches store dependencies between builds to speed up
pipeline execution.
Bitbucket cloud?
+
Bitbucket Cloud is a SaaS version hosted by Atlassian
accessible via web browser without local server setup.
Bitbucket code insights?
+
Code Insights provides annotations reports and
automated feedback in pull requests.
Bitbucket code review?
+
Code review is the process of inspecting code changes
before merging.
Bitbucket code search?
+
Code search allows searching for keywords across
repositories and branches.
Bitbucket commit hook?
+
Commit hook triggers scripts on commit events to
enforce rules or automation.
Bitbucket commit?
+
A commit is a snapshot of changes in the repository
with a unique identifier.
Bitbucket compare feature?
+
Compare shows differences between branches commits or
tags.
Bitbucket custom pipeline?
+
Custom pipeline is manually triggered or triggered by
specific branches tags or events.
Bitbucket default branch?
+
Default branch is the primary branch where new changes
are merged usually main or master.
Bitbucket default pipeline?
+
Default pipeline is automatically triggered for all
branches unless overridden.
Bitbucket default reviewers?
+
Default reviewers are automatically added to pull
requests for code review.
Bitbucket deployment environment?
+
Deployment environment represents a target system like
development staging or production.
Bitbucket deployment permissions?
+
Deployment permissions control who can deploy to
specific environments.
Bitbucket deployment tracking?
+
Deployment tracking shows which commit was deployed to
which environment.
Bitbucket emoji reactions?
+
Emoji reactions allow quick feedback on pull request
comments.
Bitbucket environment variables?
+
Environment variables store configuration values used
in pipelines.
Bitbucket forking workflow?
+
Forking workflow involves creating a fork making
changes and submitting a pull request to the original repository.
Bitbucket inline discussions?
+
Inline discussions allow commenting on specific lines
in pull requests.
Bitbucket integration with jira?
+
Integration links commits branches and pull requests to
Jira issues for traceability.
Bitbucket issue tracker integration?
+
Integration links repository commits branches or pull
requests to issues for tracking.
Bitbucket issue tracker?
+
Issue tracker helps manage tasks bugs and feature
requests within a repository.
Bitbucket merge check requiring successful build?
+
This ensures pipelines pass before a pull request can
be merged.
Bitbucket merge check?
+
Merge check ensures conditions like passing pipelines
approvals or no conflicts before merging.
Bitbucket merge conflict?
+
Merge conflict occurs when changes in different
branches conflict and cannot be merged automatically.
Bitbucket merge permissions?
+
Merge permissions restrict who can merge pull requests
into a branch.
Bitbucket merge strategy?
+
Merge strategy determines how branches are combined:
merge commit squash or fast-forward.
Bitbucket pipeline caching?
+
Caching stores files like dependencies between builds
to improve speed.
Bitbucket pipeline step?
+
Step defines an individual task in a pipeline such as
build test or deploy.
Bitbucket pipeline trigger?
+
Trigger defines events that start a pipeline like push
pull request or schedule.
Bitbucket pipeline?
+
It’s a CI/CD tool integrated with Bitbucket. It
automates build, test, and deployment processes using a
bitbucket-pipelines.yml file.
Bitbucket post-receive hook?
+
Post-receive hook runs after push to notify or trigger
workflows.
Bitbucket pre-receive hook?
+
Pre-receive hook runs on the server before accepting
pushed changes.
Bitbucket pull request approvals?
+
Approvals are confirmations from reviewers before
merging pull requests.
Bitbucket pull request comment?
+
Comment allows discussion or feedback on code changes
in pull requests.
Bitbucket pull request inline comment?
+
Inline comment is attached to a specific line in a file
within a pull request.
Bitbucket pull request merge button?
+
Merge button merges the pull request once all
conditions are met.
Bitbucket pull request merge conflicts?
+
Merge conflicts occur when changes in branches are
incompatible.
Bitbucket pull request merge strategies?
+
Merge strategies: merge commit squash or fast-forward.
Bitbucket pull request tasks?
+
Tasks are action items within pull requests for
reviewers or authors to complete.
Bitbucket release management?
+
Release management tracks versions tags and deployment
history.
Cloud repositories can have unlimited forks; limits may
apply in Server based on configuration.
Bitbucket repository hook?
+
Repository hook is a script triggered by repository
events like commits or pull requests.
Bitbucket repository mirroring?
+
Repository mirroring synchronizes changes between two
repositories.
Bitbucket repository permissions inheritance?
+
Permissions can be inherited from project-level to
repository-level for consistent access.
Bitbucket repository size limit?
+
Bitbucket Cloud repository limit is 2 GB for free plan;
Server can be configured based on hardware.
Bitbucket repository watchers vs default reviewers?
+
Watchers receive notifications; default reviewers are
added to pull requests automatically.
Bitbucket repository watchers?
+
Watchers receive notifications about repository
activity.
Bitbucket repository?
+
A repository is a storage space on Bitbucket where your
project’s code history and collaboration features are managed.
Bitbucket rest api?
+
REST API allows programmatic access to Bitbucket
resources for automation and integrations.
Bitbucket server (data center)?
+
Bitbucket Server is a self-hosted solution for
enterprises to manage Git repositories internally.
Bitbucket smart mirroring?
+
Smart mirroring improves clone and fetch speed by using
geographically closer mirrors.
Bitbucket snippet permissions?
+
Snippet permissions control who can view or edit code
snippets.
Bitbucket snippet?
+
Snippet is a way to share small pieces of code or text
with others independent of repositories.
Bitbucket ssh key?
+
SSH key is used for secure authentication between local
machine and repository.
Bitbucket tag?
+
Tag marks a specific commit in the repository often
used for releases.
Bitbucket tags vs branches?
+
Tags mark specific points; branches are active
development lines.
Bitbucket user groups?
+
User groups allow managing access permissions for
multiple users collectively.
Bitbucket workspace?
+
Workspace is a container for repositories users and
projects in Bitbucket Cloud.
Bitbucket?
+
Bitbucket is a Git-based repository hosting service by
Atlassian. It supports Git and Mercurial, pull requests, branch permissions,
and integrates with Jira and CI/CD pipelines.
Branch in bitbucket?
+
A branch is a parallel version of a repository used to
develop features fix bugs or experiment without affecting the main codebase.
Diffbet bitbucket and github?
+
Bitbucket supports both Git and Mercurial offers free
private repositories and integrates well with Atlassian tools; GitHub
focuses on Git and public repositories with a strong open-source community.
Diffbet bitbucket cloud and server pipelines?
+
Cloud pipelines are hosted in Bitbucket’s environment;
Server pipelines are run on self-hosted infrastructure.
Diffbet bitbucket pull request approval and merge
check?
+
Approval indicates reviewers’ consent; merge check
enforces rules before allowing a merge.
Diffbet bitbucket rest api and webhooks?
+
REST API is used for querying and managing resources;
webhooks push event notifications to external systems.
Diffbet branch permissions and user permissions in
bitbucket?
+
Branch permissions restrict actions on specific
branches; user permissions control overall repository access.
Diffbet commit and push in bitbucket?
+
Commit saves changes locally; push uploads commits to
remote repository.
Diffbet environment and branch in bitbucket?
+
Branch is a code version; environment is a deployment
target.
Diffbet fork and clone in bitbucket?
+
Fork creates a separate remote repository; clone copies
a repository to your local machine.
Diffbet git and bitbucket?
+
Git is a version control system, while Bitbucket is a
hosting service for Git repositories with collaboration features like PRs,
pipelines, and access controls.
Diffbet git and mercurial in bitbucket?
+
Both are distributed version control systems; Git is
more widely used and flexible Mercurial is simpler with easier workflows.
Diffbet git clone and bitbucket clone?
+
Git clone is a Git command for local copies; Bitbucket
clone often refers to cloning repositories hosted on Bitbucket.
Diffbet lightweight and annotated tags in bitbucket?
+
Lightweight tag is just a pointer; annotated tag
includes metadata like author date and message.
Diffbet manual and automatic merging in bitbucket?
+
Manual merging requires user action; automatic merging
merges once all checks and approvals pass.
Diffbet manual and automatic triggers in bitbucket?
+
Manual triggers require user action; automatic triggers
run based on configured events.
Diffbet master and main in bitbucket?
+
Main is the modern default branch name; master is the
legacy default branch name.
Diffbet merge and pull request?
+
Merge is the action of combining code; pull request is
the workflow for review and discussion before merging.
Diffbet merge checks and branch permissions?
+
Merge checks enforce conditions for pull requests;
branch permissions restrict direct actions on branches.
Diffbet mirror and fork in bitbucket?
+
Mirror replicates a repository; fork creates an
independent copy for development.
Diffbet pipeline step and pipeline?
+
Pipeline is a sequence of steps; step is a single unit
within the pipeline.
Diffbet project and repository in bitbucket?
+
Project groups multiple repositories; repository stores
the actual code and history.
Diffbet read
+
write and admin access in Bitbucket? Read allows
viewing code write allows pushing changes admin allows full control
including settings and permissions.
Diffbet rebase and merge in bitbucket?
+
Rebase applies commits on top of base branch for linear
history; merge combines branches preserving commit history.
Diffbet repository and project permissions in
bitbucket?
+
Repository permissions control access to a specific
repository; project permissions control access to all repositories under a
project.
Fast-forward merge in bitbucket?
+
Fast-forward merge moves the branch pointer forward
when there are no divergent commits.
Fork in bitbucket?
+
A fork is a copy of a repository in your account to
make changes independently before submitting a pull request.
Merge in bitbucket?
+
Merge combines changes from one branch into another
typically after code review.
Pull request in bitbucket?
+
Pull request is a mechanism to propose code changes
from one branch to another with review and approval workflow.
Pull requests in bitbucket?
+
A pull request (PR) lets developers propose code
changes for review before merging into main branches. It ensures code
quality and collaboration.
Squash merge in bitbucket?
+
Squash merge combines multiple commits into a single
commit before merging into the target branch.
To create a repository in bitbucket?
+
Login → Click Create repository → Provide name,
description, access type → Initialize with README (optional) → Create.
To resolve merge conflicts in bitbucket cloud?
+
Fetch the branch resolve conflicts locally commit and
push to the pull request branch.
Webhook in bitbucket?
+
Webhook allows Bitbucket to send event notifications to
external systems or services automatically.
Yaml in bitbucket pipelines?
+
YAML file defines pipeline configuration including
steps triggers and deployment environments.
You resolve merge conflicts in bitbucket?
+
Resolve conflicts locally in Git commit the changes and
push to the branch.
C#
+
Is C# managed or unmanaged?
+
C# is managed code because it runs under CLR.
Managed code?
+
Code executed under CLR with garbage collection and
memory management.
Unmanaged code?
+
Code that runs directly on OS without CLR support.
Console application?
+
An application that runs in a command-line interface.
Base class for all classes?
+
System.Object is the root base class.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
+
OOP is a programming paradigm based on objects
containing data and behavior.
Encapsulation achieved in C#?
+
Using access modifiers like private, protected,
internal, and public.
Does C# support multiple inheritance?
+
No, C# supports single inheritance with multiple
interfaces.
Types of polymorphism in C#?
+
Compile-time and runtime polymorphism.
Abstraction achieved in C#?
+
Using abstract classes and interfaces.
Can an interface have implementation in C#?
+
Yes, default interface methods are allowed from C# 8.0.
Data types in C#?
+
Data types define the kind of data a variable can hold.
Main categories of data types?
+
Value types and Reference types.
Value types?
+
Types that store data directly in memory.
Reference types?
+
Types that store references to data in memory.
Examples of value types?
+
int, float, double, bool, struct, enum.
Examples of reference types?
+
class, interface, array, string, object.
Variable?
+
A named storage location that holds data.
Variable declaration?
+
Specifying data type and name of a variable.
Variable initialization?
+
Assigning an initial value to a variable.
Implicit typing?
+
Using var keyword to infer variable type.
Explicit typing?
+
Declaring variable with a specific data type.
Stack memory?
+
Memory used for storing value types and method calls.
Heap memory?
+
Memory used for storing reference types.
Managed heap?
+
Heap memory managed by the CLR.
Causes garbage collection?
+
Low memory conditions or explicit GC calls.
Are memory leaks avoided?
+
Proper disposal and avoiding unnecessary references.
Control statements in C#?
+
Statements that control the flow of program execution.
Decision-making statements?
+
if, if-else, else-if, and switch.
If statement?
+
Executes code when a condition is true.
If-else statement?
+
Executes one block when true and another when false.
Loop with initialization, condition, and iteration.
While loop?
+
Executes while a condition remains true.
Do-while loop?
+
Executes at least once before checking condition.
Foreach loop?
+
Iterates through collections sequentially.
Is foreach preferred?
+
iterating over collections safely.
Break statement?
+
Exits a loop or switch.
Continue statement?
+
Skips current iteration and continues loop.
Goto statement?
+
Transfers control to a labeled statement.
Goto discouraged?
+
It reduces code readability and maintainability.
Nested loop?
+
A loop inside another loop.
Infinite loop?
+
A loop that never terminates unless broken.
Array in C#?
+
An array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the
same type.
Are arrays declared in C#?
+
Using dataType[] arrayName syntax.
Array initialization?
+
Assigning values to an array at creation.
Multidimensional array?
+
An array with more than one dimension.
Jagged array?
+
An array of arrays with different lengths.
String in C#?
+
An immutable sequence of Unicode characters.
Strings immutable?
+
To improve performance and security.
StringBuilder?
+
A mutable string class for efficient string
modifications.
StringBuilder be used?
+
When frequent string modifications are required.
Collections in C#?
+
Classes used to store, manage, and manipulate groups of
objects.
ArrayList not recommended?
+
It lacks type safety and causes boxing/unboxing.
List<T>?
+
A generic, dynamically sized collection.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>?
+
A collection of key-value pairs.
Stack<T>?
+
LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) collection.
Queue<T>?
+
FIFO (First-In-First-Out) collection.
Generic collection advantage?
+
Type safety, performance, and reusability.
Exception in C#?
+
An exception is a runtime error that disrupts normal
program execution.
Exception handling?
+
A mechanism to handle runtime errors gracefully.
Keyword is used to handle exceptions?
+
try, catch, finally, and throw.
Try block?
+
Contains code that may cause an exception.
Catch block?
+
Handles exceptions thrown in try block.
Finally block?
+
Executes code regardless of exception occurrence.
Can multiple catch blocks be used?
+
Yes, to handle different exception types.
Throw keyword?
+
Used to explicitly throw an exception.
Rethrowing an exception?
+
Throwing the same exception again after catching it.
Base class of all exceptions?
+
System.Exception.
Checked vs unchecked exception in C#?
+
C# supports only unchecked exceptions.
Create custom exceptions?
+
To represent application-specific error conditions.
Inner exception?
+
An exception that caused another exception.
Debugging?
+
The process of finding and fixing errors.
Breakpoint?
+
A marker that pauses execution during debugging.
Step over in debugging?
+
Executes current line without entering method.
Step into in debugging?
+
Steps inside the called method.
Step out in debugging?
+
Completes current method and returns control.
Delegate in C#?
+
A delegate is a type-safe reference to a method.
Delegates used?
+
To pass methods as parameters and enable callback
mechanisms.
Are delegates invoked?
+
By calling the delegate instance like a method.
Func delegate?
+
A generic delegate that returns a value.
Action delegate?
+
A generic delegate that does not return a value.
Predicate delegate?
+
A delegate that returns a boolean value.
Event in C#?
+
A mechanism for notifying subscribers when something
happens.
Event publisher?
+
A class that raises an event.
Event subscriber?
+
A class that listens and reacts to an event.
Keyword is used to declare an event?
+
The event keyword.
EventHandler delegate?
+
A predefined delegate for handling events.
Event encapsulation?
+
Restricting direct access to delegate invocation.
Lambda syntax?
+
(parameters) => expression or statement block.
Lambda expressions used?
+
To simplify delegate and LINQ expressions.
Expression-bodied member?
+
A concise syntax using lambda expressions.
Closure in lambda?
+
Capturing external variables inside a lambda.
Difference between lambda and anonymous method?
+
Lambda expressions are more concise and expressive.
Multithreading in C#?
+
Multithreading allows multiple threads to execute
concurrently.
Namespace provides threading support?
+
System.Threading.
Asynchronous programming?
+
Executing tasks without blocking the main thread.
Problem does async programming solve?
+
Improves responsiveness and scalability.
Async keyword?
+
Marks a method as asynchronous.
Await keyword?
+
Pauses execution until an awaited task completes.
Await return?
+
The result of the completed task.
Can async methods return void?
+
Yes, but only for event handlers.
Valid async return types?
+
Task, Task, and void.
Task.Run()?
+
Runs code on a background thread.
Synchronization context?
+
Controls where async continuations execute.
Are deadlocks avoided?
+
Using async/await properly and avoiding blocking calls.
Parallel programming?
+
Executing multiple tasks simultaneously.
Parallel.For?
+
Executes loop iterations in parallel.
Are race conditions prevented?
+
Using locks, mutexes, or thread-safe collections.
File handling in C#?
+
File handling allows reading from and writing to files.
Namespace supports file handling?
+
System.IO.
File class?
+
A static class providing methods to create, read,
write, and delete files.
FileStream?
+
A stream used for reading and writing files at byte
level.
StreamReader?
+
A class used to read text from a stream.
StreamWriter?
+
A class used to write text to a stream.
BinaryReader?
+
A class used to read binary data from a stream.
BinaryWriter?
+
A class used to write binary data to a stream.
Directory handling?
+
Managing folders using Directory and DirectoryInfo
classes.
Binary serialization?
+
Serializing objects into binary format.
XML serialization?
+
Serializing objects into XML format.
Library is used for JSON serialization?
+
System.Text.Json or Newtonsoft.Json.
I/O operation?
+
Input and output operations involving data streams.
Synchronous I/O?
+
I/O operations that block execution until completed.
Asynchronous I/O?
+
Non-blocking I/O operations using async and await.
Buffering in I/O?
+
Temporarily storing data in memory during I/O
operations.
Proper resource disposal important?
+
To release unmanaged resources and avoid memory leaks.
Namespace supports reflection?
+
System.Reflection.
Can reflection be used for?
+
Inspecting types, invoking methods, and creating
instances dynamically.
Assembly class?
+
Represents a loaded .NET assembly.
Type class?
+
Provides information about data types at runtime.
GetType() method?
+
Returns the Type information of an object.
Activator class?
+
Used to create object instances dynamically.
Attributes in C#?
+
Metadata used to add declarative information to code
elements.
Custom attribute?
+
A user-defined attribute created by inheriting
Attribute class.
Attributes be applied?
+
Classes, methods, properties, fields, and assemblies.
Attribute usage?
+
Defines where and how an attribute can be applied.
Reflection used for attributes?
+
To read attribute metadata at runtime.
Unsafe code?
+
Code that allows pointer operations.
Keyword enables unsafe code?
+
unsafe keyword.
Span<T>?
+
A stack-only type for high-performance memory access.
ReadOnlySpan<T>?
+
A read-only version of Span<T>.
Advanced C# best practices?
+
Use async properly, avoid reflection misuse, and write
clean, maintainable code.
.NET?
+
A framework that provides runtime, libraries, and tools
for building applications.
?. operator?
+
Null conditional operator to avoid
NullReferenceException.
“throw” vs “throw ex”
+
throw preserves original stack trace., throw ex resets
stack trace.
Accessibility in interface
+
All members in an interface are implicitly public., No
need for modifiers because interfaces define a contract.
ADO.NET?
+
Data access framework for .NET.
Anonymous method?
+
Inline method declared without a name.
Anonymous Types in C#?
+
Anonymous types allow creating objects without defining
a class. They are mostly used with LINQ queries to store temporary data.
Example: var person = new { Name = "John", Age = 30 };.
ArrayList?
+
Non-generic dynamic array.
Arrays in C#?
+
Arrays are fixed-size, strongly-typed collections that
store elements of the same type., They provide indexed access and are stored
in contiguous memory.
Async stream?
+
Async iteration using IAsyncEnumerable.
Attribute in C#?
+
Metadata added to assemblies, classes, or members.
Attributes
+
Metadata added to code elements., Used for runtime
behavior control., Example: [Obsolete], [Serializable].
Auto property?
+
Property with implicit backing field.
Base class for all classes
+
System.Object is the root base class in .NET., All
classes derive from it directly or indirectly.
Boxing and Unboxing:
+
Boxing converts a value type to an object type.
Unboxing extracts that value back from the object. Boxing is slower and
stored on heap.
C#?
+
C# is an object-oriented programming language developed
by Microsoft. It is used to build applications for web, desktop, cloud, and
mobile platforms. It runs on the .NET framework.
C#? Latest version?
+
C# is an object-oriented programming language from
Microsoft built on .NET. It supports strong typing, inheritance, and modern
features like LINQ and async. The latest version (as of 2025) is C# 13.
Can “this” be used within a static method?
+
No, the this keyword cannot be used inside a static
method., Static methods belong to the class, not to a specific object
instance., Since this refers to the current instance, it is only valid in
instance methods.
Can a private virtual method be overridden?
+
No, because private methods are not accessible in
derived classes and virtual methods require inheritance.
Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
+
No, only one catch block executes—the one that matches
the thrown exception. Other catch blocks are ignored.
Can multiple catch blocks execute?
+
No, only one matching catch block executes in a
try-catch structure., The first matching exception handler is executed and
others are skipped.
Can we use “this” keyword within a static method?
+
No, because this refers to the current instance, and
static methods belong to the class—not an object.
Circular references
+
Occur when two or more objects reference each other.,
This prevents objects from being garbage collected., Common in linked
structures., Requires proper cleanup strategies.
Class vs struct?
+
Class is reference type; struct is value type.
CLR?
+
Common Language Runtime; manages execution, memory,
security, and threading.
CLS?
+
Common Language Specification; rules for .NET language
interoperability.
If interfaces have identical method signatures, only
one implementation is needed., If behavior differs, explicit interface
implementation must be used.
Console application
+
Runs in command-line interface., No GUI., Used for
scripting or service apps.
Constant vs Readonly:
+
const is compile-time constant and cannot change after
compilation. readonly can be assigned at runtime (constructor). const is
static by default.
Continue vs Break:
+
continue skips remaining loop code and moves to next
iteration. break exits the loop entirely. Both control loop execution flow.
Contravariance?
+
Allows base types where derived types expected.
Covariance?
+
Allows derived types more liberally.
Create array with non-default values
+
int[] arr = Enumerable.Repeat(5, 10).ToArray();
CTS?
+
Common Type System; defines how data types are declared
and used.
Custom Control and User Control?
+
User control is built by combining existing controls
(drag and drop)., Custom control is created from scratch and reused across
applications.
Custom Exceptions
+
User-defined exceptions for specific application
errors., Created by inheriting Exception class., Helps make error handling
meaningful and readable., Used to represent domain-specific failures.
Define Constructors
+
A constructor is a special method that initializes
objects when created. It has the same name as the class and doesn’t return a
value.
Delegates
+
A delegate is a type that holds a reference to a
method., Enables event handling and callback mechanisms., Supports type
safety and encapsulation of method calls., Similar to function pointers in
C++.
Describe the accessibility modifier “protected
internal”.
+
It means the member can be accessed within the same
assembly or from derived classes in other assemblies.
Deserialization?
+
Converting serialized data back to object.
Dictionary?
+
Key-value collection.
Array & List?
+
Array has fixed size; List grows dynamically.
C# and .NET?
+
C# is a programming language; .NET is the runtime and
framework.
Const and readonly?
+
const is compile-time constant; readonly is runtime
constant.
Dictionary and Hashtable?
+
Dictionary is generic and faster.
IEnumerable and IQueryable?
+
IEnumerable executes in memory; IQueryable executes in
database.
Ref and out?
+
ref requires initialization; out does not.
Task and Thread?
+
Task is a higher-level abstraction running on thread
pool; Thread is OS-level.
DiffBet “is” and “as”
+
is checks compatibility., as tries casting and returns
null if fails, no exception.
DiffBet == and Equals():
+
== checks reference equality for objects and value
equality for value types., Equals() can be overridden for custom comparison
logic.
DiffBet Array and ArrayList:
+
Array has fixed size and stores a single data type.,
ArrayList is dynamic and stores objects, requiring boxing/unboxing for value
types.
DiffBet Array and ArrayList?
+
Array has fixed size and stores same data type.,
ArrayList can grow dynamically and stores mixed types.
DiffBet Array.CopyTo() and Array.Clone()
+
Clone() creates a shallow copy of the array including
its size., CopyTo() copies elements into an existing array starting at a
specified index., Clone() returns a new array of the same type., CopyTo()
requires the destination array to be allocated beforehand.
DiffBet Array.CopyTo() and Array.Clone():
+
CopyTo() copies array elements to an existing array.,
Clone() creates a shallow copy of the entire array as a new instance.
DiffBet boxing and unboxing:
+
Boxing converts a value type to a reference type
(object)., Unboxing converts the object back to its original value type.,
Boxing is implicit; unboxing must be explicit and can cause runtime errors
if mismatched.
DiffBet constants and read-only?
+
const must be assigned at compile time and cannot
change., readonly can be assigned at runtime, usually in a constructor.
DiffBet Dispose and Finalize in C#:
+
Dispose() is called manually to release unmanaged
resources using IDisposable., Finalize() (destructor) is called
automatically by the Garbage Collector., Dispose provides deterministic
cleanup, while Finalize is non-deterministic and slower.
DiffBet Finalize() and Dispose()
+
Finalize() is called by the garbage collector and
cannot be invoked manually., Dispose() is called manually to release
unmanaged resources., Finalize() has performance overhead., Dispose() is
implemented via IDisposable.
DiffBet IEnumerable and IQueryable:
+
IEnumerable filters data in memory and is suitable for
in-memory collections., IQueryable filters data at the database level using
expression trees., IQueryable supports remote querying, improving
performance for large datasets.
DiffBet interface and abstract class
+
Interface contains only declarations, no implementation
(until default methods in new versions)., Abstract class can have both
abstract and concrete methods., A class can inherit multiple interfaces but
only one abstract class., Interfaces define a contract; abstract classes
provide a base.
DiffBet Is and As operators:
+
is checks whether an object is compatible with a type
and returns true/false., as performs safe casting and returns null if the
cast fails.
DiffBet late and early binding:
+
Early binding occurs at compile time (e.g., method
calls on known types)., Late binding happens at runtime (e.g., using dynamic
or reflection)., Early binding is faster and type-safe, while late binding
is flexible but slower.
DiffBet public, static, and void?
+
public means accessible anywhere., static belongs to
the class, not the instance., void means the method does not return any
value.
DiffBet ref & out parameters?
+
ref requires the variable to be initialized before
passing., out does not require initialization but must be assigned inside
the method.
DiffBet String and StringBuilder in C#:
+
String is immutable, meaning every modification creates
a new object., StringBuilder is mutable and efficient for repeated string
manipulation., StringBuilder is preferred when working with dynamic or large
text modifications.
DiffBet System.String and StringBuilder
+
String is immutable, meaning any modification creates a
new object., StringBuilder is mutable and allows in-place modifications.,
StringBuilder is preferred for frequent string operations like
concatenation., String is simpler and better for small or static content.
DiffBet Throw Exception and Throw Clause:
+
throw ex; resets the stack trace., throw; preserves the
original stack trace, making debugging easier.
DirectCast vs CType
+
DirectCast requires exact type., CType supports
conversions defined in VB or framework.
Dynamic keyword?
+
Type resolved at runtime.
Enum:
+
Enum is a value type representing named constants.
Helps improve code readability. Default underlying type is integer.
Enum?
+
Value type representing named constants.
Event?
+
Used to provide notifications using delegates.
Exception?
+
Runtime error.
Explain types of comment in C# with examples
+
There are three types:, Single-line: // comment,
Multi-line: /* comment */, XML documentation: ///
Extension method in C#?
+
An extension method adds new functionality to existing
classes without modifying them., It is defined in a static class and uses
the this keyword before the first parameter., They are commonly used with
LINQ and utility enhancements.
Extension method?
+
Adds new methods to existing types without modifying
them.
File Handling in C#.Net?
+
File handling allows reading, writing, and manipulating
files using classes like File, FileStream, StreamReader, and StreamWriter.
It is used to store or retrieve data from physical files.
Finally?
+
Block executed regardless of exception.
GC generations?
+
Gen 0, Gen 1, Gen 2.
Generic type?
+
Allows type parameters for safe and reusable code.
Generics in .NET
+
Generics allow type-safe collections without
boxing/unboxing., They improve performance and reusability., Examples:
List<T> , Dictionary ., They enable compile-time type
checking.
Generics?
+
Generics allow classes and methods to operate on types
without specifying them upfront., They provide type safety and improve
performance by avoiding boxing/unboxing.
HashSet?
+
Collection of unique items.
Hashtable in C#?
+
A Hashtable stores key-value pairs and provides fast
access using a hash key. Keys are unique, and values can be of any type. It
belongs to System.Collections.
Hashtable?
+
Non-generic key-value collection.
Use the “using” statement in C#?
+
The using statement ensures that resources like files
or database connections are properly closed and disposed after use. It helps
prevent memory leaks by automatically calling Dispose(). Example:
using(StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("file.txt")) { }.
Inherit a class
+
class B : A, {, }
Prevent SQL Injection?
+
Use parameterized queries.
Use Nullable<> Types?
+
Nullable types allow value types (like int) to store
null using Nullable <T> or?., Example: int? age = null;.
IEnumerable<T> is an interface used
to iterate through a collection using foreach., It supports forward-only
iteration and deferred execution., It does not support querying or modifying
items directly.
In keyword?
+
Pass parameter by readonly reference.
Indexers
+
Allow a class to be accessed like an array., public
string this[int index] { get; set; }
Indexers?
+
Indexers allow objects to be accessed like arrays using
brackets []., They provide dynamic access to internal data without exposing
underlying collections.
Inherit class but prevent method override
+
Use sealed keyword on the method., public sealed
override void Method() { }
Interface class? Give an example
+
An interface contains declarations of methods without
implementation. Classes must implement them., Example: interface IShape {
void Draw(); }.
Interface vs Abstract Class:
+
Interface only declares members; no implementation
(until default implementations in newer versions). Abstract class can have
both abstract and concrete members. A class can implement multiple
interfaces but inherit only one abstract class.
IOC container?
+
Automates dependency injection and object creation.
Jagged Array in C#?
+
A jagged array is an array of arrays where each
sub-array can have different lengths. It provides flexibility if the data
structure doesn't need uniform size. Example: int[][] jagged = new int[2][];
jagged[0]=new int[3]; jagged[1]=new int[5];.
Jagged Arrays?
+
A jagged array is an array containing different-sized
sub-arrays. It provides flexibility in storing uneven data structures.
JSON serialization?
+
Using System.Text.Json or Newtonsoft.Json to serialize
objects.
LINQ in C#?
+
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a feature used to
query data from collections, databases, XML, etc., using a unified syntax.
It improves readability and reduces code. Example: var result = from x in
list where x > 10 select x;.
List<T>?
+
Generic list that stores strongly typed items.
Lock keyword?
+
Prevents multiple threads from accessing critical code
section.
Managed or unmanaged?
+
C# code is managed because it runs under CLR.
Managed vs Unmanaged Code:
+
Managed code runs under CLR with garbage collection and
memory management. Unmanaged code runs directly on OS without CLR support
(like C/C++). Managed code is safer but slower.
Monitor?
+
Provides advanced locking features.
MSIL?
+
Microsoft Intermediate Language generated before JIT.
Multicast delegate
+
A delegate that can reference multiple methods.,
Invokes them in order., Used in event handling.
Multicast delegate?
+
A multicast delegate holds references to multiple
methods., When invoked, it executes all assigned methods in order.
Multithreading with .NET?
+
Multithreading allows a program to run multiple tasks
simultaneously, improving performance and responsiveness. In .NET, threads
can be created using the Thread class or Task Parallel Library. It is
commonly used in applications requiring background processing.
Mutex?
+
Synchronization primitive across processes.
Nnullable type?
+
Value type that can hold null using?syntax.
Nullable types
+
int? x = null;, Used to store value types with null
support.
Null-Coalescing operator??
+
Returns right operand if left operand is null.
Object pool
+
Object pooling reuses a set of pre-created objects.,
Improves performance by avoiding costly object creation., Common in
high-performance applications., Useful for objects with expensive
initialization.
Object Pooling?
+
Object pooling reuses frequently used objects instead
of creating new ones., It improves performance by reducing memory allocation
and garbage collection.
Out keyword?
+
Pass parameter by reference but must be assigned inside
method.
Overloading vs overriding
+
Overloading: same method name, different parameters.,
Overriding: derived class changes base class implementation., Overloading
happens at compile time; overriding at runtime., Overriding requires virtual
and override keywords.
Override keyword?
+
Used to override a virtual/abstract method.
Partial classes and why needed?
+
Partial classes allow a class definition to be split
across multiple files., They help in code organization, especially
auto-generated code and manual code separation., The compiler combines all
partial files into a single class at runtime.
Pattern matching?
+
Technique to match types and conditions.
Preprocessor directive?
+
Instructions to compiler like #if, #region.
Properties in C#?
+
Properties are class members used to read, write, or
compute values., They provide controlled access to private fields using get
and set accessors., Properties improve encapsulation and help enforce
validation on assignment.
Property?
+
Getter/setter wrapper for fields.
Race Condition?
+
Conflict when multiple threads access shared data.
Record type?
+
Immutable reference type introduced in C# 9.
Ref keyword?
+
Pass parameter by reference.
Ref vs out:
+
ref requires variable initialization before passing.
out does not require initialization but must be assigned inside the method.
Both pass arguments by reference.
Reflection in C#?
+
Reflection allows inspecting and interacting with
metadata (methods, properties, types) at runtime. It is used in frameworks,
serialization, and dynamic object creation using System.Reflection.
Reflection?
+
Inspecting metadata and creating objects dynamically.
Remove element from queue
+
queue.Dequeue();
Role of Access Modifiers:
+
Access modifiers control visibility of classes and
members., Examples include public, private, protected, and internal to
enforce encapsulation.
Sealed classes in C#?
+
A sealed class prevents inheritance. It is used to stop
modification of behavior. Example: sealed class A { }.
Semaphore?
+
Limits number of threads accessing a resource.
Serialization in C#?
+
Serialization is the process of converting an object
into a format like XML, JSON, or binary for storage or transfer. It allows
objects to be saved to files, memory, or sent over a network.
Deserialization is the reverse, which reconstructs the object from
serialized data.
Serialization?
+
Serialization converts an object into a storable or
transferable format like JSON, XML, or binary. It is used for saving or
transmitting data.
Singleton pattern
+
public class Singleton {, private static readonly
Singleton instance = new Singleton();, private Singleton() {}, public static
Singleton Instance => instance;, }
Singleton Pattern and implementation?
+
Singleton ensures only one instance of a class exists
globally., It is implemented using a private constructor, a static field,
and a public static instance property.
Sorting array in descending order
+
Array.Sort(arr);, Array.Reverse(arr);
SQL Injection?
+
Attack where malicious SQL is injected.
Static constructor?
+
Initializes static members of a class.
Static variable?
+
Shared among all instances of a class.
Struct vs class
+
Struct is value type; class is reference type., Structs
stored on stack; classes stored on heap., Structs cannot inherit but can
implement interfaces., Classes support full inheritance.
Struct vs Class:
+
Structs are value types and stored on stack; classes
are reference types and stored on heap. Structs do not support inheritance.
Classes support features like virtual methods.
A lightweight data structure with multiple values.
Unboxing?
+
Extracting value type from object.
Use of ‘using’ statement in C#?
+
It ensures automatic cleanup of resources by calling
Dispose() when the scope ends. Useful for files, streams, and database
connections.
Use of a delegate in C#:
+
A delegate represents a reference to a method., It
allows methods to be passed as parameters and supports callback mechanisms.,
Delegates enable event handling and implement loose coupling.
Value types and reference types?
+
Value types store data directly (int, float, bool).,
Reference types store memory addresses to objects (class, array, string).
Var?
+
Implicit local variable type inferred at compile time.
Ways a method can be overloaded:
+
Overloading can be done by changing:, ✓ Number of
parameters, ✓ Type of parameters, ✓ Order of parameters
Ways to overload a method
+
Change number of parameters., Change data type of
parameters., Change order of parameters (only if type differs).
CircleCI is a cloud-based CI/CD platform that automates
build test and deployment workflows.
Code quality analysis in ci/cd?
+
Code quality analysis checks code for bugs
vulnerabilities style and maintainability using tools like SonarQube.
Configuration file in ci/cd?
+
Configuration file defines the pipeline steps
environment variables triggers and deployment settings.
Containerization in ci/cd?
+
Containerization packages software and dependencies
into a portable container often using Docker.
Continuous delivery (cd)?
+
CD is the practice of automatically preparing code
changes for release to production.
Continuous deployment?
+
Continuous Deployment automatically deploys code
changes to production after passing tests without manual intervention.
Continuous integration (ci)?
+
CI is the practice of frequently integrating code
changes into a shared repository with automated builds and tests.
Continuous monitoring in ci/cd?
+
Continuous monitoring tracks application performance
errors and metrics post-deployment.
Dependency management in ci/cd?
+
Dependency management ensures required libraries
packages and modules are available during builds and deployments.
Deployment frequency?
+
Deployment frequency measures how often software
changes are deployed to production.
Devops?
+
DevOps is a culture and set of practices combining
development and operations to deliver software faster and reliably.
Diffbet a pipeline and a workflow?
+
Pipeline refers to a sequence of automated steps;
workflow includes branching approvals and manual triggers in CI/CD.
Diffbet ci and cd?
+
CI (Continuous Integration) merges code frequently,
builds, and tests automatically., CD (Continuous Delivery/Deployment)
deploys tested code to environments automatically.
Diffbet ci and nightly builds?
+
CI triggers builds on each commit; nightly builds run
at scheduled times typically once per day.
Diffbet ci/cd and devops?
+
CI/CD is a subset of DevOps practices focused on
automation; DevOps includes culture collaboration and infrastructure
practices.
Diffbet continuous delivery and continuous deployment?
+
Continuous Delivery requires manual approval for
deployment; Continuous Deployment is fully automated to production.
Diffbet declarative and scripted jenkins pipelines?
+
Declarative pipelines use a structured readable syntax;
scripted pipelines use Groovy scripts with more flexibility.
Docker in ci/cd?
+
Docker is a platform to build ship and run applications
in containers.
Dynamic code analysis in ci/cd?
+
Dynamic code analysis inspects running code to detect
runtime errors or performance issues.
Feature branching in ci/cd?
+
Feature branching involves developing new features in
isolated branches to prevent conflicts in the main branch.
Fork vs clone?
+
Fork is a copy on the server; clone is a local copy of
a repo. Fork enables collaboration via PRs.
Gitlab ci file?
+
.gitlab-ci.yml defines GitLab CI/CD pipeline stages
jobs and configurations.
Gitlab ci/cd pipeline?
+
Pipeline defines jobs, stages, and scripts to automate
build, test, and deploy.
Gitlab runner?
+
A GitLab runner executes CI/CD jobs defined in GitLab
pipelines.
Immutable infrastructure in ci/cd?
+
Immutable infrastructure involves replacing servers or
environments rather than modifying them.
Integration test?
+
Integration test checks the interaction between
multiple components or systems.
Is ci/cd implemented in azure repos?
+
Using Azure Pipelines linked to repos, automatically
triggering builds and deployments.
Is ci/cd implemented in bitbucket?
+
Using Bitbucket Pipelines defined in
bitbucket-pipelines.yml.
Is ci/cd implemented in github?
+
Using GitHub Actions defined in .yml workflows,
triggered on push, PR, or schedule.
Is ci/cd implemented in gitlab?
+
Using .gitlab-ci.yml and GitLab Runners to automate
builds, tests, and deployments.
Logical criteria used inside workflows to branch paths:
e.g. if amount > X then route to manager; else proceed to next step.
:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}
360‑degree customer view in creatio?
+
A unified profile that stores contact info, interaction
history, orders/cases/contracts — giving full visibility across departments.
:contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
Advantages of using workflow automation vs manual
processes?
+
Consistency, reduced errors, speed, auditability,
scalability, and freeing up human resources for strategic work.
:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}
Ai‑native crm in creatio?
+
AI is embedded at the core: predictive, generative, and
agentic AI features (lead scoring, automated actions, email generation,
insights) to support CRM tasks. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}
Ai‑powered lead scoring in creatio?
+
AI analyzes lead data/history to assign scores to leads
— helping sales/marketing prioritize high‑potential leads automatically.
Api integrations in creatio crm?
+
REST / API endpoints provided by Creatio to integrate
with external systems (ERP, e‑commerce platform, telephony, webhooks, etc.).
:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}
Api rate‑limiting and performance considerations for
integrations in creatio?
+
When using APIs for integrations, pay attention to
request rates, data volume, and trigger load to avoid performance issues.
Approach for a business continuity plan involving
creatio crm (downtime, disaster)?
+
Have backups, redundancy, plan for failover, offline
data access if supported, data export strategy, manual process fallback.
Approach for auditing user permissions and data access
regularly in creatio?
+
Run audit logs, review roles, validate access levels,
revoke unused permissions, enforce least privilege principle.
Approach for customizing creatio ui for
brand/organization requirements?
+
Configure layouts, themes, labels, custom fields,
modules, and optionally custom code/extensions if needed.
Approach for gdpr / data‑privacy compliance with
creatio in eu or regulated regions?
+
Implement consent fields, data access controls, data
retention / purge policies, audit logs, role‑based permissions.
Approach for handling data migration during major
schema changes in creatio?
+
Export existing data, map to new schema, transform as
needed, import to new model, validate data integrity, test workflows.
Approach for integrating creatio with e‑commerce or
web‑forms (lead capture)?
+
Use APIs/webhooks to push form data to Creatio,
auto-create leads or contacts, trigger workflows for follow-up or
assignment.
Approach for long‑term scalability and maintainability
of custom apps built on creatio?
+
Document schema and workflows, follow naming and
versioning standards, modular design, regular review and cleanup.
Approach for migration from another crm to creatio
without losing history and data relationships?
+
Extract full data including history, map
entities/relationships, import in correct order (e.g. accounts before
opportunities), maintain IDs or references, test thoroughly.
Approach for multi‑department collaboration using
creatio across sales, service, marketing?
+
Define shared workflows, permissions, data model;
ensure proper assignment and notifications; use unified customer profile.
Approach for testing performance under load with many
concurrent workflows/users in creatio?
+
Simulate load, monitor response times, optimize
workflows, scale resources, archive old data, avoid heavy triggers.
Approach for user feedback and continuous improvement
after rollout of creatio?
+
Collect user feedback, analyze issues, refine
workflows/UI, conduct periodic training, and update documentation.
Approach to ensure data integrity when multiple
integrations write to creatio?
+
Implement validation rules, transaction checks, error
handling, deduplication logic and monitoring to prevent data corruption.
Approach to incremental rollout of creatio to large
organization?
+
Pilot with small user group, gather feedback, refine
workflows, train next group, gradually expand — reduce risk and ensure
adoption.
Approach to integrate creatio with external analytics
tool (bi)?
+
Use APIs to export CRM data or connect BI tool to
database; schedule regular exports; maintain data integrity and mapping.
Approach to retire or archive old/unused data or
workflows in creatio?
+
Identify deprecated records/processes, archive or
delete, update workflows to avoid referencing removed data, backup before
cleaning.
Audit & compliance readiness when using creatio for
regulated industries (finance, healthcare)?
+
Use access controls, audit logs, encryption, data
retention/archival policies, strict permissions and workflow approvals.
Audit compliance (e.g. gdpr, iso) support in creatio?
+
Use audit logs, permissions, role‑based access, data
retention policies, secure integrations to comply with regulatory
requirements.
Audit log for user actions in creatio?
+
Records user activities — login, data modifications,
workflow executions — useful for security, compliance, and tracking.
Audit logging frequency and storage management when
many user activities logged in creatio?
+
Define retention policies, purge or archive older logs,
store securely — avoid excessive storage while maintaining compliance.
Audit trail / history tracking in creatio?
+
Record changes to data — who changed what and when —
useful for compliance, tracking updates, accountability.
Backup and disaster recovery planning with creatio
crm?
+
Regular backups, off‑site storage, redundancy, version
control to ensure data safety in case of failures or data corruption.
Benefit of crm + bpm (business process management)
combined, as with creatio, compared to standard crm?
+
Allows not only managing customer data but automating
operational, internal and industry‑specific business processes — increases
efficiency and flexibility.
Benefit of modular licensing model for growing
businesses?
+
They can add modules/users as needed, scale gradually
without paying for unneeded features upfront.
Benefits of low‑code crm for businesses, as offered by
creatio?
+
Faster deployment, lower dependence on developers,
reduced costs, and flexible adaptation to changing business needs.
:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}
Best practice for naming conventions (entities,
fields, workflows) in creatio customisation?
+
Use meaningful names, consistent prefixes/suffixes,
document definitions — helps maintain clarity and avoid conflicts.
Best practice for testing custom workflows in creatio
before production?
+
Use sandbox, test for all edge cases, verify
permissions, simulate data inputs, run load tests, backup data.
Best way to manage schema changes (entities, fields)
in creatio over time?
+
Define change log, version workflows, document changes,
backup data, communicate to stakeholders, test in sandbox.
Bulk data import/export in creatio?
+
Supports bulk import/export operations (CSV/Excel) for
contacts, leads, data migration, backups, and mass updates.
Can creatio be used beyond crm — e.g. for hr, project
management, internal workflows?
+
Use its low‑code BPM / workflow engine and custom
entities to model internal processes (onboarding, approvals, project
tracking).
Can creatio help a service/support team improve
customer resolution time?
+
By automating ticket routing, SLA enforcement, case
assignment, and using AI agents to suggest responses or prioritize cases.
:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}
Can non‑technical users customise creatio crm?
+
Yes — business users (sales/marketing/service) can use
visual designers to build workflows, layouts, dashboards, etc., without
coding. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
Can you customize ui layouts and dashboards in creatio
without coding?
+
Using visual designers in Creatio’s studio —
drag‑and‑drop fields, panels, dashboards; rearrange layouts as per business
needs. :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}
Can you extend creatio with custom code when no‑code
tools are not enough?
+
Use provided SDK/API, write custom
scripts/integrations, use REST endpoints or external services — while
keeping core no‑code logic separate.
Can you implement marketing roi tracking in creatio?
+
Use campaign and lead‑to‑sale tracking, assign leads to
campaigns, track conversions, revenue, attribution and generate
reports/dashboards.
Change management best practice when implementing
creatio?
+
Define business processes clearly, plan
roles/permissions, test workflows in sandbox, migrate data carefully, train
users, and roll out incrementally.
Change management when business processes evolve — to
update creatio workflows?
+
Use versioning, test updated workflows in sandbox,
communicate changes, train users — avoid breaking active business flows.
Changelog or release management in creatio when you
update workflows?
+
Track and manage workflow changes; test in sandbox;
deploy to production safely; rollback if needed.
Common challenges when implementing creatio crm?
+
Data migration complexity, initial learning curve for
customisation/workflows, planning roles/permissions properly, defining
business processes before building.
Common use‑cases for workflow automation in creatio?
+
Lead → opportunity process, ticket/case management,
loan/credit application, onboarding workflows, approvals, order‑to‑invoice
flows, etc. :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}
Configuration vs customization in creatio?
+
Configuration = using interface/tools to set up CRM
without coding; customization = writing scripts or using advanced settings
where needed.
Contact and lead management in creatio?
+
It enables capturing leads/contacts, managing their
data, tracking communications and statuses until conversion.
:contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
Contract/invoice/order management inside creatio?
+
CREATIO allows creation/tracking of orders, generating
invoices/contracts, tracking status — integrating financial/business
transactions within CRM. :contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}
Core modules available in creatio crm?
+
Sales, Marketing, Service (customer support), plus a
studio/platform for custom apps & workflows.
:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
Creatio crm?
+
Creatio CRM is a cloud‑based CRM and business‑process
automation platform that unifies Sales, Marketing, Service, and workflow
automation on a low‑code/no‑code + AI‑native platform.
:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
Creatio marketplace?
+
A repository of 700+
applications/integrations/templates to extend functionality and adapt CRM to
different industries or needs. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}
Custom app in creatio?
+
An application built on Creatio’s platform (using
low‑code tools) tailored for specific business processes beyond standard CRM
(e.g. HR, project management, vertical‑specific flows).
Custom entity / object in creatio?
+
Users can define new entities (tables) beyond standard
CRM ones to map to business‑specific data (e.g. Projects, Vendors).
Custom field in creatio?
+
Extra field added to existing entity (contact, account,
opportunity etc.) to store business‑specific data (like tax ID, region code,
etc.).
Custom report building for cross‑module analytics in
creatio (e.g. sales + service + marketing)?
+
Define queries combining multiple entities, set
filters/aggregations, schedule reports/dashboards — useful for overall
business insights.
Custom reporting vs standard reporting in creatio?
+
Standard reports are pre‑built for common needs; custom
reports are built by users to meet specific data/metric requirements
(fields, filters, aggregations).
Customer life‑cycle management in creatio?
+
Tracking from first contact (lead) to long-term
relationship — including sales, service, upsell, renewals, support — unified
under CRM.
Customer portal capability in creatio for external
users?
+
Option for customers to access portal to submit
tickets, check status, view history (where supported by configuration).
:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}
Customer service (support) automation in creatio?
+
Support teams can manage tickets/cases, SLAs,
communication across channels — streamlining service workflows.
:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
Customizable workflow for onboarding new employees
inside creatio (hr use‑case)?
+
Define process: create employee record → assign manager
→ set tasks → approvals → activation — all via CRM workflows.
Customization of workflows per geography or business
unit in creatio?
+
Define different workflows per region/business unit
using the flexible low‑code platform configuration.
Customization vs out‑of‑box use in creatio?
+
Out‑of‑box means using standard modules with minimal
config; customization involves building custom fields, workflows, layouts or
apps to tailor to specific needs.
Customizing creatio for project management instead of
pure crm?
+
Use custom entities (Projects, Tasks, Milestones),
relationships, workflows to manage projects and collaboration inside
Creatio.
Data backup and restore in creatio?
+
Ability (or need) to backup CRM data periodically and
restore if needed — ensuring data safety (depending on deployment model).
Data deduplication and duplicate detection in creatio?
+
Mechanism to detect duplicate contacts/leads, merging
duplicates, and ensuring data integrity.
Data export from creatio?
+
Export contacts, leads, reports, analytics or any list
to CSV/Excel to allow sharing or offline analysis.
Data import in creatio?
+
Ability to import existing data (contacts, leads,
accounts) from external sources (CSV, Excel, other CRMs) into Creatio CRM.
Data privacy and gdpr / region‑compliance support in
creatio?
+
Controls over personal data storage, permissions,
access logs, ability to anonymize or delete personal data as per compliance
needs.
Data transformation during import in creatio?
+
Mapping legacy fields to new schema, cleaning data,
applying rules to convert/validate data before import — helps ensure data
quality.
Describe you’d implement lead-to-cash process in
creatio?
+
Explain mapping of entities (Lead → Opportunity → Order
→ Contract/Invoice), workflows (lead scoring, assignment, approval), and
integration with billing/ERP.
Diffbet cloud deployment vs on‑premise deployment (if
offered) for creatio?
+
Cloud: easier scaling, maintenance; on-premise: more
control over data, possibly required for compliance or data‑sensitive
businesses.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous tasks in workflow
processing (in principle)?
+
Synchronous executes immediately; asynchronous can be
scheduled/delayed or run in background — helps avoid blocking and allows
scalable processing.
Diffbet using creatio for only crm vs full bpm + crm
use-case?
+
CRM-only: sales/marketing/service. Full BPM: includes
internal operations, HR, procurement, approvals, custom workflows.
Does 'composable architecture' mean in creatio?
+
You can mix and match modules, workflows, custom apps
as building blocks — composing CRM to business‑specific workflows without
writing new code. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}
Does creatio help in reducing total cost of ownership
compared to traditional crm systems?
+
Because of its low‑code nature and pre-built
modules/integrations, businesses can avoid heavy development costs and still
get customizable CRM. :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}
Does creatio help in regulatory compliance or audit
readiness?
+
Through audit trails, role‑based access,
record‑history, SLA tracking, and permissions/configuration to secure data
and processes.
Does creatio support collaboration across teams?
+
Shared database, unified UI, communication and
task‑assignment workflows, role‑based permissions, cross‑team visibility.
:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}
Does creatio support mobile access?
+
Yes — there is mobile access so users can manage CRM
data and tasks on the go. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}
Does creatio support order / invoice / contract
management?
+
Yes — in addition to CRM, it supports orders, invoices
and contract workflows (order/contract management via CRM modules).
:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}
Does low-code / no-code mean in creatio?
+
It means you can design workflows, applications, UI
layouts and business logic via visual designers (drag‑and‑drop,
configuration) instead of writing code.
:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
Effort estimation when migrating legacy crm/data to
creatio?
+
Depends on data volume, number of modules, custom
workflows; small CRM migration may take days, complex might take weeks with
cleaning/mapping.
Error handling and retry logic in automated workflows
in creatio?
+
Define fallback steps, alerts/notifications on failure,
retrials or escalations to avoid data loss or stuck workflows.
Fallback/backup workflow when primary automation fails
in creatio?
Feature request and custom extension process for
creatio when built-in features are insufficient?
+
Use Creatio’s platform to build custom fields/
entities; optionally develop custom code or use external services integrated
via API.
Global query in creatio (search across crm)?
+
Search across contacts, leads, accounts, cases,
opportunities etc — unified search to find any record quickly across
modules.
Help‑desk / ticketing workflow in creatio service
module?
+
Automated case creation, assignment, SLA monitoring,
escalation rules, status tracking, notifications, and case history
management. :contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}
Integration capabilities does creatio support?
+
APIs and pre-built connectors to integrate with
external systems (ERP, email, telephony, third‑party tools) for seamless
data flow. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}
Integration testing when creatio interacts with
external systems (erp, e‑commerce)?
+
Test data exchange, error handling, latency, API
limits, conflict resolution — in sandbox before go-live.
Integration with external systems (erp, e‑commerce,
telephony) via creatio apis?
+
Use built‑in connectors or REST APIs to sync data
between Creatio and external systems (orders, inventory, customer data) for
unified operations. :contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}
Kind of businesses benefit most from creatio?
+
Mid‑size to large enterprises with complex
sales/service/marketing processes needing flexibility, automation, and
scalability. :contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}
Knowledge base management in creatio service module?
+
Store FAQs, manuals, service guides — searchable
knowledge base to help agents and customers resolve issues quickly.
:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}
Lead nurturing in creatio?
+
Automated sequence of interactions (emails, reminders,
tasks) to gradually engage leads until they are sales-ready (qualified).
Lead-to-order process in creatio?
+
Flow from lead capture → qualification → opportunity →
order → contract/invoice generation — all managed through CRM workflows.
License & pricing model for creatio (user‑based,
module‑based)?
+
Creatio uses modular licensing — clients pay per user
per module(s) — flexibility to subscribe only to needed modules.
:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}
Marketing automation in creatio?
+
Tools to run campaigns, nurture leads, segment
contacts, automate email/social campaigns, measure results — all within CRM.
:contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
Marketing campaign workflow in creatio?
+
Lead segmentation → campaign initiation → email/social
outreach → track responses → scoring → follow‑ups or nurture → convert to
opportunity.
Monitoring & alerting setup for sla / ticketing
workflows in creatio?
+
Configure alerts/notifications on SLA breach,
escalation rules, dashboards for SLA compliance tracking.
Multi‑channel customer communication in creatio?
+
Support for email, phone calls, chat, social media —
all interactions logged and managed centrally.
:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}
Multitenancy support in creatio (for agencies)?
+
Ability to manage separate organizations/business units
under same instance with segregated data and permissions.
No-code agent builder in creatio?
+
A visual tool where users can assemble AI agents (with
skills, workflows, knowledge bases) without writing code — enabling
automation, content generation, notifications, etc.
:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}
Omnichannel communication support in creatio?
+
Handling customer interactions across multiple channels
(email, phone, chat, social) unified under CRM to track history and
response. :contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}
Performance monitoring / logging in creatio for
workflows and system usage?
+
Track execution times, error rates, user activity, data
volume — helps identify bottlenecks or abuse.
Performance optimization in creatio?
+
Use As‑needed workflows, limit heavy triggers, archive
old data, optimize reports, and use no‑tracking dashboards for speed.
Pipeline (sales pipeline) management in creatio?
+
Visual pipeline tools that let you track deals across
stages, forecast revenue, and manage opportunities from lead through
closure. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
Pre‑built industry‑specific workflows in creatio?
+
Templates and predefined workflows tailored to
verticals (finance, telecom, services, etc.) for common business processes —
reducing need to build from scratch. :contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}
Process to add a new module or functionality in
creatio after initial implementation?
+
Use studio to configure module, define
entities/fields/workflows, set permissions, test, and enable for users —
without major downtime.
Real-time analytics vs scheduled reports in creatio?
+
Real-time analytics updates with data changes;
scheduled reports are generated at intervals (daily/weekly/monthly) for
review or export.
Recommended backup frequency for crm system like
creatio?
+
Depends on volume and business needs — daily or weekly
backups for critical data; more frequent for high‑transaction systems.
Recommended user onboarding/training plan when company
moves to creatio?
Customizable dashboards and reports to track KPIs —
sales performance, marketing campaign ROI, service metrics, team
performance, etc. :contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}
Role of metadata/schema management in creatio custom
apps?
+
Define custom entities/tables, fields, relationships,
data types — maintain schema for custom business needs without coding.
Role‑based access control (rbac) in creatio?
+
You can define roles and permissions to control which
users or teams access which data/modules/features in CRM — ensuring security
and proper access. :contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}
Rollback plan when automated workflows produce
unintended consequences (e.g. wrong data update)?
+
Use backups, audit logs to identify changes, revert
changes or re‑process via scripts or manual corrections, notify
stakeholders.
Rollback strategy for a failed workflow or
customization in creatio?
+
Restore from backup, revert to previous workflow
version, run data correction scripts, notify users and audit changes.
Sales forecasting in creatio crm?
+
Based on pipeline data and past history, predicting
future sales, revenue and chances of deal closure using built‑in
analytics/AI tools. :contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}
Sandbox or test environment in creatio before
production deployment?
+
A separate instance or environment where you can test
workflows, customizations, and integrations before applying to live data.
Sandbox testing best practices before deploying
workflows in enterprise creatio?
+
Test all branches, edge cases, user roles, data flows;
verify security; backup data; get stakeholder sign-off.
Sandbox vs production environment in creatio
implementation?
+
Sandbox used for testing customizations and workflows;
production is live environment — helps avoid disrupting live data.
Scalability concern when many custom workflows and
integrations are added to creatio?
+
Ensure optimized workflows, limit heavy triggers,
archive old data, monitor performance — avoid overloading instance.
Scalability of creatio for large enterprises?
+
With cloud/no‑code + modular architecture, Creatio
supports large datasets, many users, and complex workflows across
departments. :contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}
Security and permissions model in creatio?
+
Role‑based permissions, access control on modules/data,
record-level permissions to ensure data security and compliance.
:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}
Separation of environments (development, staging,
production) in creatio deployment?
+
Maintain separate environments to develop/test
customizations, test integrations, then deploy to production safely.
Sla configuration for service tickets in creatio?
+
Ability to define service‑level agreements, monitor
response times/resolution deadlines, automate reminders/escalations when
SLAs are near breach. :contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}
Soft delete vs hard delete of records in creatio?
+
Soft delete marks record inactive (kept for
history/audit); hard delete removes record permanently (used carefully to
avoid data loss).
Strategy for managing multi‑region compliance &
localization when using creatio globally?
+
Use localized fields, regional data storage policies,
consent management, region‑specific workflows and permissions per region.
Support and maintenance requirement after creatio
deployment?
+
Monitor system performance, update workflows, backup
data, manage permissions, handle upgrades and user support.
Support for gdpr / data privacy enforcement in creatio
workflows?
+
Configure consent fields, access permissions, data
retention policies, anonymization procedures where applicable.
Support for multiple currencies and multi‑region data
in creatio?
+
Configure fields and entities to support currencies,
localization, region‑specific workflows for global businesses.
Support for multiple languages in ui and data in
creatio?
+
Locales and language packs — ability to configure UI
labels, messages, data format for global teams/customers.
Support for role-based dashboards and views in
creatio?
+
Managers, sales reps, support agents can have tailored
dashboards showing data relevant to their role.
Testing strategy for new workflows or custom apps in
creatio?
+
Use sandbox environment, simulate all scenarios, test
edge cases, verify data integrity, run performance tests, get user sign‑off
before production.
To build a customer feedback survey workflow within
creatio?
+
Create survey entity, send survey via email/workflow
after service/ticket resolution, collect responses, store data, trigger
follow‑ups based on feedback.
To design backup & disaster recovery for medium /
large creatio deployments?
To ensure performance when running large bulk data
imports into creatio?
+
Use batch imports, disable triggers if needed, split
data into chunks, validate beforehand, monitor system load.
To evaluate whether to use out‑of‑box features vs
build custom workflows in creatio?
+
Compare business requirements vs built-in features,
consider complexity, maintenance cost, performance, ease of use before
customizing.
To handle duplicates and data quality issues during
migration to creatio?
+
Use deduplication logic, validation rules, manual
review for conflicts, maintain audit logs of merges/cleanup.
To handle feature-request backlog and maintain roadmap
when using low‑code platform like creatio?
+
Prioritise based on impact, maintain documentation,
version workflows, schedule releases, gather user feedback, test before
deployment.
To implement audit‑ready workflow logging and
reporting in creatio for compliance audits?
+
Enable audit logs, track user actions and changes,
store history, provide exportable reports for compliance reviews.
To implement cross‑department workflow (e.g. sales →
service → billing) in creatio?
+
Define entities and relationships, build multi-step
workflows, set permissions per department, use shared customer data,
notifications and handoffs.
To implement lead scoring and prioritisation using
creatio built‑in ai features?
+
Configure lead attributes, enable AI lead scoring,
define thresholds/triggers, auto‑assign or notify sales reps for high‑value
leads.
To implement time‑based or scheduled workflows (e.g.
follow‑ups after 30 days) in creatio?
+
Use scheduling features or time‑based triggers to
automatically perform actions after specified intervals.
To integrate creatio with external analytics/bi
platform for advanced reporting?
+
Use API/data export, build ETL pipelines or direct DB
connections, schedule data sync, design reports as per business needs.
To manage data privacy and user consent (for
marketing) inside creatio?
+
Add consent fields, track opt‑in/opt‑out, restrict data
access, implement data retention policies, maintain audit logs.
To manage version control and deployment of
customizations across multiple environments (dev, test, prod) in creatio?
+
Use sandbox for dev/testing, version workflows,
document changes, test thoroughly, smooth promotion to production, track
differences.
To migrate crm data and business logic from legacy
system to creatio with minimal downtime?
+
Plan extraction, mapping, pilot import/test, validate
data, run parallel systems during cut-over, communicate with users, backup
data.
To monitor and handle performance issues when many
automations and workflows are active in creatio?
+
Use logs and analytics, identify heavy workflows,
optimize them, archive inactive items, scale resources, apply caching where
possible.
To prepare for creatio crm implementation project?
+
Define business processes clearly, map data schema,
prepare migration plan, define roles/permissions, set up sandbox, schedule
training, plan rollout phases.
To set up role‑based dashboards and permission‑based
record visibility in creatio?
+
Define roles, assign permissions per module/entity,
configure dashboards per role to show only relevant data.
Training and onboarding support for new creatio users?
+
Use sandbox/demo environment, tutorials, documentation,
role‑based permissions, and phased rollout to help adoption.
Typical migration scenario when moving to creatio from
legacy crm?
+
Mapping legacy data fields to Creatio schema, cleaning
data, importing contacts/leads, configuring workflows, roles, custom fields,
and training users.
Typical steps for data migration into creatio from
legacy systems?
+
Data extraction → cleansing → mapping to Creatio schema
→ import → validation → testing → go‑live.
Ui localization / multiple languages support in
creatio?
+
Creatio supports multi‑language UI configuration to
support global teams and clients in different regions.
Use of version history / audit trail for compliance or
internal audits in creatio?
+
Track data changes, user actions, workflow executions
to provide transparency, accountability and support audits.
Use‑case: building a custom internal project
management tool inside creatio?
+
Define Projects, Tasks entities; set relationships;
build task assignment and tracking workflows, notifications, dashboards —
custom app built on low‑code platform.
Use‑case: building customer self‑service portal
through creatio?
+
Expose case/ticket submission, status tracking,
knowledge base, chat/email support — allowing customers to self-serve while
CRM tracks interactions.
Use‑case: complaint resolution and feedback loop
automation?
Use‑case: integrating creatio with erp for
order-to-cash process?
+
Sync customer/order data, invoices, inventory, payment
status — ensure full order lifecycle from lead to cash in coordinated
systems.
Use‑case: integrating telephony or pbx into creatio
for call logging and click-to-call?
+
Use built‑in connectors or APIs to log calls, record
interaction history, trigger follow-up tasks — unified communication
tracking. :contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}
Use‑case: marketing nurture + re‑engagement workflows
for dormant clients?
+
Segment old clients, run email/social campaigns,
schedule follow-up tasks, track engagement, convert to opportunity if
interest resumes.
Use‑case: marketing‑to‑sales handoff automation in
creatio?
+
Marketing captures lead → nurtures → scores lead → when
qualified, auto‑assign to sales rep → create opportunity → notify sales team
— handoff automated.
Use‑case: multi‑team collaboration (sales + support +
finance) for order & invoice process in creatio?
+
Shared data (customer, orders, invoices), workflows for
approval, notifications across departments, status tracking — unified
operations.
Use‑case: role-based dashboards and permissions for
different teams in creatio?
+
Sales dashboard for sales team; support dashboard for
service team; finance dashboard for billing — each with restricted access
per role.
Use‑case: subscription‑based service lifecycle and
renewal tracking using creatio?
+
Contracts entity, renewal dates, reminder workflows,
invoice generation, customer communication — automate renewals and billing.
Use‑case: support ticket escalation and sla
enforcement using creatio service module?
+
Ticket created → auto‑assign → SLA timer & reminder →
if SLA breach, auto‑escalate or alert manager → resolution tracking.
Use‑case: vendor/supplier management (b2b) using
creatio custom entities?
Users/teams can create tasks, assign to others, track
progress; integrated with CRM workflow and customer data.
User activity monitoring and analytics in creatio for
management?
+
Track login history, record edits, workflow execution
stats, error rates — use dashboards to monitor productivity, compliance and
usage patterns.
User adoption strategy when switching to creatio crm
in a company?
+
Communicate benefits, involve key users early, provide
training, create incentives, gather feedback and iterate workflows.
User roles and permission hierarchy in large
organizations using creatio?
+
Define roles (admin, sales rep, support agent,
manager), assign permissions by module/record/field to enforce security and
privacy.
User training approach when adopting creatio in an
organization?
+
Role-based training, sandbox practice, documentation,
mentorship, phased rollout, and gathering user feedback to refine workflows.
Version control for customizations in creatio?
+
Track changes to custom apps/workflows, manage versions
or rollback if needed (depends on deployment/config).
Vertical‑specific (industry‑specific) workflow
template in creatio?
+
Pre-built process templates for industries (finance,
telecom, services) tailored to standard operations in that industry.
:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}
Webhook or external trigger support in creatio (for
integrations)?
+
Creatio can integrate external triggers or webhooks to
react to external events (e.g. from other systems) to start workflows.
Workflow automation in creatio?
+
Automated workflows that trigger actions
(notifications, updates, assignments) based on events or conditions to
reduce manual tasks. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
Workflow trigger’ in creatio?
+
An event or condition (e.g. lead status change, new
ticket, date/time event) that initiates an automated workflow.
:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}
Workflow versioning or change history in creatio?
+
Changes to workflows can be versioned or logged to
allow rollback or audit of modifications.
Build a custom app (e.g. invoice management) in
creatio without coding?
+
Define entities (Invoice/Payment), fields,
relationships, UI layouts, workflows for invoice generation, approval,
payment tracking — all via low‑code tools.
Ensure data integrity and avoid duplicates in creatio
when many integrations feed data?
+
Use validation rules, deduplication logic, unique
fields, audit logs, regular data cleanup, and possibly API‑side checks.
Implement a custom reporting module combining data
from sales, service, and marketing in creatio?
+
Use cross‑entity queries or custom entities,
aggregations, define filters, build dashboards, schedule report generation
and export.
Implement data backup & disaster recovery for a
creatio deployment?
+
Schedule regular backups, store off‑site, export
critical data, plan failover, document restoration process and test
periodically.
Implement sla‑driven customer service workflow in
creatio?
+
Design SLA rules, assign case priorities, set
timers/triggers, escalate cases on breach, send notifications, track
resolution and compliance.
Integrate creatio with a third‑party billing or
invoicing system?
+
Use REST API or built‑in connectors, map invoice/order
data, design synchronization workflows, handle errors and updates.
Integrate creatio with an erp for order fulfillment?
+
Use Creatio APIs or connectors to sync orders, customer
data, statuses; set up workflows to push/pull data, manage order lifecycle
and inventory.
Manage user roles and permissions for a global company
using creatio?
+
Define hierarchical roles, restrict data by region or
business unit, implement least‑privilege principle, audit permissions
regularly.
Migrate 100,000 leads into creatio from legacy system?
+
Perform data cleaning, mapping, batch import via
CSV/API, validate imported data, test workflows, use sandbox first, then go
live in phases.
Onboard non‑technical users to use creatio
effectively?
+
Provide role‑based training, use step‑by‑step guides,
give sandbox access, deliver mentorship, keep UI simple, and provide support
documentation.
Plan disaster recovery and backup strategy for a
global creatio deployment?
You document crm customizations, workflows, data model
for future maintenance when using creatio?
+
Maintain documentation repositories, version control of
workflows, schema diagrams, change logs, and periodic reviews.
You ensure data consistency when multiple external
systems sync to creatio?
+
Implement validation rules, transactional updates,
conflict resolution logic, logging and monitoring for integration actions.
You ensure high availability for a critical creatio
deployment (global enterprise)?
+
Use cloud hosting with redundancy, regular backups,
failover setup, monitoring, scaling resources as needed, and disaster
recovery planning.
You ensure performance and scalability when many
workflows run simultaneously in creatio?
+
Optimize workflows, avoid heavy loops, batch
operations, archive old data, monitor performance metrics, and scale
resources as needed.
You handle data migration when business structure
changes (e.g. reorganization of departments) in creatio?
+
Map old data to new structure, update
entities/relationships, preserve history, test workflows, update
permissions, inform users.
You handle gdpr / data‑privacy compliance when using
creatio for eu customers?
+
Implement consent tracking, data retention policies,
role‑based access, audit logs, anonymization, and document data handling
procedures.
You handle multi‑tenant or multi‑subsidiary business
using single creatio instance?
+
Use role & access isolation, custom entities for
subsidiaries, partition data logically, implement permissions per tenant.
You handle subscription billing and renewals using
creatio plus external billing module?
+
Use workflows for renewal reminder, integrate with
billing system via API, create orders/invoices, track status — ensure data
sync.
You handle version control and change management for
workflows and customisations in creatio?
+
Maintain version history, use sandbox for testing,
document changes, get approvals, deploy in stages, keep rollback plan.
You integrate external web forms/landing pages with
creatio lead capture?
+
Use REST API or webhooks, map form fields to Creatio
entities, validate input, create lead record automatically, trigger
follow‑up workflows.
You manage data archive, cleanup of old records to
maintain performance in creatio?
+
Define retention policies, archive or delete old data,
purge logs, use separate storage/archival, monitor DB size/performance.
You manage security and access control for sensitive
data (e.g. customer financials) in creatio?
+
Use field‑level permissions, role‑based access,
encryption (if supported), audit logging, and restrict export options.
You merge records and manage duplicates in large
datasets inside creatio?
+
Use deduplication tools, merge function, validation
rules, manual review for ambiguous cases, and audit trail of merges.
You monitor system health, workflow execution metrics,
and usage analytics in creatio?
+
Use built-in analytics, custom dashboards, logs for
errors/performance, user activity reports, alerting on failures or heavy
loads.
You onboard new teams or departments into existing
creatio instance with minimal disruption?
+
Use phased rollout, training sessions, permission
management, custom dashboards per department, and pilot user feedback.
You plan for system maintenance and upgrades in
creatio used heavily with custom workflows and integrations?
+
Schedule maintenance windows, backup data, test
upgrades in sandbox, update integrations, communicate with users, rollback
plan if needed.
You support multi‑currency and global sales operations
in creatio?
+
Configure currency fields, exchange rates,
localizations, regional permissions, and adapt workflows per region.
DDD (Domain-Driven Design)
+
Advantage of ddd?
+
Aligns software design with business rules, improves
maintainability, and supports complex domains effectively.
Aggregate?
+
A cluster of related entities and value objects treated
as a single unit for consistency.
Bounded context?
+
A boundary defining where a specific domain model
applies. Prevents ambiguity in large systems with multiple models.
Ddd supports microservices?
+
By defining bounded contexts, each microservice can own
its domain model and database, reducing coupling.
Ddd?
+
DDD is an approach to software design focusing on core
domain logic, modeling real-world business processes, and aligning software
structure with business needs.
Diffbet ddd and traditional layered architecture?
+
DDD emphasizes domain and business logic first, while
traditional layers often prioritize technical layers like UI, DB, and
service.
Domain event?
+
An event representing something significant that
happens in the domain, triggering reactions in other parts of the system.
Entity in ddd?
+
An object with a unique identity that persists over
time, e.g., Customer with a unique ID.
Repository in ddd?
+
A pattern for persisting and retrieving aggregates
while abstracting data storage details.
Value object?
+
An object defined by attributes rather than identity.
Immutable and used to describe aspects of entities, e.g., Address.
Design Pattern
+
Adapter pattern example
+
Adapter converts one interface to another that clients
expect. Example: converting a legacy XML service to JSON API format.
Advantages of design patterns
+
Improve reusability, maintainability, readability, and
communication between developers.
Avoid design patterns
+
Avoid them when they add unnecessary complexity.
Overuse may make simple code overly abstract or harder to understand.
Behavioral patterns
+
Observer, Strategy, Iterator, Command, Mediator,
Template Method, Chain of Responsibility.
Bridge vs adapter pattern
+
Adapter works with existing code to make incompatible
interfaces work together, while Bridge separates abstraction from
implementation to scale systems.
Command pattern in ui
+
Command objects encapsulate UI actions like Copy,
Paste, Undo. They can be queued, logged, or undone.
Adding features like encryption or compression to a
file stream dynamically without modifying the original class.
Dependency inversion principle
+
High-level modules should depend on abstractions, not
concrete classes. DI containers and patterns like Factory and Strategy help
achieve loose coupling.
Design patterns are used in java’s jdk?
+
JDK uses several patterns such as Singleton (Runtime),
Factory (Calendar.getInstance()), Strategy (Comparator), Iterator (Iterator
interface), and Observer (Listener model in Swing). These patterns solve
reusable design challenges in library features.
Design patterns vs algorithms
+
Algorithms solve computational tasks while design
patterns solve architectural design problems. Algorithms have fixed steps;
patterns are flexible templates.
Design principles vs patterns
+
Principles guide how to write good code (SOLID), while
patterns provide reusable proven solutions.
Factory method pattern example
+
Factory Method creates objects without exposing
creation logic. Example: Calendar.getInstance() or creating different
document types based on input.
Gang of four?
+
Gang of Four (GoF) refers to four authors who wrote the
book "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" in
1994. They introduced 23 standard design patterns widely used in software
development.
Inversion of control?
+
IoC means the framework controls object creation and
lifecycle rather than the programmer. Commonly implemented via Dependency
Injection.
Observer pattern
+
Observer allows objects (observers) to get notified
automatically when the subject changes state. Used in event-driven systems
like Java Swing listeners.
Open/closed principle
+
Classes should be open for extension but closed for
modification. Design patterns like Strategy, Decorator, and Template enforce
this principle.
Patterns help in refactoring
+
Patterns reduce duplication, simplify logic, improve
scalability, and make code modular when refactoring legacy systems.
Prevent over-engineering
+
Use patterns only when they solve a real problem.
Follow YAGNI ("You Aren’t Gonna Need It") and refactor gradually.
Purpose of uml in design patterns
+
UML diagrams visualize relationships, responsibilities,
and structure of design patterns, aiding understanding and implementation.
Real-world singleton example
+
java.lang.Runtime and logging frameworks like Log4j use
Singleton to manage shared resources across the application.
Role of design patterns
+
They provide reusable solutions to common software
problems and promote flexibility, maintainability, and scalability.
Scenario: command vs strategy pattern
+
Command is better when you need undo/redo, queueing
actions, or macro commands in UI. Strategy is better when switching between
interchangeable algorithms.
Single responsibility principle
+
SRP states that a class should have only one reason to
change. It improves maintainability, readability, and testing in software
design.
Singleton pattern & when to use?
+
Singleton ensures only one instance of a class exists
and provides a global point of access. Used in logging, configuration
settings, caching, or database connection management.
Strategy pattern example
+
Sorting algorithms (QuickSort, MergeSort, BubbleSort)
can be swapped at runtime based on input size or performance needs.
Linux is the foundation of DevOps operations - it's
like a Swiss Army knife for servers. These commands help you navigate
systems, manage files, configure permissions, and automate tasks in terminal
environments. 1. pwd - Print the current working directory. 2. ls - List
files and directories. 3. cd - Change directory. 4. touch - Create an empty
file. 5. mkdir - Create a new directory. 6. rm - Remove files or
directories. 7. rmdir - Remove empty directories. 8. cp - Copy files or
directories. 9. mv - Move or rename files and directories. 10. cat - Display
the content of a file. 11. echo - Display a line of text. 12. clear - Clear
the terminal screen.
Intermediate Linux Commands
+
13. chmod - Change file permissions. 14. chown - Change
file ownership. 15. find - Search for files and directories. 16. grep -
Search for text in a file. 17. wc - Count lines, words, and characters in a
file. 18. head - Display the first few lines of a file. 19. tail - Display
the last few lines of a file. 20. sort - Sort the contents of a file. 21.
uniq - Remove duplicate lines from a file. 22. diff - Compare two files line
by line. 23. tar - Archive files into a tarball. 24. zip/unzip - Compress
and extract ZIP files. 25. df - Display disk space usage. 26. du - Display
directory size. 27. top - Monitor system processes in real time. 28. ps -
Display active processes. 29. kill - Terminate a process by its PID. 30.
ping - Check network connectivity. 31. wget - Download files from the
internet. 32. curl - Transfer data from or to a server. 33. scp - Securely
copy files between systems. 34. rsync - Synchronize files and directories.
Advanced Linux Commands
+
35. awk - Text processing and pattern scanning. 36. sed
- Stream editor for filtering and transforming text. 37. cut - Remove
sections from each line of a file. 38. tr - Translate or delete characters.
39. xargs - Build and execute command lines from standard input. 40. ln -
Create symbolic or hard links. 41. df -h - Display disk usage in
human-readable format. 42. free - Display memory usage. 43. iostat - Display
CPU and I/O statistics. 44. netstat - Network statistics (use ss as modern
alternative). 45. ifconfig/ip - Configure network interfaces (use ip as
modern alternative). 46. iptables - Configure firewall rules. 47. systemctl
- Control the systemd system and service manager. 48. journalctl - View
system logs. 49. crontab - Schedule recurring tasks. 50. at - Schedule tasks
for a specific time. 51. uptime - Display system uptime. 52. whoami -
Display the current user. 53. users - List all users currently logged in.
54. hostname - Display or set the system hostname. 55. env - Display
environment variables. 56. export - Set environment variables.
Networking Commands
+
57. ip addr - Display or configure IP addresses. 58. ip
route - Show or manipulate routing tables. 59. traceroute - Trace the route
packets take to a host. 60. nslookup - Query DNS records. 61. dig - Query
DNS servers. 62. ssh - Connect to a remote server via SSH. 63. ftp -
Transfer files using the FTP protocol. 64. nmap - Network scanning and
discovery. 65. telnet - Communicate with remote hosts. 66. netcat (nc) -
Read/write data over networks.
File Management and Search
+
67. locate - Find files quickly using a database. 68.
stat - Display detailed information about a file. 69. tree - Display
directories as a tree. 70. file - Determine a file’s type. 71. basename -
Extract the filename from a path. 72. dirname - Extract the directory part
of a path.
System Monitoring
+
73. vmstat - Display virtual memory statistics. 74.
htop - Interactive process viewer (alternative to top). 75. lsof - List open
files. 76. dmesg - Print kernel ring buffer messages. 77. uptime - Show how
long the system has been running. 78. iotop - Display real-time disk I/O by
processes.
83. mount/umount - Mount or unmount filesystems. 84.
fsck - Check and repair filesystems. 85. mkfs - Create a new filesystem. 86.
blkid - Display information about block devices. 87. lsblk - List
information about block devices. 88. parted - Manage partitions
interactively.
Scripting and Automation
+
89. bash - Command interpreter and scripting shell. 90.
sh - Legacy shell interpreter. 91. cron - Automate tasks. 92. alias - Create
shortcuts for commands. 93. source - Execute commands from a file in the
current shell.
Development and Debugging
+
94. gcc - Compile C programs. 95. make - Build and
manage projects. 96. strace - Trace system calls and signals. 97. gdb -
Debug programs. 98. git - Version control system. 99. vim/nano - Text
editors for scripting and editing.
Other Useful Commands
+
100. uptime - Display system uptime. 101. date -
Display or set the system date and time. 102. cal - Display a calendar. 103.
man - Display the manual for a command. 104. history - Show previously
executed commands. 105. alias - Create custom shortcuts for commands.
Basic Git Commands
+
Git is your code time machine. It tracks every change,
enables team collaboration without conflicts, and lets you undo mistakes.
These commands help manage source code versions like a professional
developer. 1. git init Initializes a new Git repository in the current
directory. Example: git init 2. git clone Copies a remote repository to the
local machine. Example: git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git 3. git
status Displays the state of the working directory and staging area.
Example: git status 4. git add Adds changes to the staging area. Example:
git add file.txt 5. git commit Records changes to the repository. Example:
git commit -m "Initial commit" 6. git config Configures user settings, such
as name and email. Example: git config --global user.name "Your Name" 7. git
log Shows the commit history. Example: git log 8. git show Displays detailed
information about a specific commit. Example: git show 9. git diff Shows
changes between commits, the working directory, and the staging area.
Example: git diff 10. git reset Unstages changes or resets commits. Example:
git reset HEAD file.txt
Branching and Merging
+
11. git branch Lists branches or creates a new branch.
Example: git branch feature-branch 12. git checkout Switches between
branches or restores files. Example: git checkout feature-branch 13. git
switch Switches branches (modern alternative to git checkout). Example: git
switch feature-branch 14. git merge Combines changes from one branch into
another. Example: git merge feature-branch 15. git rebase Moves or combines
commits from one branch onto another. Example: git rebase main 16. git
cherry-pick Applies specific commits from one branch to another. Example:
git cherry-pick
Remote Repositories
+
17. git remote Manages remote repository connections.
Example: git remote add origin https://github.com/user/repo.git 18. git push
Sends changes to a remote repository. Example: git push origin main 19. git
pull Fetches and merges changes from a remote repository. Example: git pull
origin main 20. git fetch Downloads changes from a remote repository without
merging. Example: git fetch origin 21. git remote -v Lists the URLs of
remote repositories. Example: git remote -v
Stashing and Cleaning
+
22. git stash Temporarily saves changes not yet
committed. Example: git stash 23. git stash pop Applies stashed changes and
removes them from the stash list. Example: git stash pop 24. git stash list
Lists all stashes. Example: git stash list 25. git clean Removes untracked
files from the working directory. Example: git clean -f
Tagging
+
26. git tag Creates a tag for a specific commit.
Example: git tag -a v1.0 -m "Version 1.0" 27. git tag -d Deletes a tag.
Example: git tag -d v1.0 28. git push --tags Pushes tags to a remote
repository. Example: git push origin --tags
Advanced Commands
+
29. git bisect Finds the commit that introduced a bug.
Example: git bisect start 30. git blame Shows which commit and author
modified each line of a file. Example: git blame file.txt 31. git reflog
Shows a log of changes to the tip of branches. Example: git reflog 32. git
submodule Manages external repositories as submodules. Example: git
submodule add https://github.com/user/repo.git 33. git archive Creates an
archive of the repository files. Example: git archive --format=zip HEAD >
archive.zip 34. git gc Cleans up unnecessary files and optimizes the
repository. Example: git gc
GitHub-Specific Commands
+
35. gh auth login Logs into GitHub via the command
line. Example: gh auth login 36. gh repo clone Clones a GitHub repository.
Example: gh repo clone user/repo 37. gh issue list Lists issues in a GitHub
repository. Example: gh issue list 38. gh pr create Creates a pull request
on GitHub. Example: gh pr create --title "New Feature" --body "Description
of the feature" 39. gh repo create Creates a new GitHub repository. Example:
gh repo create my-repo
Basic Docker Commands -
+
Docker packages applications into portable containers -
like shipping containers for software. These commands help build, ship, and
run applications consistently across any environment. 1. docker --version
Displays the installed Docker version. Example: docker --version 2. docker
info Shows system-wide information about Docker, such as the number of
containers and images. Example: docker info 3. docker pull Downloads an
image from a Docker registry (default: Docker Hub). Example: docker pull
ubuntu:latest 4. docker images Lists all downloaded images. Example: docker
images 5. docker run Creates and starts a new container from an image.
Example: docker run -it ubuntu bash 6. docker ps Lists running containers.
Example: docker ps 7. docker ps -a Lists all containers, including stopped
ones. Example: docker ps -a 8. docker stop Stops a running container.
Example: docker stop container_name 9. docker start Starts a stopped
container. Example: docker start container_name 10. docker rm Removes a
container. Example: docker rm container_name 11. docker rmi Removes an
image. Example: docker rmi image_name 12. docker exec Runs a command inside
a running container. Example: docker exec -it container_name bash
Intermediate Docker Commands
+
13. docker build Builds an image from a Dockerfile.
Example: docker build -t my_image . 14. docker commit Creates a new image
from a container’s changes. Example: docker commit container_name
my_image:tag 15. docker logs Fetches logs from a container. Example: docker
logs container_name 16. docker inspect Returns detailed information about an
object (container or image). Example: docker inspect container_name 17.
docker stats Displays live resource usage statistics of running containers.
Example: docker stats 18. docker cp Copies files between a container and the
host. Example: docker cp container_name:/path/in/container /path/on/host 19.
docker rename Renames a container. Example: docker rename old_name new_name
20. docker network ls Lists all Docker networks. Example: docker network ls
21. docker network create Creates a new Docker network. Example: docker
network create my_network 22. docker network inspect Shows details about a
Docker network. Example: docker network inspect my_network 23. docker
network connect Connects a container to a network. Example: docker network
connect my_network container_name 24. docker volume ls Lists all Docker
volumes. Example: docker volume ls 25. docker volume create Creates a new
Docker volume. Example: docker volume create my_volume 26. docker volume
inspect Provides details about a volume. Example: docker volume inspect
my_volume 27. docker volume rm Removes a Docker volume. Example: docker
volume rm my_volume
Advanced Docker Commands
+
28. docker-compose up Starts services defined in a
docker-compose.yml file. Example: docker-compose up 29. docker-compose down
Stops and removes services defined in a docker-compose.yml file. Example:
docker-compose down 30. docker-compose logs Displays logs for services
managed by Docker Compose. Example: docker-compose logs 31. docker-compose
exec Runs a command in a service’s container. Example: docker-compose exec
service_name bash 32. docker save Exports an image to a tar file. Example:
docker save -o my_image.tar my_image:tag 33. docker load Imports an image
from a tar file. Example: docker load < my_image.tar 34. docker export
Exports a container’s filesystem as a tar file. Example: docker export
container_name> container.tar 35. docker import Creates an image from an
exported container. Example: docker import container.tar my_new_image
36. docker system df Displays disk usage by Docker objects. Example:
docker system df 37. docker system prune Cleans up unused Docker
resources (images, containers, volumes, networks). Example: docker
system prune 38. docker tag Assigns a new tag to an image. Example:
docker tag old_image_name new_image_name 39. docker push Uploads an
image to a Docker registry. Example: docker push my_image:tag 40. docker
login Logs into a Docker registry. Example: docker login 41. docker
logout Logs out of a Docker registry. Example: docker logout 42. docker
swarm init Initializes a Docker Swarm mode cluster. Example: docker
swarm init 43. docker service create Creates a new service in Swarm
mode. Example: docker service create --name my_service nginx 44. docker
stack deploy Deploys a stack using a Compose file in Swarm mode.
Example: docker stack deploy -c docker-compose.yml my_stack 45. docker
stack rm Removes a stack in Swarm mode. Example: docker stack rm
my_stack 46. docker checkpoint create Creates a checkpoint for a
container. Example: docker checkpoint create container_name
checkpoint_name 47. docker checkpoint ls Lists checkpoints for a
container. Example: docker checkpoint ls container_name 48. docker
checkpoint rm Removes a checkpoint. Example: docker checkpoint rm
container_name checkpoint_name
Basic Kubernetes Commands -
+
Kubernetes is the conductor of your container
orchestra. It automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized
applications across server clusters. 1. kubectl version Displays the
Kubernetes client and server version. Example: kubectl version --short 2.
kubectl cluster-info Shows information about the Kubernetes cluster.
Example: kubectl cluster-info 3. kubectl get nodes Lists all nodes in the
cluster. Example: kubectl get nodes 4. kubectl get pods Lists all pods in
the default namespace. Example: kubectl get pods 5. kubectl get services
Lists all services in the default namespace. Example: kubectl get services
6. kubectl get namespaces Lists all namespaces in the cluster. Example:
kubectl get namespaces 7. kubectl describe pod Shows detailed information
about a specific pod. Example: kubectl describe pod pod-name 8. kubectl logs
Displays logs for a specific pod. Example: kubectl logs pod-name 9. kubectl
create namespace Creates a new namespace. Example: kubectl create namespace
my-namespace 10. kubectl delete pod Deletes a specific pod. Example: kubectl
delete pod pod-name
Intermediate Kubernetes Commands
+
11. kubectl apply Applies changes defined in a YAML
file. Example: kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml 12. kubectl delete Deletes
resources defined in a YAML file. Example: kubectl delete -f deployment.yaml
13. kubectl scale Scales a deployment to the desired number of replicas.
Example: kubectl scale deployment my-deployment --replicas=3 14. kubectl
expose Exposes a pod or deployment as a service. Example: kubectl expose
deployment my-deployment --type=LoadBalancer --port=80 15. kubectl exec
Executes a command in a running pod. Example: kubectl exec -it pod-name --
/bin/bash 16. kubectl port-forward Forwards a local port to a port in a pod.
Example: kubectl port-forward pod-name 8080:80 17. kubectl get configmaps
Lists all ConfigMaps in the namespace. Example: kubectl get configmaps 18.
kubectl get secrets Lists all Secrets in the namespace. Example: kubectl get
secrets 19. kubectl edit Edits a resource definition directly in the editor.
Example: kubectl edit deployment my-deployment 20. kubectl rollout status
Displays the status of a deployment rollout. Example: kubectl rollout status
deployment/my-deployment
Advanced Kubernetes Commands
+
21. kubectl rollout undo Rolls back a deployment to a
previous revision. Example: kubectl rollout undo deployment/my-deployment
22. kubectl top nodes Shows resource usage for nodes. Example: kubectl top
nodes 23. kubectl top pods Displays resource usage for pods. Example:
kubectl top pods 24. kubectl cordon Marks a node as unschedulable. Example:
kubectl cordon node-name 25. kubectl uncordon Marks a node as schedulable.
Example: kubectl uncordon node-name 26. kubectl drain Safely evicts all pods
from a node. Example: kubectl drain node-name --ignore-daemonsets 27.
kubectl taint Adds a taint to a node to control pod placement. Example:
kubectl taint nodes node-name key=value:NoSchedule 28. kubectl get events
Lists all events in the cluster. Example: kubectl get events 29. kubectl
apply -k Applies resources from a kustomization directory. Example: kubectl
apply -k ./kustomization-dir/ 30. kubectl config view Displays the
kubeconfig file. Example: kubectl config view 31. kubectl config use-context
Switches the active context in kubeconfig. Example: kubectl config
use-context my-cluster 32. kubectl debug Creates a debugging session for a
pod. Example: kubectl debug pod-name 33. kubectl delete namespace Deletes a
namespace and its resources. Example: kubectl delete namespace my-namespace
34. kubectl patch Updates a resource using a patch. Example: kubectl patch
deployment my-deployment -p '{"spec": {"replicas": 2}}' 35. kubectl rollout
history Shows the rollout history of a deployment. Example: kubectl rollout
history deployment my-deployment 36. kubectl autoscale Automatically scales
a deployment based on resource usage. Example: kubectl autoscale deployment
my-deployment --cpu-percent=50 --min=1 --max=10 37. kubectl label Adds or
modifies a label on a resource. Example: kubectl label pod pod-name
environment=production 38. kubectl annotate Adds or modifies an annotation
on a resource. Example: kubectl annotate pod pod-name description="My app
pod" 39. kubectl delete pv Deletes a PersistentVolume (PV). Example: kubectl
delete pv my-pv 40. kubectl get ingress Lists all Ingress resources in the
namespace. Example: kubectl get ingress 41. kubectl create configmap Creates
a ConfigMap from a file or literal values. Example: kubectl create configmap
my-config --from-literal=key1=value1 42. kubectl create secret Creates a
Secret from a file or literal values. Example: kubectl create secret generic
my-secret --from-literal=password=myPassword 43. kubectl api-resources Lists
all available API resources in the cluster. Example: kubectl api-resources
44. kubectl api-versions Lists all API versions supported by the cluster.
Example: kubectl api-versions 45. kubectl get crds Lists all
CustomResourceDefinitions (CRDs). Example: kubectl get crds
Basic Helm Commands -
+
Helm is the app store for Kubernetes. It simplifies
installing and managing complex applications using pre-packaged "charts" -
think of it like apt-get for Kubernetes. 1. helm help Displays help for the
Helm CLI or a specific command. Example: helm help 2. helm version Shows the
Helm client and server version. Example: helm version 3. helm repo add Adds
a new chart repository. Example: helm repo add stable
https://charts.helm.sh/stable 4. helm repo update Updates all Helm chart
repositories to the latest version. Example: helm repo update 5. helm repo
list Lists all the repositories added to Helm. Example: helm repo list 6.
helm search hub Searches for charts on Helm Hub. Example: helm search hub
nginx 7. helm search repo Searches for charts in the repositories. Example:
helm search repo stable/nginx 8. helm show chart Displays information about
a chart, including metadata and dependencies. Example: helm show chart
stable/nginx
Installing and Upgrading Charts
+
9. helm install Installs a chart into a Kubernetes
cluster. Example: helm install my-release stable/nginx 10. helm upgrade
Upgrades an existing release with a new version of the chart. Example: helm
upgrade my-release stable/nginx 11. helm upgrade --install Installs a chart
if it isn’t installed or upgrades it if it exists. Example: helm upgrade
--install my-release stable/nginx 12. helm uninstall Uninstalls a release.
Example: helm uninstall my-release 13. helm list Lists all the releases
installed on the Kubernetes cluster. Example: helm list 14. helm status
Displays the status of a release. Example: helm status my-release
Working with Helm Charts
+
15. helm create Creates a new Helm chart in a specified
directory. Example: helm create my-chart 16. helm lint Lints a chart to
check for common errors. Example: helm lint ./my-chart 17. helm package
Packages a chart into a .tgz file. Example: helm package ./my-chart 18. helm
template Renders the Kubernetes YAML files from a chart without installing
it. Example: helm template my-release ./my-chart 19. helm dependency update
Updates the dependencies in the Chart.yaml file. Example: helm dependency
update ./my-chart
Advanced Helm Commands
+
20. helm rollback Rolls back a release to a previous
version. Example: helm rollback my-release 1 21. helm history Displays the
history of a release. Example: helm history my-release 22. helm get all Gets
all information (including values and templates) for a release. Example:
helm get all my-release 23. helm get values Displays the values used in a
release. Example: helm get values my-release 24. helm test Runs tests
defined in a chart. Example: helm test my-release
Helm Chart Repositories
+
25. helm repo remove Removes a chart repository.
Example: helm repo remove stable 26. helm repo update Updates the local
cache of chart repositories. Example: helm repo update 27. helm repo index
Creates or updates the index file for a chart repository. Example: helm repo
index ./charts
Helm Values and Customization
+
28. helm install --values Installs a chart with custom
values. Example: helm install my-release stable/nginx --values values.yaml
29. helm upgrade --values Upgrades a release with custom values. Example:
helm upgrade my-release stable/nginx --values values.yaml 30. helm install
--set Installs a chart with a custom value set directly in the command.
Example: helm install my-release stable/nginx --set replicaCount=3 31. helm
upgrade --set Upgrades a release with a custom value set. Example: helm
upgrade my-release stable/nginx --set replicaCount=5 32. helm uninstall
--purge Removes a release and deletes associated resources, including the
release history. Example: helm uninstall my-release --purge
Helm Template and Debugging
+
33. helm template --debug Renders Kubernetes manifests
and includes debug output. Example: helm template my-release ./my-chart
--debug 34. helm install --dry-run Simulates the installation process to
show what will happen without actually installing. Example: helm install
my-release stable/nginx --dry-run 35. helm upgrade --dry-run Simulates an
upgrade process without actually applying it. Example: helm upgrade
my-release stable/nginx --dry-run
Helm and Kubernetes Integration
+
36. helm list --namespace Lists releases in a specific
Kubernetes namespace. Example: helm list --namespace kube-system 37. helm
uninstall --namespace Uninstalls a release from a specific namespace.
Example: helm uninstall my-release --namespace kube-system 38. helm install
--namespace Installs a chart into a specific namespace. Example: helm
install my-release stable/nginx --namespace mynamespace 39. helm upgrade
--namespace Upgrades a release in a specific namespace. Example: helm
upgrade my-release stable/nginx --namespace mynamespace
Helm Chart Development
+
40. helm package --sign Packages a chart and signs it
using a GPG key. Example: helm package ./my-chart --sign --key my-key-id 41.
helm create --starter Creates a new Helm chart based on a starter template.
Example: helm create --starter https://github.com/helm/charts.git 42. helm
push Pushes a chart to a Helm chart repository. Example: helm push
./my-chart my-repo
Helm with Kubernetes CLI
+
43. helm list -n Lists releases in a specific
Kubernetes namespace. Example: helm list -n kube-system 44. helm install
--kube-context Installs a chart to a Kubernetes cluster defined in a
specific kubeconfig context. Example: helm install my-release stable/nginx
--kube-context my-cluster 45. helm upgrade --kube-context Upgrades a release
in a specific Kubernetes context. Example: helm upgrade my-release
stable/nginx --kube-context my-cluster
Helm Chart Dependencies
+
46. helm dependency build Builds dependencies for a
Helm chart. Example: helm dependency build ./my-chart 47. helm dependency
list Lists all dependencies for a chart. Example: helm dependency list
./my-chart
Helm History and Rollbacks
+
48. helm rollback --recreate-pods Rolls back to a
previous version and recreates pods. Example: helm rollback my-release 2
--recreate-pods 49. helm history --max Limits the number of versions shown
in the release history. Example: helm history my-release --max 5
Basic Terraform Commands -
+
Terraform lets you build cloud infrastructure with
code. Instead of clicking buttons in AWS/GCP/Azure consoles, you define
servers and services in configuration files. 50. terraform --help = Displays
general help for Terraform CLI commands. 51. terraform init = Initializes
the working directory containing Terraform configuration files. It downloads
the necessary provider plugins. 52. terraform validate = Validates the
Terraform configuration files for syntax errors or issues. 53. terraform
plan - Creates an execution plan, showing what actions Terraform will
perform to make the infrastructure match the desired configuration. 54.
terraform apply = Applies the changes required to reach the desired state of
the configuration. It will prompt for approval before making changes. 55.
terraform show = Displays the Terraform state or a plan in a human-readable
format. 56. terraform output = Displays the output values defined in the
Terraform configuration after an apply. 57. terraform destroy = Destroys the
infrastructure defined in the Terraform configuration. It prompts for
confirmation before destroying resources. 58. terraform refresh = Updates
the state file with the real infrastructure's current state without applying
changes. 59. terraform taint = Marks a resource for recreation on the next
apply. Useful for forcing a resource to be recreated even if it hasn't been
changed. 60. terraform untaint = Removes the "tainted" status from a
resource. 61. terraform state = Manages Terraform state files, such as
moving resources between modules or manually 62. terraform import = Imports
existing infrastructure into Terraform management. 63. terraform graph =
Generates a graphical representation of Terraform's resources and their
relationships. 64. terraform providers = Lists the providers available for
the current Terraform configuration. 65. terraform state list = Lists all
resources tracked in the Terraform state file. 66. terraform backend =
Configures the backend for storing Terraform state remotely (e.g., in S3,
Azure Blob Storage, etc.). 67. terraform state mv = Moves an item in the
state from one location to another. 68. terraform state rm = Removes an item
from the Terraform state file. 69. terraform workspace = Manages Terraform
workspaces, which allow for creating separate environments within a single
configuration. 70. terraform workspace new = Creates a new workspace. 71.
terraform module = Manages and updates Terraform modules, which are reusable
configurations. 72. terraform init -get-plugins=true = Ensures that required
plugins are fetched and available for modules. 73. TF_LOG = Sets the logging
level for Terraform debug output (e.g., TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR).
74. TF_LOG_PATH = Directs Terraform logs to a specified file. 75. terraform
login = Logs into Terraform Cloud or Terraform Enterprise for managing
remote backends and workspaces. 76. terraform remote = Manages remote
backends and remote state storage for Terraform configurations. terraform
push = Pushes Terraform modules to a remote module registry.
DevOps Shack 200 Jenkins Scenario Based Question and Answer
+
Design a Jenkins setup for a large-scaleenterpris e
application with multiple teams
+
Design a master-agent architecture where the master
handlesscheduling and orchestrating jobs, and agents execute jobs. Use dis
tributed builds by configuring Jenkins agents ondifferent machines or
containers. Implement folder-based multi-tenancy to is olate pipelines
foreach team. Secure the Jenkins setup using role-based access
control(RBAC). Example: Team A has access to Folder A with
restrictedpipeline vis ibility, while the master node ensures no resource
contention.
Scale Jenkins to handle high build loads
+
Use Kubernetes-based Jenkins agents that scale
dynamicallybased on workload. Implement build queue monitoring and optimize
resourceallocation by offloading non-critical jobs to low-priority nodes.
Use Jenkins Operations Center (CloudBees CI) for centralizedmanagement of
multiple Jenkins instances.
Manage plugins in a Jenkins environment to ensure
stability
+
Maintain a lis t of approved plugins after
testingcompatibility with the Jenkins version. Regularly update plugins in a
staging environment beforerolling them into production. Example: While
upgrading the Git plugin, test it with yourpipelines in staging to ensure no
dis ruption.
Design a Jenkins pipeline to support
multipleenvironments (e.g., Dev, QA, Prod)
+
Use parameterized pipelines where
environment-specificconfigurations (e.g., URLs, credentials) are passed as
parameters. Implement environment-specific stages or
branch-specificpipelines. Example: A pipeline that promotes a build from Dev
to QA andthen to Prod using approval gates between stages.
Handle dynamic branch creation in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use multibranch pipelines that automatically detect
newbranches in a repository and create pipelines for them. Configure the
Jenkinsfile in each branch to define itspipeline behavior.
Ensure pipeline resilience in case of intermittent
failures
+
Use retry blocks in declarative orscripted pipelines to
retry failed stages. Example: Retrying a flaky test stage three times
withexponential backoff. Implement conditional steps using catchError to
handle failures gracefully.
Secure sensitive credentials in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use the Jenkins Credentials plugin to store secrets
securely. Access credentials using environment variables or bindings inthe
pipeline. Example: Fetch an API key stored in Jenkins credentials using
withCredentials in a scripted pipeline.
Enforce role-based access control(RBAC) in Jenkins
+
Use the Role-Based Authorization Strategy plugin.
Define roles like Admin, Developer, and Viewer, and assignpermis sions for
jobs, folders, and builds accordingly.
Integrate Jenkins with Docker for buildingand
deploying applications
+
Use the Docker plugin or Docker Pipeline plugin.
Example: Build a Docker image in the pipeline using docker.build and push it
to a container regis try. Run tests in ephemeral Docker containers for
consis tent testenvironments.
Integrate Jenkins with a Kubernetes cluster for
deployments
+
Use the Kubernetes plugin or kubectl commands in the
pipeline. Example: Use a Kubernetes pod template with custom containersfor
builds, then deploy applications using kubectl apply .
Reduce the build time of a Jenkinsjob
+
Use parallel stages to execute independent
taskssimultaneously. Example: Parallelize static code analysis , unit tests,
andintegration tests. Use build caching mechanis ms like Docker layer
caching ordependency caching.
Optimize Jenkins for CI/CD pipelines with heavy test
loads
+
Split tests into smaller batches and run them in
parallel. Use sharding for dis tributed test execution across
multipleagents. Example: Divide a 10,000-test suite into 10 shards anddis
tribute them across agents.
If a Jenkins job hangsindefinitely
+
Check the Jenkins build logs for deadlocks or
resourcecontention. Restart the agent where the build is stuck, if needed.
Example: A job stuck in docker build could indicate Docker daemon is sues;
restart the Docker service.
Troubleshoot a Jenkins job that keeps failing at the
same step
+
Analyze the console output to identify the error
message. Check for environmental is sues like mis sing dependencies
orincorrect permis sions. Example: A Maven build failing due to repository
connectivitymight require checking proxy configurations.
Implement manual approval gates in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use the input step in a declarativepipeline. Example:
Add an approval step before deploying to production.Only after manual
confirmation does the pipeline proceed.
Handle blue-green deployments in Jenkins
+
Create separate pipelines for blue and green
environments. Route traffic to the new environment after
successfuldeployment and health checks. Example: Use AWS Route53 or
Kubernetes Ingress to switchtraffic seamlessly.
Monitor Jenkins build trends
+
Use the Build His tory and Build Monitor plugins.
Example: Vis ualize pass/fail trends over time to identifyflaky tests.
Notify teams about build failures
+
Use the Email Extension or Slack Notification plugins.
Example: Configure a Slack webhook to notify the #build-alerts channel upon
failure.
Manage monorepos in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use sparse checkouts to fetch only the required
directories. Example: Trigger pipelines based on changes in
specificsubdirectories using the dir parameter in Git.
Handle merge conflicts in a Jenkins pipeline
+
Use Git pre-merge hooks or resolve conflicts locally
and pushthe updated code. Example: A pipeline can fetch both source and
target branches,merge them in a temporary branch, and check for conflicts.
Trigger a Jenkins pipeline from anotherpipeline
+
Use the build step in a scripted or declarativepipeline
to trigger another pipeline. Example: Pipeline A builds the application, and
Pipeline B deploysit. Pipeline A calls Pipeline B using
build(job:'Pipeline-B', parameters: [string(name: 'version',value: '1.0')])
.
Handle shared libraries in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use the Global Shared Libraries feature inJenkins.
Example: Create reusable Groovy functions for common tasks (e.g.,linting,
packaging) and call them in pipelines using @Library('my-library') .
Implement conditional logic in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use when in declarative pipelines or if statements in
scripted pipelines. Example: Skip deployment if the branch is not main using
when { branch 'main' } .
Handle job failures in a Jenkins pipeline
+
Use the catchError block to handle errorsgracefully.
Example: catchError { sh 'some-failing-command' } echo 'Handled the failure
and proceeding.'
If a Jenkins master node crashes
+
Restore the master node from backups. Use Jenkins’
thinBackup or a similar plugin for automatedbackups. Example: After
restoration, ensure the plugins and configuration aresynchronized.
Restart a failed Jenkins pipeline from a specific
stage
+
Enable the Restart from Stage feature in theJenkins
declarative pipeline. Example: If the Deploy stage fails, restart
thepipeline from that stage without re- executing previous stages.
Integrate Jenkins with SonarQube for code
qualityanalysis
+
Use the SonarQube Scanner plugin. Example: Add a stage
in the pipeline to run sonar-scanner and publis h results to the
SonarQubeserver.
Enforce code coverage thresholds in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use tools like JaCoCo or Cobertura and configure the
build to fail ifthresholds are not met. Example: jacoco(execPattern:
'**/jacoco.exec', minimumBranchCoverage: '80')
Implement parallelis m in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use the parallel directive in declarativepipelines or
parallel block in scripted pipelines. Example: Run unit tests , integration
tests , and linting inparallel stages.
Optimize resource utilization in Jenkins
+
Use lock to manage resource contention. Example: Limit
concurrent jobs accessing a shared environment using lock('resourceName') .
Run Jenkins jobs in a Docker container
+
Use the docker block in declarativepipelines. Example:
agent { docker { image 'node:14' } }
Ensure consis tent environments for Jenkins builds
+
Use Docker images to define build environments.
Example: Use a prebuilt image with all dependencies pre-installed forfaster
builds.
Integrate Jenkins with AWS for CI/CD
+
Use the AWS CLI or AWS-specific Jenkins plugins.
Example: Deploy an application to S3 using aws s3 cp commands in the
pipeline.
Configure Jenkins to deploy to Azure Kubernetes
Service (AKS)
+
Use kubectl commands with AKS credentialsstored in
Jenkins credentials. Example: Deploy manifests using sh 'kubectl apply-f
k8s.yaml' .
Trigger a Jenkins job when a file changes inGit
+
Use GitHub or Bitbucket webhooks configured with the
Jenkinsjob. Example: A webhook triggers the job only for changes in a
specificfolder by setting path filters.
Schedule periodic builds in Jenkins
+
Use the Build periodically option or cron syntax in
pipeline scripts. Example: Schedule a nightly build using H 0 * ** .
Audit build logs and job execution inJenkins
+
Enable the Audit Trail plugin to track user actions.
Example: View changes made to jobs, builds, and plugins.
Implement compliance checks in Jenkins pipelines
+
Integrate with tools like OpenSCAP or custom scripts
for compliancevalidation. Example: Validate infrastructure as code (IaC)
templates forcompliance before deployment.
Manage build artifacts in Jenkins
+
Use the Archive the artifacts post-buildstep. Example:
Store JAR files and logs for future reference using archiveArtifacts
artifacts: 'build/*.jar' .
Publis h artifacts to a repository like Nexus or
Artifactory
+
Use Maven/Gradle plugins or REST APis for publis hing.
Example: Push aJAR file to Nexus with: sh 'mvn deploy'
Notify a team about pipeline status
+
Use Slack or Email plugins for notifications. Example:
Notify Slackon success or failure with: slackSend channel: '#builds',
message: "Build#${env.BUILD_NUMBER} ${currentBuild.result}"
Send detailed build reports via email in Jenkins
+
Use the Email Extension plugin and configure templates
for detailedreports. Example: Include build logs and test results in the
email.
Back up Jenkins configurations
+
Use the thinBackup plugin or manual backup of
$JENKINS_HOME . Example: Automate backups nightly and store them in a secure
locationlike S3.
Recover a Jenkins instance from backup
+
Restore the $JENKINS_HOME directory from thebackup and
restart Jenkins. Example: After restoration, validate all jobs and
credentials.
Implement feature flags in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use environment variables or external tools like
LaunchDarkly. Example: A feature flag determines whether to deploy the
featurebranch.
Integrate Jenkins with a database for testing
+
Spin up a database container or use a preconfigured
testdatabase. Example: Use Docker Compose to bring up a MySQL container
beforerunning tests.
Manage long-running jobs in Jenkins
+
Break them into smaller jobs or stages to allow
checkpoints. Example: Use timeout to terminate excessivelylong builds.
If Jenkins pipelines start failing intermittently
+
Investigate resource constraints, flaky tests, or
networkis sues. Example: Monitor agent logs and rebuild affected stages.
Manage Jenkins jobs for multiple branches in a
monorepo
+
Use multibranch pipelines or branch-specific
Jenkinsfiles.
Handle cross-team collaboration in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use shared libraries for reusable code and maintain a
central Jenkinsgovernance team.
Manage Jenkins agents in a dynamic cloudenvironment
+
Use a cloud provider plugin (e.g., Amazon EC2 or
Kubernetes). Example: Configure Kubernetes-based agents to dynamically spin
uppods based on job demands.
Limit the number of concurrent builds for a Jenkins
job
+
Use the Throttle Concurrent Builds plugin. Example: Set
a limit of two builds per agent to avoid resourcecontention.
Optimize Jenkins for large-scale builds with limited
hardware
+
Use build labels to dis tribute specific jobs to the
rightagents. Example: Assign resource-intensive builds to high-capacity
agentswith labels like high_mem .
Implement custom notifications in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use a custom script to send notifications via APis .
Example: Integrate with Microsoft Teams by using their webhook API tosend
custom alerts.
Alert stakeholders only on critical build failures
+
Use conditional steps in pipelines to send
notifications based onfailure type. Example: Notify stakeholders if the
failure occurs in the Deploy stage.
Manage dependencies in a Jenkins CI/CDpipeline
+
Use dependency management tools like Maven, Gradle, or
npm. Example: Use a package.json or pom.xml file to ensure consis tent
dependencies acrossbuilds.
Handle dependency conflicts in a Jenkins build
+
Use dependency resolution features of tools like Maven
orGradle. Example: Exclude transitive dependencies causing conflicts in the
pom.xml .
Debug Jenkins pipeline failureseffectively
+
Enable verbose logging for specific stages or commands.
Example: Use sh 'set -x &&your-command' for detailed command output.
Log custom messages in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use the echo step in declarative or scriptedpipelines.
Example: echo "Starting deployment toenvironment: ${env.ENV_NAME}" .
Monitor Jenkins server health
+
Use the Monitoring plugin or external toolslike
Prometheus and Grafana. Example: Monitor JVM memory, dis k usage, and thread
activity usingPrometheus exporters.
Set up Jenkins alerts for high resource usage
+
Integrate Jenkins with monitoring tools like Nagios
orDatadog. Example: Trigger an alert if CPU usage exceeds 80% duringbuilds.
Set up pipelines to work on multiple operatingsystems
+
Use agent labels to target specific platforms (e.g.,
linux , windows ). Example: Run tests on both Linux and Windows agents using
parallelstages.
Ensure portability in Jenkins pipelines across
environments
+
Use containerized builds with Docker for a consis tent
runtime. Example: Build and test the application in the same Dockerimage.
Create custom build steps in Jenkins
+
Use the Pipeline Utility Steps plugin or write custom
Groovyscripts. Example: Create a step to clean the workspace, fetch
dependencies,and run tests.
Extend Jenkins functionality with custom plugins
+
Develop a custom Jenkins plugin using the Jenkins
Plugin DevelopmentKit (PDK). Example: A plugin to integrate Jenkins with a
proprietarydeployment system.
Integrate Jenkins with performance testing tools
likeJMeter
+
Use the Performance Plugin to parse JMeter results.
Example: Trigger a JMeter script, then analyze results withthresholds for
build pass/fail criteria.
Fail a Jenkins build if performance metrics are below
expectations
+
Add a stage to validate performance metrics against
predefinedthresholds. Example: Fail the build if response time exceeds
500ms.
Trigger a Jenkins job based on an external event
(e.g., anAPI call)
+
Use the Jenkins Remote Trigger URL with an API token.
Example: Trigger a job using curl -XPOST
/job/ /buildtoken= .
+
/job/ /buildtoken= .
Schedule a Jenkins job to run only on specific days
+
Use a cron expression in the Build periodically field.
Example: Schedule a job for Mondays and Fridays using H H * * 1,5 .
Use Jenkins to automate databasemigrations
+
Integrate with tools like Flyway or Liquibase. Example:
Add a pipeline stage to run migration scripts beforedeployment.
Verify database changes in a Jenkins pipeline
+
Add a test stage to validate schema changes or
dataconsis tency. Example: Run SQL queries to ensure migration scripts
worked asexpected.
Secure Jenkins pipelines from maliciousscripts
+
Use sandboxed Groovy scripts and validate
third-partyJenkinsfiles. Example: Use a code review process for external
contributions.
Protect sensitive information in Jenkins logs
+
Mask sensitive information using the Mask Passwords
plugin. Example: API keys are replaced with **** inlogs.
Implement versioning in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use build numbers or Git tags for versioning. Example:
Generate a version like 1.0.${BUILD_NUMBER} during the build process.
Automate release tagging in Jenkins
+
Use git tag commands in the pipeline. Example: Add a
post-build step to tag the release and push it to therepository.
Fix "agent offline" is sues inJenkins
+
Verify network connectivity, agent logs, and
master-agentconfigurations. Example: Check if the agent process has permis
sions to connect to themaster.
If Jenkins fails to fetch code from a Git repository
+
Check Git plugin configurations, repository URL, and
accesscredentials. Example: Verify that the SSH key used by Jenkins is
valid.
Implement canary deployments in Jenkins
+
Deploy a small percentage of traffic to the new version
and monitorbefore full rollout. Example: Use a custom script or plugin to
automate trafficshifting.
Automate rollback in Jenkins pipelines
+
Maintain a record of previous deployments and redeploy
the lastsuccessful build. Example: Use a rollback stage that
fetchesartifacts of the previous version.
Ensure Jenkins pipelines are maintainable
+
Use shared libraries, modular pipelines, and
cleardocumentation. Example: Abstract repetitive tasks like linting or
packaging intoshared library functions.
Handle Jenkins updates in a production environment
+
Test updates in a staging environment before applying
them toproduction. Example: Validate that plugins are compatible with the
new Jenkinsversion.
Handle long-running builds inJenkins
+
Use timeout steps to terminate excessive runtimes.
Example: Fail the build if it exceeds 2 hours.
Prioritize critical jobs in Jenkins
+
Assign higher priority to critical jobs using the
Priority Sorterplugin. Example: Ensure deployment jobs are always queued
before non-criticalones.
Build and test multiple modules of a
monolithicapplication in Jenkins
+
Use a multi-module build system like Maven or Gradle to
compile andtest each module independently. Example: Add stages in the
pipeline to build, test, and packagemodules sequentially or in parallel.
Configure Jenkins to build microservices independently
+
Use separate pipelines for each microservice. Example:
Trigger the build of a specific microservice based onchanges in its folder
using the path parameter inmultibranch pipelines.
Integrate Jenkins with Selenium for UItesting
+
Use the Selenium WebDriver and Jenkins Selenium plugin.
Example: Add a stage in the pipeline to run Selenium test scripts ona
dedicated test environment.
Fail a Jenkins build if tests fail intermittently
+
Use the retry block to re-run flaky tests alimited
number of times. Example: Fail the build after three retries if the tests
continue tofail.
Pass parameters dynamically to a Jenkinspipeline
+
Use parameterized builds and populate parameters
dynamically througha script. Example: Use the active choice plugin
topopulate a dropdown with values fetched from an API.
Create matrix builds in Jenkins
+
Use the Matrix plugin or a declarative pipeline with
matrix stages. Example: Test an application on multiple OS and Java
versions.
Back up and restore Jenkins jobs
+
Back up the $JENKINS_HOME/jobs directory. Example:
Automate backups using a cron job or tools like thinBackup .
Steps follow to restore Jenkins jobs from backup
+
Stop Jenkins, copy the backed-up job configurations to
the $JENKINS_HOME/jobs directory, and restart Jenkins. Example: Verify job
configurations and plugin dependenciespost-restoration.
Use Jenkins to validate Infrastructure as Code(IaC)
+
Integrate tools like Terraform or CloudFormation with
Jenkinspipelines. Example: Add a stage to validate Terraform plans using
terraform validate .
Implement automated provis ioning using Jenkins
+
Use Jenkins to trigger Terraform or Ansible scripts for
provis ioninginfrastructure. Example: Provis ion an AWS EC2 instance and
deploy an application onit as part of the pipeline.
Test across multiple environments simultaneously
inJenkins
+
Use parallel stages in declarative pipelines. Example:
Run tests on Dev, QA, and Staging environments inparallel.
Configure Jenkins to run parallel builds for multiple
branches
+
Use multibranch pipelines to detect and execute builds
for allbranches. Example: Each branch builds independently in its pipeline.
Securely pass secrets to a Jenkins job
+
Use the Credentials plugin to inject secrets into the
pipeline.Example: Use withCredentials to pass a secret API key to ashell
script: withCredentials([string(credentialsId: 'api-key',
variable:'API_KEY')]) { sh 'curl -H "Authorization:
$API_KEY"https://api.example.com' }
Audit the usage of credentials in Jenkins
+
Enable auditing through the Audit Trail plugin and
monitor credentialusage logs. Example: Identify unauthorized access to
sensitivecredentials.
Manage a situation where a Jenkins job is
stuckindefinitely
+
Identify the is sue by reviewing the build logs and
system resourceusage. Example: Terminate the stuck process on the agent and
re-trigger thejob.
Handle pipeline execution that consumes excessive
resources
+
Use resource quotas or throttle settings tolimit
resource usage. Example: Assign builds to low-resource agents for
non-criticaljobs.
Implement multi-cloud deployments usingJenkins
+
Configure multiple cloud credentials and deploy to each
providerconditionally. Example: Deploy to AWS, Azure, and GCP using
environment-specificdeployment scripts.
Monitor Jenkins pipeline performance
+
Use plugins like Build Monitor, Prometheus, or
Performance Publis herto track performance metrics. Example: Analyze
pipeline execution time trends to optimize slowstages.
Generate build trend reports in Jenkins
+
Use the Test Results Analyzer or Dashboard View plugin.
Example: Vis ualize the number of passed, failed, and skipped testsover
time.
Create dynamic stages in a Jenkinspipeline
+
Use Groovy scripting in a scripted pipeline to define
stagesdynamically. Example: Loop through a lis t of services and create a
build stage foreach.
Dynamically load environment configurations in Jenkins
+
Use configuration files stored in a repository or as a
Jenkins sharedlibrary. Example: Load environment-specific variables from a
JSON file duringthe pipeline execution.
Implement build caching in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use tools like Docker cache or Gradle/Maven build
caches. Example: Use a shared cache directory for dependencies acrossbuilds.
Handle incremental builds in Jenkins
+
Configure the pipeline to build only the modified
components usingtools like Git diff. Example: Trigger builds for only the
microservices that havechanged.
Set up Jenkins for multitenant usage acrossteams
+
Use folders, RBAC, and dedicated agents for each team.
Example: Team A and Team B have separate folders with is olatedpipelines and
credentials.
Handle conflicts when multiple teams use shared
Jenkins resources
+
Use the Lockable Resources plugin to serializeaccess to
shared resources. Example: Ensure only one team can deploy to the staging
environmentat a time.
Recover a pipeline that fails due to a transientis sue
+
Use retry blocks to automatically retry thefailed step.
Example: Retry a deployment step up to three times if it fails due tonetwork
is sues.
Resume a pipeline after fixing an error
+
Use the Restart from Stage feature indeclarative
pipelines. Example: Resume the pipeline from the Deploy stage after fixing a
configuration is sue.
Integrate Jenkins with JIRA for is suetracking
+
Use the JIRA plugin to update is sue status
automatically after abuild. Example: Transition a JIRA ticket to "In
Progress" when thebuild starts.
Integrate Jenkins with a service bus or message queue
+
Use custom scripts or plugins to publis h messages to
RabbitMQ, Kafka,or AWS SQS. Example: Notify downstream systems after a
successful deployment bysending a message to a queue.
Use Jenkins to build and test
containerizedapplications
+
Use the Docker Pipeline plugin to build and test
images. Example: Build a Docker image in one stage and run tests in
acontainerized environment in the next stage.
Manage container orchestration with Jenkins
+
Use Kubernetes or Docker Compose to orchestrate
multi-containerenvironments. Example: Deploy an application and database
containers together forintegration tests.
Allocate specific agents for certainpipelines
+
Use agent labels in the pipeline configuration.
Example: Assign a pipeline to the high-memory agent for resource-intensive
builds.
Ensure efficient resource utilization across Jenkins
agents
+
Use the Load Balancer plugin or Jenkins Cloud Agents
for dynamicscaling. Example: Scale down idle agents during off-peak hours.
Manage Jenkins configurations acrossenvironments
+
Use tools like Jenkins Configuration as Code (JCasC) or
custom Groovyscripts. Example: Use a YAML configuration file to define jobs,
credentials, andplugins.
Version controlJenkins jobs and pipelines
+
Store pipeline scripts in a Git repository. Example:
Use Jenkinsfiles to define pipelines, making them portableand traceable.
Implement rolling deployments withJenkins
+
Deploy updates incrementally to a subset of servers or
pods. Example: Update 10% of the pods in Kubernetes before proceeding tothe
next batch.
Automate blue-green deployments in Jenkins
+
Use separate environments for blue and green and switch
traffic post-deployment. Example: Use a load balancer to toggle between
environments aftersuccessful tests.
Integrate Jenkins with API testing tools likePostman
+
Use Newman (Postman CLI) in the pipeline to
executecollections. Example: Run newman run collection.json in atest stage.
Handle test data for automated testing in Jenkins
+
Use environment variables or configuration files to
provide testdata. Example: Pass database credentials as environment
variables duringtest execution.
Automate release notes generation inJenkins
+
Use a custom script or plugin to fetch Git commit
messages or JIRAupdates. Example: Generate release notes from commits tagged
with [release] .
Implement versioning in a CI/CD pipeline
+
Use Git tags or build numbers to version artifacts.
Example: Create a version string like 1.0.${BUILD_NUMBER} for every build.
Steps take if Jenkins builds suddenly start
failingacross all jobs
+
Check global configurations, credentials, and plugin
updates. Example: Investigate whether a recent plugin update
causedcompatibility is sues.
Handle Jenkins agent dis connections during builds
+
Configure a reconnect strategy or reassign the job to
anotheragent. Example: Use a script to auto-restart dis connected agents.
Design pipelines to handle varying
deploymentstrategies
+
Use parameters to define the deployment type (e.g.,
rolling,canary). Example: A pipeline prompts the user to select the strategy
beforedeployment.
Configure pipelines for multiple repository triggers
+
Use a webhook aggregator to trigger the pipeline for
changes inmultiple repositories. Example: Trigger a build when changes are
made to either the frontendor backend repositories.
Ensure compliance with Jenkins pipelines
+
Use tools like SonarQube for code quality checks and
enforce policieswith shared libraries. Example: Ensure every pipeline
includes a security scan stage.
Audit pipeline execution in Jenkins
+
Use the Audit Trail plugin to track changes and
executionhis tory. Example: Identify who triggered a job and when.
Set up Jenkins for high availability
+
Use a clustered setup with multiple Jenkins masters and
sharedstorage. Example: Configure an NFS share for $JENKINS_HOME to ensure
consis tency across masters.
Your approach to restoring Jenkins from a dis aster
+
Restore configurations and data from backups, then
validate pluginsand jobs. Example: Use thinBackup to quickly recover Jenkins
data.
Implement Jenkins backups for criticalenvironments
+
Use tools like thinBackup or JenkinsConfiguration as
Code (JCasC) to back up configurations, jobs, and plugins.Automate the
process with cron jobs or scripts. Example: Automate daily backups of the
$JENKINS_HOME directory and store them on S3 or a secure location.
Strategies do you recommend for Jenkins dis aster
recovery
+
Use a secondary Jenkins instance as a standby master
with replicateddata. Example: Periodically sync $JENKINS_HOME between
primary and standby instances and use a load balancer forfailover.
Handle consis tent build failures caused by flakytests
+
Identify flaky tests using test reports and is olate
them intoseparate test suites. Example: Retry only the flaky tests multiple
times in a dedicatedpipeline stage.
If builds fail due to resource exhaustion
+
Optimize resource allocation by reducing the number of
concurrentbuilds or increasing system capacity. Example: Add more Jenkins
agents or limit concurrent jobs with theThrottle Concurrent Builds plugin.
Manage environment-specific variables in
Jenkinspipelines
+
Use environment variables defined in the Jenkinsfile or
externalconfiguration files. Example: Load environment-specific files based
on the selected parameter using: def config = readYaml file:
"config/${env.ENVIRONMENT}.yaml"
Handle multi-environment deployments in a single
pipeline
+
Use declarative pipeline stages with conditional logic
for differentenvironments. Example: Deploy to QA, Staging, and Production in
sequence withmanual approval gates for Staging and Production.
Reduce pipeline execution time for largeapplications
+
Use parallel stages, build caching, and
pre-configuredenvironments. Example: Parallelize unit tests, integration
tests, and static codeanalysis stages.
Identify and fix bottlenecks in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use performance plugins or monitor logs to detect slow
stages. Example: Split a long-running build stage into smaller tasks
oroptimize resource- intensive scripts.
Ensure reproducibility in containerized
Jenkinspipelines
+
Use Docker images with all required
dependenciespre-installed. Example: Build and test Node.js applications
using a custom Docker image: agent { docker { image 'custom-node:14' } }
Handle container orchestration in Jenkins pipelines
+
Use Kubernetes plugins or tools like Helm for deploying
and managingcontainers. Example: Deploy a Helm chart to Kubernetes as part
of thepipeline.
Manage shared Jenkins resources across multipleteams
+
Use the Folder and Role-Based Authorization Strategy
plugins tois olate team- specific configurations. Example: Each team has a
dedicated folder with restricted access totheir jobs and agents.
Create reusable components for different team
pipelines
+
Use Jenkins Shared Libraries for common functionality
like deploymentscripts or notifications. Example: Create a shared library to
send Slack notifications: def sendNotification(String message) {
slackSend(channel:'#builds', message: message) }
Secure sensitive API keys and tokens inJenkins
+
Use the Credentials plugin to securely store and
retrieve sensitiveinformation. Example: Use withCredentials to pass an
APItoken to a pipeline: withCredentials([string(credentialsId: 'api-token',
variable:'TOKEN')]) { sh "curl -H 'Authorization: Bearer
${TOKEN}'https://api.example.com" }
Implement secure access controlfor Jenkins users
+
Use the Role-Based Authorization Strategy plugin to
define roles andpermis sions. Example: Admins have full access, while
developers have job-specificpermis sions.
Handle integration testing in Jenkinspipelines
+
Spin up test environments using Docker or Kubernetes
for is olatedtesting. Example: Run integration tests against a temporary
database containerin a pipeline stage.
Automate regression testing in Jenkins
+
Use tools like Selenium or TestNG for regression tests
triggeredafter every build. Example: Schedule nightly builds to run a
regression testsuite.
Customize build notifications inJenkins
+
Use plugins like Email Extension or Slack Notification
with customtemplates. Example: Include build duration and commit messages in
Slacknotifications.
Configure Jenkins to notify specific stakeholders
+
Use the post-build step to send notifications to
different recipientsbased on pipeline results. Example: Notify developers on
failure and QA on success.
Integrate Jenkins with Terraform for IaCautomation
+
Use the Terraform plugin or CLI to apply
configurations. Example: Add a stage to validate, plan, and apply
Terraformscripts.
Integrate Jenkins with Ansible for configuration
management
+
Trigger Ansible playbooks from the Jenkins pipeline
using the Ansibleplugin or CLI. Example: Use ansiblePlaybook to
deployconfigurations to a server.
Horizontally scale Jenkins to handle highworkloads
+
Add multiple agents and dis tribute builds using labels
or nodeaffinity. Example: Use Kubernetes agents to dynamically scale based
on thebuild queue.
Optimize Jenkins for a dis tributed build environment
+
Use dis tributed agents with pre-installed dependencies
to reducesetup time. Example: Assign resource-intensive jobs to dedicated
high-performanceagents.
Handle multi-region deployments inJenkins
+
Use separate stages or pipelines for each region.
Example: Deploy to US-East and EU-West regions using AWS CLIcommands.
Implement zero-downtime deployments in Jenkins
+
Use rolling updates or blue-green deployments to
ensureavailability. Example: Gradually replace instances in an auto-scaling
group withthe new version.
Debug Jenkins pipeline is sues inreal-time
+
Use console logs and debug flags in pipeline steps.
Example: Add set -x to shell commands fordetailed debugging.
Handle agent dis connect is sues during builds
+
Implement retry logic and configure robust reconnect
settings. Example: Auto-restart agents if they dis connect due to
resourceconstraints.
Implement pipeline-as-code in Jenkins
+
Store Jenkinsfiles in the source code repository
forversion-controlled pipelines. Example: Use checkout scm to pull
theJenkinsfile from Git.
Integrate Jenkins with GitOps workflows
+
Use tools like ArgoCD or Flux in combination with
Jenkins forGitOps. Example: Trigger a deployment when changes are committed
to a Gitrepository.
Implement feature toggles in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use environment variables or configuration files to
toggle featuresduring deployment. Example: Use a parameter in the pipeline
to enable or dis able a specific feature: if (params.ENABLE_FEATURE_X) { sh
'deploy-feature-x.sh' }
Automate multi-branch testing in Jenkins
+
Use multibranch pipelines to automatically detect and
run tests onnew branches. Example: Configure branch-specific Jenkinsfiles to
define uniquetesting workflows.
Manage dependency trees in Jenkins for largeprojects
+
Use build tools like Maven or Gradle with dependency
managementfeatures. Example: Trigger dependent builds using the
Parameterized Trigger plugin.
Build microservices with interdependencies in Jenkins
+
Use a parent pipeline to trigger builds for dependent
microservicesin the correct order. Example: Build Service A, then trigger
builds for Services B and C,which depend on it.
Deploy multiple services using Jenkins inparallel
+
Use the parallel directive in a declarativepipeline.
Example: Deploy frontend, backend, and database servicessimultaneously.
Sequence dependent service deployments in Jenkins
+
Use pipeline stages with proper dependencies defined.
Example: Deploy a database schema before deploying the backendservice.
Enforce code scanning in Jenkinspipelines
+
Integrate tools like Snyk, Checkmarx, or
OWASPDependency-Check. Example: Add a stage to scan for vulnerabilities in
dependencies andfail the build on high-severity is sues.
Prevent unauthorized pipeline modifications
+
Use Git repository branch protections and Jenkins
accesscontrols. Example: Require pull requests to be reviewed before
updatingJenkinsfiles in main .
Manage Jenkins jobs for legacy systems
+
Use parameterized freestyle jobs or convert them into
pipelines forbetter flexibility. Example: Migrate a job using shell scripts
into a scriptedpipeline.
Ensure compatibility between Jenkins and legacy build
tools
+
Use custom scripts or Dockerized environments that
mimic the legacysystem. Example: Run builds in a container with legacy
dependenciespre-installed.
Store and retrieve pipeline artifacts inJenkins
+
Use the Archive the Artifacts plugin or storeartifacts
in a dedicated repository like Nexus or Artifactory. Example: Archive build
logs and binaries for debugging andauditing.
Handle large artifact storage in Jenkins
+
Use external storage solutions like S3 or Azure Blob
Storage. Example: Upload artifacts to an S3 bucket as part of the
post-buildstep.
Trigger Jenkins builds based on Git tagcreation
+
Configure webhooks to trigger jobs when a tag is
created. Example: Trigger a release pipeline for tags matching the pattern
v* .
Implement Git submodule handling in Jenkins
+
Enable submodule support in the Git plugin
configuration. Example: Clone and update submodules automatically during
thecheckout process.
Implement cross-browser testing inJenkins
+
Use tools like Selenium Grid or BrowserStack for
browsercompatibility testing. Example: Run tests across Chrome, Firefox, and
Safari in parallelstages.
Manage test environments dynamically in Jenkins
+
Use Docker or Kubernetes to spin up test environments
during pipelineexecution. Example: Deploy test environments using Helm
charts and tear themdown after tests.
Customize notifications for specific pipelinestages
+
Use conditional logic to send stage-specific
notifications. Example: Notify the QA team only when the test stage fails.
Integrate Jenkins with Microsoft Teams for
notifications
+
Use a webhook to send notifications to Teams channels.
Example: Post pipeline results to a Teams channel using a curl command.
Optimize Jenkins pipelines for
Docker-basedapplications
+
Use Docker caching and multis tage builds to speed up
builds. Example: Build and push Docker images only if code changes
aredetected.
Deploy containerized applications using Jenkins
+
Use Kubernetes manifests or Docker Compose files in
pipelinescripts. Example: Deploy to Kubernetes using kubectlapply .
Debug failed Jenkins jobs effectively
+
Analyze logs, enable debug mode, and rerun failing
stepslocally. Example: Use sh 'set -x' inpipeline steps to trace shell
command execution.
Handle intermittent pipeline failures
+
Use retry mechanis ms and investigate logs to identify
flakycomponents. Example: Retry a step with a maximum of three attempts:
retry(3) { sh 'flaky-command.sh' }
Implement blue-green deployments in Jenkinspipelines
+
Use separate environments for blue and green, then
switch trafficusing a load balancer. Example: Deploy the new version to the
green environment, test it, and redirect traffic from blue to green .
Roll back a blue-green deployment
+
Switch traffic back to the stable environment (e.g.,
blue ) in case of is sues. Example: Update load balancer settings to point
to the previousversion.
Standardize pipeline templates for multipleprojects
+
Use Jenkins Shared Libraries to define reusable
pipelinefunctions. Example: Define a buildAndDeploy function forconsis tent
CI/CD across projects.
Parameterize pipeline templates for different use
cases
+
Use pipeline parameters to customize behavior
dynamically. Example: Use a DEPLOY_ENV parameter to specifythe target
environment.
Monitor long-running builds in Jenkins
+
Use the Build Monitor plugin or integrate with external
monitoringtools. Example: Set up alerts for builds exceeding a
specificduration.
Identify agents with high resource usage
+
Use the Monitoring plugin or analyze system metrics.
Example: Identify agents with CPU or memory spikes duringbuilds.
Audit Jenkins pipelines for regulatorycompliance
+
Use plugins like Audit Trail to log all pipeline
changes andexecutions. Example: Ensure every production deployment is
traceable with anaudit log.
Enforce compliance checks in Jenkins pipelines
+
Integrate with compliance tools like HashiCorp Sentinel
or customscripts. Example: Fail the pipeline if IaC templates do not meet
compliancerequirements.
Configure Jenkins for auto-scaling in
cloudenvironments
+
Use Kubernetes or AWS plugins to dynamically scale
agents based onthe build queue. Example: Configure a Kubernetes pod template
to spin up agents ondemand.
Balance workloads in a dis tributed Jenkins setup
+
Use node labels and assign jobs based on agent
capabilities. Example: Assign resource-intensive builds to
high-memoryagents.
Analyze build success rates in Jenkins
+
Use the Build His tory Metrics plugin or integrate with
externalanalytics tools. Example: Generate reports showing success and
failure trends overtime.
Track pipeline execution times across multiple jobs
+
Use the Pipeline Stage View plugin to vis ualize
executiontimes. Example: Identify stages with consis tently high
executiontimes.
Implement canary deployments in Jenkinspipelines
+
Deploy updates to a small percentage of instances or
users first,then gradually increase. Example: Route 5% of traffic to the new
version using feature flagsor load balancer rules.
Deploy serverless applications using Jenkins
+
Use CLI tools like AWS SAM or Azure Functions Core
Tools. Example: Deploy a Lambda function using aws
lambdaupdate-function-code .
Handle a Jenkins master node running out of dis kspace
+
Clean up old build logs, artifacts, and workspace
directories.Example: Use a script to automate periodic cleanup: find
$JENKINS_HOME/workspace -type d -mtime +30 -exec rm -rf {}\;
Address slow Jenkins startup times
+
Optimize plugins by removing unused ones and upgrading
to newerversions. Example: Use the Pipeline Speed/Durability Settings for
lightweight pipeline executions.
Migrate from Jenkins to a modern CI/CDtool
+
Export pipelines, convert them to the new tool's
format, andtest the migrated workflows. Example: Migrate from Jenkins to
GitHub Actions using YAML-basedworkflows.
Ensure Jenkins pipelines remain future-proof
+
Regularly update plugins, adopt new best practices, and
refactoroutdated pipelines. Example: Transition from freestyle jobs to
declarative pipelines forbetter maintainability.
DOCKER
+
Problem does Docker solve?
+
It eliminates “works on my machine” issues by packaging
dependencies together.
Difference between image and container?
+
Image is a blueprint; container is a running instance.
Are Docker containers lightweight?
+
Yes, they share the host OS kernel.
Docker different from virtual machines?
+
Docker shares OS kernel; VMs run separate operating
systems.
Public Docker registry?
+
A registry accessible to everyone.
Private Docker registry?
+
A restricted-access image repository.
Docker run?
+
Creates and starts a container from an image.
Docker important?
+
It improves deployment speed, scalability, and
consistency.
FROM instruction?
+
Specifies the base image for the Docker image.
RUN instruction?
+
Executes commands during image build.
COPY instruction?
+
Copies files from host to image.
ADD instruction?
+
Copies files and supports URLs and archives.
CMD instruction?
+
Defines default command to run in a container.
ENTRYPOINT instruction?
+
Specifies the main executable for a container.
Difference between CMD and ENTRYPOINT?
+
ENTRYPOINT is fixed; CMD is overridable.
EXPOSE instruction?
+
Documents the port the container listens on.
ENV instruction?
+
Sets environment variables in image.
WORKDIR instruction?
+
Sets working directory for instructions.
USER instruction?
+
Defines the user to run container processes.
Image layer?
+
A read-only filesystem layer created by instructions.
Image caching?
+
Reusing unchanged layers to speed up builds.
Multi-stage build?
+
Using multiple FROM statements to optimize images.
Use multi-stage builds?
+
To reduce final image size.
Docker ignore file?
+
A file defining files excluded from build context.
Build context?
+
Files sent to Docker daemon during build.
Best practice for Docker images?
+
Use small base images and minimize layers.
Docker container lifecycle?
+
The stages a container goes through from creation to
removal.
Main container states?
+
Created, running, paused, stopped, and removed.
Docker create do?
+
Creates a container without starting it.
Docker start do?
+
Starts an existing stopped container.
Docker stop do?
+
Gracefully stops a running container.
Docker kill do?
+
Forcefully stops a container immediately.
Docker restart do?
+
Stops and then starts a container.
Docker rm do?
+
Removes a stopped container.
Docker logs do?
+
Displays logs of a container.
Docker exec do?
+
Runs a command inside a running container.
Container naming?
+
Assigning a readable name to a container.
Container exit code?
+
Status code indicating how a container stopped.
Container restart policy?
+
Defines automatic restart behavior.
Common restart policies?
+
no, always, on-failure, unless-stopped.
Container pruning?
+
Removing unused stopped containers.
Container lifecycle management important?
+
To ensure stability, resource efficiency, and
reliability.
Docker networking?
+
Docker networking enables communication between
containers and external systems.
Default Docker network?
+
The bridge network.
User-defined bridge network?
+
A custom bridge network with DNS support.
Host network?
+
A network mode where container shares host network
stack.
Is host network used?
+
For high-performance networking with no isolation.
Overlay network used for?
+
Connecting containers across different Docker hosts.
Macvlan network?
+
Assigns MAC address to container making it appear as
physical device.
Is macvlan used?
+
containers need direct access to physical network.
None network?
+
A network mode with no networking.
Container-to-container communication?
+
Communication using container names or IPs.
Port mapping?
+
Mapping container ports to host ports.
#NAME?
+
Publishes container ports to host.
Network isolation?
+
Separating container traffic for security.
DNS-based service discovery?
+
Resolving container names to IP addresses.
Docker ingress network?
+
Load balancing network for Docker Swarm services.
Network driver?
+
A plugin implementing network functionality.
Docker networking important?
+
It enables secure and scalable container communication.
Docker storage?
+
Docker storage manages persistent and non-persistent
container data.
Use Docker volumes?
+
To persist data beyond container lifetime.
Bind mount?
+
Mounting a host directory directly into a container.
Tmpfs mount?
+
An in-memory filesystem for temporary data.
Difference between volume and bind mount?
+
Volumes are Docker-managed; bind mounts use host paths.
Docker volumes stored?
+
In Docker’s managed directory on the host.
Volume driver?
+
A plugin managing volume storage.
Named volume?
+
A volume with an explicit name.
Anonymous volume?
+
A volume without a specific name.
Volume mounting?
+
Attaching a volume to a container path.
Docker volume create do?
+
Creates a new Docker volume.
Docker volume ls do?
+
Lists all Docker volumes.
Docker volume inspect do?
+
Displays volume metadata.
Docker volume rm do?
+
Removes unused volumes.
Volume pruning?
+
Removing unused volumes automatically.
Data persistence?
+
Retaining data across container restarts.
Read-only volume?
+
A volume mounted with read-only access.
Storage isolation?
+
Separating container data securely.
Docker storage important?
+
It ensures data durability and application reliability.
File does Docker Compose use?
+
docker-compose.yml.
Service in Docker Compose?
+
A definition of a container configuration.
Docker-compose up?
+
Starts all services defined in compose file.
Docker-compose down?
+
Stops and removes services, networks, and volumes.
Docker-compose build?
+
Builds images defined in compose file.
Docker-compose ps?
+
Lists running compose services.
Docker-compose logs?
+
Shows logs of services.
Docker-compose scale?
+
Scales service instances.
Service dependency?
+
Defining startup order using depends_on.
Environment section in compose?
+
Defines environment variables.
Volumes section in compose?
+
Defines volume mappings.
Networks section in compose?
+
Defines networks for services.
Restart policy in compose?
+
Defines service restart behavior.
Build context in compose?
+
Location of Dockerfile and files.
Image field in compose?
+
Specifies image to use.
Port mapping in compose?
+
Maps container ports to host.
Multi-container architecture?
+
Applications split into multiple cooperating
containers.
Use Docker Compose?
+
To simplify local development and testing.
Compose best practice?
+
Keep services small and configuration clear.
Container security important?
+
Containers share host resources and can be attack
vectors.
A group of Docker hosts acting as a single virtual
system.
Manager node?
+
A node responsible for orchestration and cluster
management.
Worker node?
+
A node that runs containers as instructed by managers.
Service in Docker Swarm?
+
A definition of how containers should run in the
cluster.
Task in Docker Swarm?
+
A running instance of a service.
Service replication?
+
Running multiple instances of a service.
Global service?
+
A service running one task per node.
Service rollback?
+
Reverting to previous service version.
Swarm load balancing?
+
Distributing traffic across service replicas.
Routing mesh?
+
Built-in Swarm load balancing network.
Secret management in Swarm?
+
Secure storage and injection of secrets.
Config management in Swarm?
+
Managing non-sensitive configuration data.
High availability in Swarm?
+
Ensuring service continuity despite failures.
Node failure handling?
+
Automatically rescheduling tasks on healthy nodes.
Production deployment?
+
Running applications reliably at scale.
Orchestration important?
+
It enables scalability, resilience, and automation.
Advantages of Kubernetes?
+
It provides automatic scaling, self-healing, load
balancing, rolling updates, service discovery, and multi-cloud support.
Kubernetes enables highly available and scalable microservice deployments.
Bridge network?
+
Bridge network is the default Docker network for
communication between containers on the same host.
Deploy multiple microservices to Docker?
+
Containerize each service separately and manage them
with Docker Compose or Kubernetes. Use service discovery and networking to
allow container-to-container communication.
Deploy multiple services across multiple host
machines?
+
Use Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, or cloud orchestration
tools. They handle load balancing, service discovery, networking, and
scaling across multiple hosts.
Deploy Spring Boot JAR to Docker?
+
Create a Dockerfile with a JDK base image and copy the
JAR. Expose the required port and run using ENTRYPOINT
["java","-jar","app.jar"]. Build and run using Docker commands.
Deploy Spring Boot Microservice to Docker?
+
Package the microservice as a JAR and create a
Dockerfile using a JDK base image. Copy the JAR file and expose the service
port. Build the Docker image and run the container using docker run -p : .
Deploy Spring Boot WAR to Docker?
+
Create a Dockerfile using a Tomcat base image and copy
the WAR file into the webapps folder. Build the Docker image using docker
build -t app . and run the container using docker run -p 8080:8080 app. This
deploys the WAR inside a Dockerized Tomcat environment.
ADD and COPY in Dockerfile?
+
COPY copies local files; ADD can copy local files
remote URLs and extract tar archives.
CMD and ENTRYPOINT in Dockerfile?
+
CMD sets default arguments for a container; ENTRYPOINT
configures the container to run as an executable.
Docker and virtual machines?
+
Docker containers share the host OS kernel and are
lightweight; VMs have their own OS and are heavier.
Docker bind mount and volume?
+
Bind mount maps host directories to containers; volumes
are managed by Docker for persistence and portability.
Docker Compose and Docker Swarm?
+
Docker Compose manages multi-container applications
locally; Docker Swarm is a container orchestration tool for clustering and
scaling containers.
Docker image layer and container layer?
+
Image layers are read-only; container layer is
read-write on top of image layers.
Docker run and Docker service create?
+
Docker run creates a standalone container; service
create deploys containers as a Swarm service with scaling.
Public and private Docker registries?
+
Public registry is accessible to everyone; private
registry restricts access to specific users or organizations.
DiffBet Kubernetes and Docker Swarm?
+
Docker Swarm is simpler and tightly integrates with
Docker, while Kubernetes is more powerful with advanced scheduling,
auto-scaling, and monitoring capabilities. Kubernetes is enterprise-grade,
Swarm suits smaller deployments.
Docker attach vs exec?
+
Attach connects to container stdin/stdout; exec runs a
command in a running container.
Docker attach?
+
Docker attach connects to a running container’s
standard input output and error streams.
Docker best practices?
+
Best practices include small images multi-stage builds
volume usage environment variables and secure secrets management.
Docker build ARG?
+
ARG defines a variable that can be passed during build
time.
Docker build cache?
+
Build cache stores image layers to speed up subsequent
builds.
Docker build?
+
Docker build creates an image from a Dockerfile.
Docker cache?
+
Docker cache stores previously built layers to speed up
future builds.
Docker CLI?
+
Docker CLI is a command-line interface to manage Docker
images containers networks and volumes.
Docker commit?
+
Docker commit creates a new image from a container’s
current state.
Docker compose down?
+
Docker compose down stops and removes containers
networks and volumes defined in a Compose file.
Docker compose logs?
+
Docker compose logs shows logs from all services in the
Compose application.
Docker compose scale?
+
Compose scale adjusts the number of container instances
for a service.
Docker compose up?
+
Docker compose up builds creates and starts containers
defined in a Compose file.
Docker config?
+
Docker config stores non-sensitive configuration data
for containers in Swarm mode.
Docker container commit?
+
Container commit creates a new image from a running
container.
Docker container restart?
+
Container restart stops and starts a container.
Docker context use?
+
Context use switches the active Docker environment or
endpoint.
Docker context?
+
Docker context allows switching between multiple Docker
environments or endpoints.
Docker diff?
+
Diff shows changes made to container filesystem since
creation.
Docker Engine?
+
Docker Engine is the core component of Docker that
creates and runs Docker containers.
Docker ENTRYPOINT vs CMD combination?
+
ENTRYPOINT defines executable; CMD provides default
arguments to ENTRYPOINT.
Docker ENV?
+
ENV sets environment variables inside a container at
build or run time.
Docker exec?
+
Docker exec runs a command inside a running container.
Docker EXPOSE?
+
EXPOSE documents the port on which the container
listens.
Docker health check?
+
Health check monitors container status and defines
conditions for healthy or unhealthy states.
Docker healthcheck command?
+
Healthcheck defines a command in Dockerfile to monitor
container status.
Docker Hub?
+
Docker Hub is a cloud-based registry to store and share
Docker images.
Docker image prune?
+
Image prune removes dangling (unused) images.
Docker inspect format?
+
Inspect format uses Go templates to extract specific
JSON fields.
Docker inspect?
+
Docker inspect returns detailed JSON information about
containers images or networks.
Docker kill vs stop?
+
Kill forces container termination; stop gracefully
stops and allows cleanup.
Docker layer?
+
Docker layer is a filesystem layer created for each
Dockerfile instruction during image build.
Docker load vs import?
+
Load imports an image from a tar file; import creates
an image from a filesystem archive.
Docker login?
+
Docker login authenticates a user with a Docker
registry.
Docker logout?
+
Docker logout removes saved credentials for a Docker
registry.
Docker logs -f?
+
Logs -f streams container logs in real-time.
Docker logs?
+
Docker logs display the standard output and error of a
running or stopped container.
Docker multi-stage build?
+
Multi-stage build reduces image size by using multiple
FROM statements in a Dockerfile for building and final image creation.
Docker network create?
+
Docker network create creates a new Docker network.
Docker network inspect?
+
Docker network inspect shows detailed information about
a network and connected containers.
Docker network ls?
+
Docker network ls lists all networks on the Docker
host.
Docker network types?
+
Types include bridge host overlay macvlan and none.
Docker network?
+
Docker network allows containers to communicate with
each other or with external networks.
Docker node?
+
Docker node is a Swarm cluster member (manager or
worker) managed by Docker.
Docker overlay network in Swarm?
+
Overlay network allows services across multiple nodes
to communicate securely.
Docker ports vs EXPOSE?
+
EXPOSE only documents; ports (-p) maps container ports
to host.
Docker prune -a?
+
Docker prune -a removes all stopped containers unused
networks images and optionally volumes.
Docker prune containers?
+
Prune containers removes stopped containers to free
space.
Docker prune volume?
+
Docker prune volume removes unused volumes.
Docker prune?
+
Docker prune removes unused containers networks volumes
or images.
Docker ps -a?
+
Docker ps -a lists all containers including stopped
ones.
Docker ps?
+
Docker ps lists running containers and their details.
Docker pull?
+
Docker pull downloads a Docker image from a registry.
Docker push?
+
Docker push uploads a Docker image to a registry.
Docker registry?
+
Docker registry stores Docker images; Docker Hub is a
public registry while private registries are also supported.
Docker replica?
+
Replica is an instance of a service running in a Swarm
cluster.
Docker restart always?
+
Restart always ensures the container restarts
automatically if it stops.
Docker restart policy?
+
Restart policy defines when a container should restart
e.g. always unless-stopped on-failure.
Docker rm?
+
Docker rm removes a stopped container.
Docker rmi?
+
Docker rmi removes a Docker image from the local
system.
Docker save vs export?
+
Save exports an image as a tar file; export exports a
container filesystem.
Docker secrets create adds a secret to the Swarm
cluster.
Docker secrets inspect?
+
Docker secrets inspect shows details of a specific
secret.
Docker secrets ls?
+
Docker secrets ls lists all secrets in the Swarm
cluster.
Docker secrets?
+
Docker secrets securely store sensitive data like
passwords or API keys for use in containers.
Docker security?
+
Docker security includes using least privilege scanning
images securing secrets and isolating containers.
Docker service update?
+
Docker service update updates a running service in a
Swarm cluster.
Docker service?
+
Docker service runs a container or group of containers
across a Swarm cluster with scaling and update capabilities.
Docker Stack?
+
Docker Stack is used in Docker Swarm to deploy and
manage multi-service applications defined in a Compose file. It supports
scaling, rolling updates, and distributed deployment across nodes.
Docker stop gracefully stops a container; Docker kill
forces termination.
Docker swarm init?
+
Docker swarm init initializes a Docker host as a Swarm
manager.
Docker swarm join?
+
Docker swarm join adds a node to a Swarm cluster.
Docker Swarm?
+
Docker Swarm is a native clustering and orchestration
tool for Docker allowing management of multiple Docker hosts.
Docker system df?
+
Docker system df shows disk usage of images containers
volumes and build cache.
Docker tag?
+
Docker tag assigns a new name or version to an image.
Docker top vs exec?
+
Top shows running processes; exec runs a new command in
container.
Docker top?
+
Docker top shows running processes inside a container.
Docker USER?
+
USER sets the username or UID to run the container
process.
Docker volume create?
+
Docker volume create creates a new persistent volume
for containers.
Docker volume ls?
+
Docker volume ls lists all Docker volumes on the host.
Docker volume?
+
A Docker volume is a persistent storage mechanism to
store data outside the container filesystem.
Docker WORKDIR?
+
WORKDIR sets the working directory for container
commands.
Dockerfile used for?
+
A Dockerfile contains a set of instructions to build a
Docker image automatically. It defines the base image, application code,
dependencies, environment variables, and commands to run the app inside a
container.
Kubernetes Namespaces?
+
Namespaces logically isolate clusters into multiple
virtual environments. They help manage resources, security policies, and
team separation in large applications.
Overlay network?
+
Overlay network connects containers across multiple
Docker hosts in a Swarm cluster.
Rolling update in Docker?
+
Rolling update updates service replicas gradually to
avoid downtime.
Scenarios where Java developers use Docker?
+
Docker is used for creating consistent dev
environments, Microservices deployment, CI/CD pipelines, testing distributed
systems, isolating services, and running different Java versions without
conflicts.
Restart Policy
+
In Docker, when we talk about policy, it usually refers
to the restart policies of containers.
Always policy:-
+
If container manual is off and always policy is set to
on then container will only start when "docker daemon restart"
Unless-stopped:-
+
If a container is down due to an error and has an
Unless-stopped policy, it will only restart when you "restart docker daemon"
On-failure:-
+
When a container shuts down due to an error and has a
no-failure policy, the container will restart itself.
Max Retry in on-failure Policy (English)
+
When you use the on-failure restart policy in Docker,
you can set a maximum retry count.
Port Mapping
+
® Every Docker container has its own network namespace
(like a mini-computer).
Networking
+
Docker networking is how containers communicate with
each other, with the host machine, and with the outside world (internet).
Volume
+
® By default, anything you save inside a container is
temporary.
Local mount Create a Volume
+
Command:-
Create a Image for Docker Commit Method Commands :-
+
Vim index.html
Dockerfile
+
® A Dockerfile is a text file that contains a set of
instructions to build a Docker Image.
Draw.io / Lucidchart
+
Benefit of using cloud-based diagram tools?
+
No installation required, supports remote
collaboration, version history, and easy sharing.
Can draw.io integrate with jira or confluence?
+
Yes, via plugins, Draw.io diagrams can be embedded in
Jira issues and Confluence pages for collaborative documentation.
Diffbet draw.io and lucidchart?
+
Draw.io is free and open-source; Lucidchart is paid
with advanced collaboration, templates, and integration features.
Draw.io?
+
Draw.io is a free web-based diagramming tool for
flowcharts, org charts, network, and architecture diagrams.
Lucidchart?
+
Lucidchart is a cloud-based diagramming tool similar to
Visio, with collaboration, real-time editing, and integration with apps like
Google Workspace.
Shape formatting in draw.io or lucidchart?
+
Shapes can be customized with colors, borders, shadows,
and labels to improve clarity and visual hierarchy.
To collaborate in lucidchart?
+
Real-time editing, commenting, and version control
allow multiple users to work together on diagrams.
To export diagrams in draw.io?
+
Diagrams can be exported as PNG, JPG, PDF, SVG, or VSDX
for offline use.
You link diagrams to live data?
+
Some tools allow linking shapes to data sources like
Google Sheets, Excel, or databases to reflect dynamic information.
You maintain version history in lucidchart?
+
Lucidchart automatically tracks changes; you can
restore or view previous versions via the revision history panel.
Lazy Loading, Eager Loading, and Explicit Loading?
+
Lazy Loading loads on demand; Eager Loading loads with
the initial query; Explicit Loading loads manually when needed.
LINQ to Entities and LINQ to Objects in EF?
+
LINQ to Entities translates queries to SQL for
database; LINQ to Objects operates on in-memory objects.
POCO and EntityObject?
+
POCO (Plain Old CLR Object) is a simple class without
EF dependency; EntityObject derives from EF base classes and is tightly
coupled with EF.
RowVersion/ConcurrencyToken and Timestamp in EF?
+
Both are used for optimistic concurrency; Timestamp is
SQL Server-specific byte array, ConcurrencyToken can be any property marked
for concurrency.
SaveChanges() and SaveChangesAsync()?
+
SaveChanges() is synchronous; SaveChangesAsync() is
asynchronous and non-blocking.
SingleOrDefault() and FirstOrDefault() in EF?
+
SingleOrDefault() expects exactly one match and throws
if multiple; FirstOrDefault() returns the first match without error if
multiple.
TPH and TPT inheritance in EF?
+
TPH uses one table for all types; TPT uses separate
table for each type.
TPH, TPT, and Table-per-Concrete Class inheritance?
+
TPH stores all types in one table; TPT stores each type
in separate table; Table-per-Concrete stores each concrete class in its own
table.
DiffBet EF and ADO.NET?
+
EF abstracts SQL into objects (ORM), while ADO.NET
requires manual SQL queries and dataset manipulation.
Different approaches of Entity Framework?
+
Database-First, Model-First, and Code-First approaches.
Eager Loading in EF?
+
Eager Loading retrieves related data along with the
main entity using Include() method.
EF Core async operations?
+
EF Core supports async versions of query and save
methods, improving scalability and non-blocking I/O.
EF Core batch operations?
+
Batch operations execute multiple insert, update, or
delete commands in a single database round-trip.
EF Core cascade delete?
+
Cascade delete automatically deletes dependent entities
when principal entity is deleted.
EF Core Change Tracker?
+
Change Tracker keeps track of entity changes in the
context for insert, update, and delete operations.
EF Core concurrency handling?
+
EF Core uses concurrency tokens or timestamps to detect
conflicting updates and prevent data loss.
EF Core connection pooling?
+
Connection pooling reuses database connections for
performance optimization.
EF Core database seeding?
+
Seeding populates database with initial or test data
during migrations or startup.
EF Core DbContext pooling?
+
DbContext pooling reuses context instances to reduce
memory allocation and improve performance in high-load applications.
EF Core migrations rollback?
+
Migrations rollback allows reverting database schema to
previous state using Remove-Migration or Update-Database commands.
EF Core owned entity?
+
Owned entity is a dependent entity type whose lifecycle
is tied to the owner and shares the same table.
EF Core owned types vs complex types?
+
Owned types are dependent entities with lifecycle tied
to owner; complex types in EF6 were similar but without EF Core features.
EF Core query types (keyless entity)?
+
Keyless entities represent database views or tables
without primary keys, used for read-only queries.
EF Core shadow key?
+
A key property not defined in CLR class but maintained
in EF model for relationships.
EF Core shadow property?
+
Property not defined in class but maintained in EF Core
model for mapping or foreign keys.
EF Core table splitting?
+
Table splitting stores multiple entity types in the
same database table.
EF Core tracking vs no-tracking queries?
+
Tracking queries track changes for update; no-tracking
queries improve read performance without change tracking.
EF Core value conversion?
+
Value conversion transforms property values between CLR
type and database type during read/write operations.
Entity Framework?
+
EF is an ORM for .NET that maps database tables to C#
classes, enabling developers to work with data as objects without writing
SQL.
Execute raw SQL in EF?
+
Use context.Database.SqlQuery<T>()
for queries or context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand() for commands.
Explicit Loading in EF?
+
Explicit Loading loads related data manually using
Load() method on navigation properties.
Foreign key property in EF?
+
Foreign key property stores the key of a related entity
to define relationships.
Keyless entity type in EF Core?
+
Keyless entity type does not have a primary key and is
used for read-only queries like views.
Lazy Loading in EF?
+
Lazy Loading delays loading of related data until it is
accessed for the first time.
Migration in EF Code-First?
+
Migration is a feature that allows updating the
database schema incrementally when the model changes.
Model-First approach in EF?
+
Model-First approach allows creating the EF model
visually, and EF generates the database schema from it.
Navigation properties?
+
Properties in entities used to represent relationships
between tables (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many).
Navigation property in EF?
+
Navigation property represents a relationship between
two entities, allowing navigation from one entity to another.
No-Tracking query in EF?
+
No-Tracking query does not track changes to entities
and improves performance for read-only operations using AsNoTracking().
Optimistic concurrency in EF?
+
Optimistic concurrency allows multiple users to work on
data and checks for conflicts when saving changes.
Owned entity type in EF Core?
+
Owned entity type shares the same table with owner
entity and cannot exist independently.
Shadow property in EF Core?
+
A property maintained by EF model but not defined in
CLR class, used for tracking or foreign keys.
Shadow property in EF?
+
Shadow property is a property in EF model not defined
in CLR class but maintained in the EF model and database.
Tracking query in EF?
+
A tracking query tracks changes to entities retrieved
from the database so that changes can be persisted back.
Types of EF approaches?
+
Database First: Generates classes from an existing DB,
Model First: Create model, then generate DB, Code First: Classes define
schema, DB generated automatically
Everything About Devops
+
We need DevOps
+
To fulfil the need of delivering more and faster and
betterapplication to meet more and more demands of users, we need DevOps.
DevOps helpsdeployment to happen really fast compared to any other
traditional tools.
Mention the key aspects or principle behindDevOps
+
The key aspects or principle behind DevOps is :
Infrastructure as a Code Continuous Integration ContinuousDeployment
Automation Continuous Monitoring Security
Version ControlSystem (VCS) is a software that
helpssoftware developers to work together and maintain a complete his tory
of theirwork. Some of the feature of VCS as follows: Allow developers towok
simultaneously Does not allow overwriting on each other changes. Maintainthe
his tory of every version. There are two types of Version ControlSystems:
Central Version ControlSystem, Ex: Git, Bitbucket Dis tributed/Decentralized
Version ControlSystem, Ex:SVN
Git and explain the difference between Git andSVN
+
Git is a source code management (SCM) toolwhich
handlessmall as well as large projects with efficiency. It is basically used
to storeour repositories in remote server such as GitHub. GIT SVN Git is a
Decentralized Version ControlTool SVN is a Centralized Version ControlTool
Git contains the local repo as well asthe full his tory of the whole project
on all the developershard drive, so if there is a server outage , you can
easilydo recovery from your team mates local git repo. SVN relies only on
the central server tostore all the versions of the project file Push and
pull operations are fast Push and pull operations are slowercompared to Git
It belongs to 3 rd generation Version ControlTool It belongs to 2 nd
generation Version Controltools Client nodes can share the
entirerepositories on their local system Version his tory is stored on
server-siderepository Commits can be done offline too Commits can be done
only online Work are shared automatically bycommit Nothing is shared
automatically
Language is used in Git
+
Git is written in C language, and since its written in
Clanguage its very fast and reduces the overhead of runtimes.
SubGit
+
SubGit is a toolfor migrating SVN to Git. It creates
awritable Git mirror of a local or remote Subversion repository and uses
bothSubversion and Git if you like.
Clone a Git repository via Jenkins
+
First, we must enter the e-mail and user name for
yourJenkins system, then switch into your job directory and execute the
“gitconfig” command.
Advantages of Ansible
+
Agentless, it doesn’t require any extrapackage/daemons
to be installed Very low overhead Good performance Idempotent Very Easy to
learn Declarative not procedural
Use of Ansible
+
Ansible is mainly used in IT infrastructure to manage
ordeploy applications to remote nodes. Let’s say we want to deploy
oneapplication in 100’s of nodes by just executing one command, then
Ansibleis the one actually coming into the picture but should have some
knowledge onAnsible script to understand or execute the same.
Difference between Ansible Playbookand Roles
+
Roles Playbooks Roles are reusable subsets of aplay.
Playbooks contain Plays. A set of tasks for accomplis hing certainrole.
Mapps among hosts and roles. Example: common, webservers. Example: site.yml,
fooservers.yml,webservers.yml.
See a lis t of all the ansible_variables
+
Ansible by default gathers “facts” about themachines,
and these facts can be accessed in Playbooks and in templates. To seea lis t
of all the facts that are available about a machine, you can run the“setup”
module as an ad-hoc action: Ansible -m setup hostname This will print out a
dictionary of all the facts that areavailable for that particular host.
Docker Container
+
Docker Container is the running instance of
DockerImage.
Can we consider DevOps as Agile methodology
+
Of Course, we can!! The only difference between
agilemethodology and DevOps is that, agile methodology is implemented only
fordevelopment section and DevOps implements agility on both development as
well asoperations section.
Advantages of using Git
+
Data redundancy and replication High availability Only
one. git directory per repository Superior dis k utilization and network
performanceCollaboration friendly Git can use any sort of projects.
Difference between grep -i and grep -v
+
I ignore alphabet difference V accept this value ex) ls
|grep -i docker Dockerfile docker.tar.gz ls | grep -v docker Desktop
Dockerfile DocumentsDownloads You can’t see anything with name docker.tar.gz
Q1) How can you define particular space to the file This feature is
generally used to give the swap space to theserver. Lets say in below
machine I have to create swap space of 1GBthen, dd if=/dev/zero
of=/swapfile1 bs=1G count=1
Jenkins Pipeline
+
Jenkins Pipeline (or simply “Pipeline”) is asuite of
plugins which supports implementing and integrating continuous
deliverypipelines into Jenkins.
Stop and restart the Docker container
+
To stop the container: docker stop container ID Now to
restart the Docker container: docker restartcontainer ID
Platforms does Docker run on
+
Docker runs on only Linux and Cloud platforms: Ubuntu
12.04 LTS+ Fedora 20+ RHEL 6.5+ CentOS 6+ Gentoo ArchLinux openSUSE 12.3+
CRUX 3.0+ Cloud: Amazon EC2 Google Compute Engine Microsoft Azure Rackspace
Note that Docker does not run on Windows or Mac forproduction as there is no
support, yes you can use it for testing purpose evenin windows
Tools used for docker networking
+
For docker networking we generally use kubernets and
dockerswarm.
Docker compose
+
Lets say you want to run multiple docker container, at
thattime you have to create the docker compose file and type the
commanddocker-compose up. It will run all the containers mentioned in docker
composefile.
Commit object contain
+
Commit object contain the following components: It
contains a set of files, representing the state of aproject at a given point
of time reference to parent commit objects An SHAI name, a 40-character
string that uniquely identifiesthe commit object (also called as hash).
Explain the difference between git pull and gitfetch
+
Git pull command basically pulls any new changes or
commitsfrom a branch from your central repository and updates your target
branch inyour local repository. Git fetch is also used for the same purpose,
but itsslightly different form Git pull. When you trigger a git fetch, it
pulls all newcommits from the desired branch and stores it in a new branch
in your localrepository. If we want to reflect these changes in your target
branch, git fetchmust be followed with a git merge. Our target branch will
only be updated aftermerging the target branch and fetched branch. Just to
make it easy for us,remember the equation below: Git pull = git fetch + git
merge
Know in Git if a branch has already beenmerged into
master
+
git branch –merged The above command lis ts the
branches that have been mergedinto the current branch. git branch –no-merged
this command lis ts the branches that have not beenmerged.
‘Staging Area’ or‘Index’ in GIT
+
Before committing a file, it must be formatted and
reviewedin an intermediate area known as ‘Staging Area’ or ‘IndexingArea’.
#git add
Git stash drop
+
Git ‘stash drop’ command is basically used toremove the
stashed item. It will basically remove the last added stash item bydefault,
and it can also remove a specific item if you include it as anargument. I
have provided an example below: If you want to remove any particular stash
item from thelis t of stashed items you can use the below commands: git
stash lis t: It will dis play the lis t of stashed items asfollows:
stash@{0}: WIP on master: 049d080 added the index filestash@{1}: WIP on
master: c265351 Revert “added files” stash@{2}:WIP on master: 13d80a5 added
number to log
Function of ‘gitconfig’
+
Git uses our username to associate commits with an
identity.The git config command can be used to change our Git configuration,
includingyour username. Suppose you want to give a username and email id
toassociate commit with an identity so that you can know who has made a
commit.For that I will use: git config –global user.name “Your Name”:This
command will add your username. git config –global user.email “Your
E-mailAddress”: This command will add your email id.
Create a repository in Git
+
To create a repository, you must create a directory for
theproject if it does not exis t, then run command “git init”. Byrunning
this command .git directory will be created inside the projectdirectory.
Describe the branching strategies you haveused
+
Generally, they ask this question to understand
yourbranching knowledge Feature branching This model keeps all the changes
for a feature inside of abranch. When the feature branch is fully tested and
validated by automatedtests, the branch is then merged into master. Task
branching In this task branching model each task is implemented on itsown
branch with the task key included in the branch name. It is quite easy tosee
which code implements which task, just look for the task key in the
branchname. Release branching Once the develop branch has acquired enough
features for arelease, then we can clone that branch to form a Release
branch. Creating this release branch starts the next release cycle, so no
new features can be addedafter this point, only bug fixes, documentation
generation, and otherrelease-oriented tasks should go in this branch. Once
it’s ready to ship,the release gets merged into master and then tagged with
a version number. Inaddition, it should be merged back into develop branch,
which may haveprogressed since the release was initiated earlier.
Jenkins
+
Jenkins is an open source continuous integration
toolwhichis written in Java language. It keeps a track on version
controlsystem and toinitiate and monitor a build system if any changes
occur. It monitors the wholeprocess and provides reports and notifications
to alert the concern team.
Difference between Maven, Ant andJenkins
+
Maven and Ant are Build Technologies whereas Jenkins is
acontinuous integration(CI/CD) tool.
Explain what is continuous integration
+
When multiple developers or teams are working on
differentsegments of same web application, we need to perform integration
test byintegrating all the modules. To do that an automated process for each
piece ofcode is performed on daily bases so that all your code gets tested.
And this whole process is termed as continuous integration.
Relation between Hudson andJenkins
+
Hudson was the earlier name of current Jenkins. After
someis sue faced, the project name was changed from Hudson to Jenkins.
Advantages of Jenkins
+
Advantage of using Jenkins Bug tracking is easy at
early stage in developmentenvironment. Provides a very large numbers of
plugin support. Iterative improvement to the code, code is basically
dividedinto small sprints. Build failures are cached at integration stage.
For each code commit changes an automatic build reportnotification get
generated. To notify developers about build report success or failure,it can
be integrated with LDAP mail server. Achieves continuous integrationagile
development and test-driven development environment. With simple steps,
maven release project can also beautomated.
Steps to set up Jenkins job as follows: Select new item
from the menu. After that enter a name for the job (it can be anything)
andselect free-style job. Then click OK to create new job in
Jenkinsdashboard. The next page enables you to configure your job, andit’s
done.
Your daily activities in your currentrole
+
Working on JIRA Tickets Builds and Deployments
Resolving is sues when builds and deployments fails bycoordinating and
collaborating with the dev team Infrastructuremaintenance Monitoring health
of applications
Challenges you faced in recenttimes
+
I need to implement trending technologies like Docker
toautomate the configuration management activities in my project by
showingPOC.
Build and deployment failures you got andhow you
resolved those
+
I use to get most of the time out of memory is sue. So
Ifixed this is sue by restarting the server which is not best practice. I
did thepermanent fix by increase the Perm Gen Space and Heap Space.
I want a file that consis ts of last 10 lines of
thesome other file
+
Tail -10 filename >filename
Echo $
+
Q51) I want to get the information from file which
consis tsof the word “GangBoard” grep “GangBoard” filename Q52) I want to
search the files with the name of“GangBoard” find / -type f -name
“*GangBoard*”
Write a shell script to print only primenumbers
+
prime.sh echo "1" i=3j=300 flag=0 tem=2 echo "1"while [
$i -ne $j ] do temp=`echo $i` while [ $temp -ne $tem ] do temp=`expr $temp -
1` n=`expr $i % $temp` if [ $n -eq 0 -a $flag -eq 0 ] then flag=1 fi done if
[ $flag -eq 0 ] then else fi echo $i flag=0 i=`expr $i + 1` done
Pass the parameters to the script and Iget those
parameters
+
Scriptname.sh parameter1 parameter2 I will use $* to
get theparameters.
Default file permis sions for the file andhow can I
modify it
+
Default file permis sions are : rw-r—r— If I want to
change the default file permis sions I need touse umask command ex: umask
666
Do the releases
+
There are some steps to follow. Create a check lis t
Create a release branch Bump the version Merge release branch to master &
tag it. Use a Pull request to merge the release merge Deploy masterto Prod
Environment Merge back into develop & delete release branch Changelog
generation Communicating with stack holders Grooming the is suetracker
Automate the whole build and releaseprocess
+
Check out a set of source code files. Compile the code
and report on progress along the way. Runautomated unit tests against
successful compiles. Create an installer. Publis h the installer to a
download site, and notify teamsthat the installer is available. Run the
installer to create an installedexecutable. Run automated tests against the
executable. Report theresults of the tests. Launch a subordinate project to
update standard libraries.Promote executables and other files to QA for
further testing. Deploy finis hed releases to production environments, such
asWeb servers or CD manufacturing. The above process will be done by Jenkins
by creating thejobs. Q) I have 50 jobs in the Jenkins dash board , I want
tobuild at a time all the jobs In Jenkins there is a plugin called build
after otherprojects build. We can provide job names over there and If one
parent job runthen it will automatically run the all other jobs. Or we can
use Pipe linejobs.
I integrate all the tools with Jenkins
+
I have to navigate to the manage Jenkins and then
globaltoolconfigurations there you have to provide all the details such as
Git URL ,Java version, Maven version , Path etc.
Install Jenkins via Docker
+
The steps are: Open up a terminal window. Download the
jenkinsci/blueocean image & run it as acontainer in Docker using the
following docker run
command:(https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/) docker
run \ -u root \ –rm \ -d \ -p 8080:8080 \ -p50000:50000 \ -v
jenkins-data:/var/jenkins_home \ -v
/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \jenkinsci/blueocean Proceed to
the Post-installation setup
wizard(https://jenkins.io/doc/book/installing/#setup-wizard) Accessing
theJenkins/Blue Ocean Docker container docker exec -it jenkins-blueoceanbash
Accessing the Jenkins console log through Docker logsdockerlogs Accessing
the Jenkins home directorydockerexec -it bash
Did you ever participated in Prod DeploymentsIf
yeswhat is the procedure
+
Yes I have participated, we need to follow the
followingsteps in my point of view Preparation & Planning : What kind of
system/technologywas supposed to run on what kind of machine The
specifications regarding theclustering of systems How all these stand-alone
boxes were going to talk to eachother in a foolproof manner Production setup
should be documented to bits. It needs tobe neat, foolproof, and
understandable. It should have all a system configurations, IP
addresses,system specifications, & installation instructions. It needs to be
updatedas & when any change is made to the production environment of
thesystem
My application is not coming up for some reasonHowcan
you bring it up
+
We need to follow the steps Network connection The Web
Server is not receiving users’s requestChecking the logs Checking the
process id’s whether services are runningor not The Application Server is
not receiving user’srequest(Check the Application Server Logs and Processes)
A network level‘connection reset’ is happening somewhere.
Did you automate anything in your projectPleaseexplain
+
Yes I have automated couple of things such as
Passwordexpiry automation Deleting the older log files Code quality
threshold violations etc.
IaCHow you will achieve this
+
Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the management
ofinfrastructure (networks, virtual machines, load balancers, and
connectiontopology) in a descriptive model, using the same versioning as
DevOps team usesfor source code. This will be achieved by using the tools
such as Chef, Puppetand Ansible etc.
Multifactor authenticationuse ofit
+
Multifactor authentication (MFA) is a security system
thatrequires more than one method of authentication from independent
categories ofcredentials to verify the user’s identity for a login or
othertransaction. Security for every enterpris e user — end &privileged
users, internal and external Protect across enterpris e resources — cloud
&on-prem apps, VPNs, endpoints, servers, privilege elevation and more Reduce
cost & complexity with an integrated identityplatform
I want to copy the artifacts from one location
toanother location in cloudHow
+
Create two S3 buckets, one to use as the source, and
theother to use as the destination and then create policies.
I modify the commit message in git
+
I have to use following command and enter the
requiredmessage. Git commit –amend Q) avoid the waiting time for the
triggeredjobs in Jenkins. First I will check the Slave nodes capacity, If it
is fullyloaded then I will add the slave node by doing the following
process. Go to the Jenkins dashboard -> Manage Jenkins ->ManageNodes Create
the new node a By giving the all required fields and launch the slavemachine
as you want.
Pros and Cons of Ansible
+
Pros: Open Source Agent less Improved efficiency ,
reduce cost Less Maintenance Easy to understand yaml files Cons:
Underdeveloped GUI with limited features Increased focus on orchestration
over configurationmanagement SSH communication slows down in scaled
environments
Handle the merge conflicts in git
+
Follow the steps Create Pull request Modify according
to the requirement by sitting withdevelopers Commit the correct file to the
branch Merge the current branch with master branch.
I want to delete 10 days older log filesHow canI
+
There is a command in unix to achieve this task find
-mtime +10 -name “*.log” -exec rm -f {} \; 2>/dev/null
Difference among chef, puppet andansible
+
Chef Puppet Ansible Interoperability Works Only on
Linux/Unix Works Only on Linux/Unix Supports Windows but server should
beLinux/U Conf. Language It uses Ruby Puppet DSL YAML (Python) Availability
Primary Server and Backup Server Multi Master Architecture Single Active
Node
Get the Inventory variables defined for thehost
+
We need to use the following command Ansible – m debug-
a“var=hostvars[‘hostname’]”localhost(10.92.62.215)
Take backup for Jenkins
+
Copy JENKINS_HOME directory and “jobs” directoryto
replicate it in another server
Deploy docker container to aws
+
Amazon provides the service called Amazon Elastic
ContainerService; By using this creating and configuring the task definition
and serviceswe will launch the applications.
I want to change the default port number of
apachetomcatHow
+
Go to the tomcat folder and navigate to the conf
folderthere you will find a server.xml file. You can change connector port
tag as youwant.
In how many ways you can install the Jenkins
+
We can install Jenkins in 3 Ways By downloading
Jenkinsarchive file By running as a service Java –jar Jenkins.war By
deploying Jenkins.war to the webapps folder intomcat.
Run Jenkins job from command line
+
We have a Jenkins CLI from there we need to use the
curlcommand curl -X POST -u YOUR_USER:YOUR_USER_PASSWORD
http://YOUR_JENKINS_URL/job/YOUR_JOB/build
Do tagging in git
+
We have following command to create tags in git Git
tagv0.1
Connect a container to a network when itstarts
+
We need to use a following command docker run -itd
–network=multi-host-networkbusybox
Do code commit and code deploy incloud
+
Create a deployment environment Get a copy of the
samplecode Create your pipeline Activate your pipeline Commit a change and
update the App.
Access variable names in Ansible
+
Using hostvars method we can access and add the
variableslike below {{ hostvars[inventory_hostname][‘ansible_’ +
which_interface][‘ipv4’][‘address’] }}
Zones the Version controlcan acquaintwith get
proficient DevOps practice
+
A clearly fundamental region of Version Controlis
Sourcecode the executives, Where each engineer code ought to be pushed to a
typicalstorehouse for keeping up assemble and dis charge in CI/CD pipelines.
Another territory can be Version controlFor Adminis tratorswhen they use
Infrastructure as A Code (IAC) apparatuses and rehearses forkeeping up The
Environment setup. Another Area of Version Controlframework Can be
ArtifactoryManagement Using Repositories like Nexus and DockerHub
Opensource apparatuses support DevOps
+
Opensource devices dominatingly utilized by any
associationadjusting (or) embraced DevOps pipelines in light of the fact
thatdevops accompanied an attention on robotization in different parts
ofassociation manufacture and dis charge and change the executives and
furthermoreframework the board zones. So creating or utilizing a solitary
apparatus is unthinkableand furthermore everything is fundamentally an
experimentation period ofadvancement and furthermore coordinated chops down
the advantage of building upa solitary device , so opensource devices were
accessible available practicallyspares each reason and furthermore gives
association a choice to assess thedevice dependent on their need.
Dis tinction among Ansible and chef(or)manikin
+
Ansible is Agentless design the board device, where
manikinor gourmet expert needs operator should be kept running on the
specialis t huband culinary specialis t or manikin depends on draw
demonstrate, where yourcookbook or show for gourmet expert and manikin
separately from the ace will bepulled by the operator and ansible uses ssh
to convey and it gives informationdriven guidelines to the hubs should be
overseen , progressively like RPCexecution, ansible utilizations YAML
scripting, though manikin (or) culinaryspecialis t is worked by ruby uses
their own DSL .
Jinja2 templating in ansible playbooks andtheir
utilization
+
Jinja2 templating is the Python standard for templating
,consider it like a sed editorial manager for Ansible , where it very well
may beutilized is when there is a requirement for dynamic change of any
config recordto any application like consider mapping a MySQL application to
the IP addressof the machine, where it is running, it can’t be static , it
needsmodifying it progressively at runtime. Arrangement The vars inside the
supports are supplanted by ansible whilerunning utilizing layout module.
Requirement for sorting out playbooks asthe job, is it
vital
+
Arranging playbooks as jobs , gives greater clarity
andreusability to any plays , while consider an errand where MySQL establis
hmentought to be done after the evacuation of Oracle DB , and another
prerequis ite is expected to introduce MySQL after java establis hment, in
the two cases we haveto introduce MySQL , yet without jobs need to compose
playbooks independentlyfor both use cases , yet utilizing jobs once the
MySQL establis hment job is madecan be used any number of times by summoning
utilizing rationale in site.yaml. No, it is n’t important to make jobs for
eachsituation, however making jobs is the best practice in Ansible.
Fundamental dis service of Dockerholders
+
As the lifetime of any compartments is while pursuing
aholder is wrecked you can’t recover any information inside a
compartment,the information inside a compartment is lost perpetually,
however tenaciouscapacity for information inside compartments should be
possible utilizingvolumes mount to an outer source like host machine and any
NFS drivers.
Docker motor and docker form
+
Docker motor contacts the docker daemon inside the
machineand makes the runtime condition and procedure for any compartment,
docker makeconnects a few holders to shape as a stack utilized in making
application stackslike LAMP, WAMP, XAMP
Different modes does a holder can berun
+
Docker holder can be kept running in two modes
Connected: Where it will be kept running in the forefront ofthe framework
you are running, gives a terminal inside to compartment when– t choice is
utilized with it, where each log will be diverted to stdoutscreen. is
olates: This mode is typically kept running underway,where the holder is
confined as a foundation procedure and each yield inside acompartment will
be diverted log recordsinside/var/lib/docker/logs/ / andwhich can be seen by
docker logs order.
Yield of docker assess order will be
+
Docker examines will give yield in JSONposition,
contains subtleties like the IP address of the compartmentinside the docker
virtual scaffold and volume mount data and each other dataidentified with
host (or) holder explicit like the basic document driverutilized, log driver
utilized. docker investigate [OPTIONS] NAME|ID [NAME|ID…]Choices Name,
shorthand Default Description group, – f Format the yield utilizing the
given Golayout measure, – s Dis play all out document sizes if thesort is
the compartment type Return JSON for a predefined type
Order can be utilized to check the assetusage by
docker holders
+
Docker details order can be utilized to check the
assetusage of any docker holder, it gives the yield practically equivalent
to Topdirection in Linux, it shapes the base for compartment asset
observinginstruments like a counsel, which gets yield from docker details
order. docker details [OPTIONS] [CONTAINER…] Choices Name, shorthand Default
Description all, – a Show all holders (default demonstrates simplyrunning)
group Pretty-print pictures utilizing a Go layout no-stream Dis able
spilling details and just draw the mainoutcome no-trunc Do not truncate
yield
Execute some errand (or) play on localhost justwhile
executing playbooks on various has on an ansible
+
In ansible, there is a module called delegate_to, in
this module area give the specific host (or) has where your errands (or)
assignmentshould be run. undertakings: name: ” Elasticsearch Hitting”
Where a set_fact sets the incentive for a factor at one
timeand stays static, despite the fact that the esteem is very powerful and
varscontinue changing according to the esteem continues changing for
thevariable. assignments: set_fact: fact_time: “Truth: ” troubleshoot:
var=fact_timeorder: rest 2 troubleshoot: var=fact_time assignments: name:
queries in factors versus queries in realities has:localhost vars: var_time:
“Var: ” Despite the fact that the query for the date has beenutilized in
both the cases, wherein the vars are utilized it modifies dependenton an
opportunity to time each time executed inside the playbook lifetime. Bethat
as it may, Fact dependably continues as before once query is finis hed
Query in ansible and what are query modulesbolstered
by ansible
+
Query modules enable access to information in Ansible
fromoutside sources. These modules are assessed on the Ansible
controlmachine andcan incorporate perusing the filesystem yet in addition
reaching outsideinformation stores and adminis trations. Organization is
{lookup{‘ ’,' ’}}A portion of the query modules upheld by ansible are
Document pipe redis jinja layouts etcd kv store
Erase the docker pictures put away atyour nearby
machine and do it for every one of the pictureswithout a moment’s delay
+
The direction docker RMI can be utilized toerase the
docker picture from nearby machine, though a few pictures may shouldbe
constrained in light of the fact that the picture might be utilized by
someother holder (or) another picture , to erase pictures you can utilize
the mix ofdirections by docker RMI $(docker pictures – q), where docker
pictures willgive the docker picture names, to get just the ID of docker
pictures just , weare utilizing – q switch with docker pictures order.
Organizers in the Jenkins establis hmentand their
employments
+
JENKINS_HOME – which will be/$JENKINS_USER/.jenkins
itis the root envelope of any Jenkins establis hment and it contains
subfolderseach for various purposes. employments/ – Folder contains all the
data prettymuch every one of the occupations arranged in the Jenkins
example. Inside employments/, you will have the envelope made foreach
activity and inside those organizers, you will have fabricate organizers
asindicated by each form numbers each form will have its log records, which
we seein Jenkins web support. Modules/ – where all your modules will
berecorded. Workspace/ – this will be available to hold all theworkspace
documents like your source code pulled from SCM.
Approaches to design Jenkinsframework
+
Jenkins can be designed in two different ways Web:
Where there is a choice called design a framework, intheir area, you can
make all setup changes. Manual on filesystem: Where each change should
likewis e bepossible straightforwardly on the Jenkins config.xml document
under the Jenkinsestablis hment catalog, after you make changes on the
filesystem, you have torestart your Jenkins, either can do it specifically
from terminal (or) you canutilize Reload setup from plate under oversee
Jenkins menu or you canhit/restart endpoint straightforwardly.
Job Of HTTP REST API in DevOps
+
As DevOps is absolutely centers around Automating
yourframework and gives changes over the pipeline to various stages like an
everyCI/CD pipeline will have stages like form, test, mental soundness test,
UAT,Deployment to Prod condition similarly as with each phase there are
diversedevices is utilized and dis tinctive innovation stack is dis played
and thereshould be an approach to incorporate with various instrument for
finis hing anarrangement toolchain, there comes a requirement for HTTP API ,
where eachapparatus speaks with various devices utilizing API , and even
client canlikewis e utilize SDK to interface with various devices like BOTOX
for Python tocontact AWS API’s for robotization dependent on occasions ,
these days itsnot cluster handling any longer , it is generally occasion
drivenpipelines
Q0) What are Micro services, and how they
controlproficient DevOps rehearses
+
Where In conventional engineering , each application is
stone monument application implies that anything is created by a gathering
ofdesigners, where it has been sent as a solitary application in numerous
machinesand presented to external world utilizing load balances, where the
microservices implies separating your application into little pieces, where
eachpiece serves the dis tinctive capacities expected to finis h a solitary
exchangeand by separating , designers can likewis e be shaped to gatherings
and each bitof utilization may pursue diverse rules for proficient
advancement stage, as aresult of spry improvement ought to be staged up a
bit and each adminis trationutilizes REST API (or) Message lines to convey
between anotheradminis tration. So manufacture and arrival of a non-strong
form may notinfluence entire design, rather, some usefulness is lost, that
gives theconfirmation to productive and quicker CI/CD pipelines and
DevOpsPractices.
Labels in Jenkins and where it tends tobe used
+
Similarly as with CI/CD arrangement should be
concentrated ,where each application in the association can be worked by a
solitary CI/CDserver , so in association there might be various types of
utilization likejava, c#,.NET and so forth, likewis e with microservices
approach yourprogramming stack is inexactly coupled for the task , so you
can have Labeled inevery hub and select the choice Only assembled
employments while namecoordinating this hub, so when a manufacture is
planned with the mark of the hubpresent in it, it hangs tight for next agent
in that hub to be accessible,despite the fact that there are different
agents in hubs.
Continuous Monitoring and why checking is basic in
DevOps
+
DevOps draws out each association capacity of fabricate
anddis charge cycle to be a lot shorter with an idea of CI/CD, where each
change is reflected into generation conditions fastly, so it should be
firmly observed toget client input. So the idea of constant checking has
been utilized to assessevery application execution progressively (at any
rate Near Real Time) , whereevery application is produced with application
execution screen specialis tsperfect and the granular dimension of
measurements are taken out like JVMdetails and even practical savvy
measurements inside the application canlikewis e be spilled out
progressively to Agents , which thusly provides for anybackend stockpiling
and that can be utilized by observing groups in dashboardsand cautions to
get persis tently screen the application.
Give a few instances of persis tent
observinginstruments
+
Where numerous persis tent observing instruments
areaccessible in the market, where utilized for an alternate sort of use
andsending model Docker compartments can be checked by consultant
operator,which can be utilized by Elasticsearch to store measurements (or)
you canutilize TICK stack (Telegraph, influxdb, Chronograph, Capacitor) for
eachframework observing in NRT(Near Real Time) and You can utilize Logstash
(or)Beats to gather Logs from framework , which thusly can utilize
Elasticsearch asStorage Backend can utilize Kibana (or) Grafana as vis
ualizer. The framework observing should be possible by Nagios andIcinga.
Microservices, and how they controlproductive DevOps
rehearses
+
Where In conventional engineering , each application is
stone monument application implies that anything is created by a gathering
ofdesigners, where it has been conveyed as a solitary application in
numerousmachines and presented to external world utilizing load balancers,
where themicroservices implies separating your application into little
pieces, where eachpiece serves the diverse capacities expected to finis h a
solitary exchange andby separating , engineers can likewis e be shaped to
gatherings and each bit ofutilization may pursue dis tinctive rules for
proficient advancement stage, onaccount of light-footed improvement ought to
be staged up a bit and eachadminis tration utilizes REST API (or) Message
lines to impart between anotheradminis tration. So manufacture and arrival
of a non-hearty variant may notinfluence entire design, rather, some
usefulness is lost, that gives theaffirmation to proficient and quicker
CI/CD pipelines and DevOpsPractices.
Manners in which that a pipeline can bemade in Jenkins
+
There are two different ways of a pipeline can be made
inJenkins Scripted Pipelines: Progressively like a programming approach
Explanatorypipelines: DSL approach explicitly to make Jenkins pipelines. The
pipeline ought to be made in Jenkins record and the areacan either be in SCM
or neighborhood framework. Definitive and Scripted Pipelines are developed
in a generalsense in an unexpected way. Explanatory Pipeline is a later
element of JenkinsPipeline which: gives more extravagant linguis tic
highlights over ScriptedPipeline sentence structure, and is intended to make
composing and perusingPipeline code simpler.
Labels in Jenkins and where it very wellmay be used
+
Likewis e with CI/CD arrangement should be incorporated
,where each application in the association can be worked by a solitary
CI/CDserver , so in association there might be various types of use like
java,c#,.NET and so forth, similarly as with microservices approach your
programmingstack is inexactly coupled for the undertaking , so you can have
Labeled inevery hub and select the alternative Only assembled occupations
while markcoordinating this hub, so when a fabricate is booked with the name
of the hubpresent in it, it sits tight for next agent in that hub to be
accessible,despite the fact that there are different agents in hubs.
Utilization of Blueocean inJenkins
+
Blue Ocean reexamines the client experience of
Jenkins.Planned starting from the earliest stage for Jenkins Pipeline, yet
at the sametime good with free-form occupations, Blue Ocean lessens mess and
expandsclearness for each individual from the group. It gives modern UI to
recognize each phase of the pipelineand better pinpointing for is sues and
rich Pipeline proofreader forfledglings.
Callback modules in ansible, give a fewinstances of
some callback modules
+
Callback modules empower adding new practices to
Ansiblewhen reacting to occasions. As a matter of course, callback modules
controlthegreater part of the yield you see when running the direction line
programs, yetcan likewis e be utilized to include an extra yield, coordinate
with differentinstruments and marshall the occasions to a capacity backend.
So at whateverpoint a play is executed and after it delivers a few
occasions, that occasionsare imprinted onto Stdout screen, so callback
module can be put into anycapacity backend for log handling. Precedent
callback modules are ansible-logstash, where eachplaybook execution is
gotten by logstash in the JSON position and can beincorporated some other
backend source like elasticsearch.
Scripting dialects can be utilized inDevOps
+
As with scripting dialects, the fundamental shell
scriptingis utilized to assemble ventures in Jenkins pipelines and python
contents can beutilized with some other instruments like Ansible.
For what reason is each instrument in DevOps is
generally has some DSL (Domain Specific Language)
+
Devops is a culture created to address the necessities
oflithe procedure, where the advancement rate is quicker ,so sending
shouldcoordinate its speed and that needs activities group to arrange and
work withdev group, where everything can computerize utilizing content based
, however itfeels more like tasks group than , it gives chaotic association
of anypipelines, more the utilization cases , more the contents should be
composed ,so there are a few use cases, which will be sufficient to cover
the requirementsof light-footed are taken and apparatuses are made by that
and customization canoccur over the device utilizing DSL to mechanize the
DevOps practice and Infrathe board.
Mis ts can be incorporated with Jenkinsand utilization
cases
+
Jenkins can be coordinated with various cloud suppliers
forvarious use cases like dynamic Jenkins slaves, Deploy to cloudconditions.
A portion of the cloud can be incorporated are AWS Purplis h blue Google
Cloud OpenStack
Docker volumes and what sort of volume oughtto be
utilized to accomplis h relentless capacity
+
Docker volumes are the filesystem mount focuses made
byclient for a compartment or a volume can be utilized by numerous holders,
andthere are dis tinctive sorts of volume mount accessible void dir, Post
mount, AWSupheld lbs volume, Azure volume, Google Cloud (or) even NFS, CIFS
filesystems,so a volume ought to be mounted to any of the outer drives to
accomplis hdetermined capacity, in light of the fact that a lifetime of
records insidecompartment, is as yet the holder is available and if holder
is erased, theinformation would be lost.
Artifacts store can be incorporated withJenkins
+
Any sort of Artifacts vault can be coordinated with
Jenkins,utilizing either shell directions (or) devoted modules, some of them
are Nexus,Jfrog.
Portion of the testing apparatuses thatcan be
coordinated with Jenkins and notice their modules
+
Sonar module – can be utilized to incorporate testingof
Code quality in your source code. Execution module – this can beutilized to
incorporate JMeter execution testing. Junit – to dis tribute unit test
reports. Selenium module – can be utilized to incorporate withselenium for
computerization testing.
Manufacture triggers accessible inJenkins
+
Fabricates can be run physically (or) either can
naturallybe activated by various sources like Webhooks- The webhooks are API
calls from SCM, at whateverpoint a code is submitted into a vault (or)
should be possible for explicitoccasions into explicit branches. Gerrit code
survey trigger-Gerrit is an opensource codeaudit instrument, at whatever
point a code change is endorsed after auditconstruct can be activated.
Trigger Build Remotely – You can have remote contentsin any machine (or)
even AWS lambda capacities (or) make a post demand totrigger forms in
Jenkins. Calendar Jobs-Jobs can likewis e be booked like Cronoccupations.
Survey SCM for changes – Where your Jenkins searchesfor any progressions in
SCM for the given interim, if there is a change, amanufacture can be
activated. Upstream and Downstream Jobs-Where a construct can beactivated by
another activity that is executed already.
Version controlDocker pictures
+
Docker pictures can be form controlled utilizing Tags,
whereyou can relegate the tag to any picture utilizing docker tag order.
Furthermore, on the off chance that you are pushing any docker centerlibrary
without labeling the default label would be doled out which is mostrecent,
regardless of whether a picture with the most recent is available,
itindicates that picture without the tag and reassign that to the most
recent pushpicture.
Utilization of Timestamper module inJenkins
+
It adds Timestamp to each line to the comfort yield of
theassemble.
You ought not execute an expand on ace
+
You can run an expand on ace in Jenkins , yet it is
n’tprudent, in light of the fact that the ace as of now has the duty of
planningassembles and getting incorporate yields with JENKINS_HOME index, so
on the offchance that we run an expand on Jenkins ace, at that point it
furthermore needsto manufacture apparatuses, and workspace for source code,
so it puts executionover-burden in the framework, if the Jenkins ace
accidents, it expands thedowntime of your fabricate and dis charge cycle.
Main benefits of DevOps
+
With a single team composed of cross-functional
commentssimply working in collaboration, DevOps organizations container
produceincluding maximum speed, functionality, including innovation. Where
continuespecial benefits: Continuous software control. Shorter complexity
tomanage.
Uses of DevOps tools
+
Gradle. Your DevOps device stack will need a reliable
buildtool. Git. Git is one from the most successful DevOps tools,widely
applied across the specific software industry. Jenkins. Jenkins is thatgo-to
DevOps automation toolfor many software community teams. Bamboo. Docker.
Kubernetes. Puppet Enterpris e. Ansible.
DevOps beginner
+
DevOps is a society which supports collaboration
betweenDevelopment including Operations Team to deploy key to increase
faster in anautomated & repeatable way. In innocent words, DevOps backside
is establis hed as an association of development and IT operations
includingexcellent communication and collaboration.
Roles and responsibilities of the DevOpsengineer
+
DevOps Engineer manages with developers including the
ITsystem to manage the code releases. They are both developers cases
becomeinterested in deployment including practice settings or sysadmins who
convert apassion for scripting and coding more move toward the development
front whereall can improve that planning from test and deployment.
Top DevOps toolsand it’s Whichtools have you worked on
+
Dis cover about the trending Top DevOps Tools including
Git.Well, if you live considering DevOps being a toolwhen, you are wrong!
DevOpsdoes not a toolor software, it’s an appreciation that you can adopt
forcontinuous growth. file and, by practicing it you can simply coordinate
this work among your team.
Explain the typical characters involved inDevOps
+
Commitment to the superior level in the organization.
Needfor silver to be delivered across the organization. Version
checksoftware. Automated tools to compliance to process. AutomatedTesting
Automated Deployment
Your expectations from a career perspectiveof DevOps
+
To be involved in the end to end delivery method and
themost important phase of helping to change the manner so as to allow
thatdevelopment and operations teams to go together also understand
eachother’s point of view.
Configuration management under terms
likeinfrastructure further review some popular tools used
+
In Software Engineering Software Configuration
Management is a unique task about tracking to make the setting configuration
during theinfrastructure with one change. It is done for deploying,
configuring andmaintaining servers.
Approach when each design must toimplement DevOps
+
As the application is generated and deployed, we do
need tocontrolits performance. Monitoring means also really important
because it mightfurther to uncover some defects which might not have been
detectedearlier. Q3) Explain about from Continuous Testing From the above
goal of Continuous Integration which is totake this application excuse to
close users are primarily providing continuousdelivery. This backside is
completed out any adequate number about unit testingand automation testing.
Hence, we must validate that this system created andintegrated with all the
developers that work as required. Q) Explain about from Continuous Delivery.
Continuous Delivery means an extension of ConstantIntegration which
primarily serves to make the features which some developerscontinue
developing out on some end users because soon as possible. During this
process, it passes through several stages of QA, Staging etc., and before
fordelivery to the PRODUCTION system.
Tasks also responsibilities of DevOpsengineer
+
In this role, you’ll work collaboratively
includingsoftware engineering to use and operate our systems. Help automate
alsostreamline our procedures and processes. Build also maintain tools
fordeployment, monitoring, including operations. And troubleshoot and
resolveproblems in our dev, search and production environments.
Defined DevOps engineer should know
+
DevOps Engineer goes including developers and that IT
staffto manage this code releases. They live both developers who become
involvedthrough deployment including web services or sysadmins that become a
passion forscripting and coding more move into the development design where
only candevelop this planning from search also deployment.
Any DevOps engineer make
+
A lead DevOps engineer can get between $137,000
including$180,000, according to April 2018 job data of Glassdoor. The common
salary fromany lead DevOps engineer based at the Big Apple is $141,452.
Mean the specific skills required for a DevOpsengineer
+
While tech abilities are a must, strong DevOps
engineersfurther possess this ability to collaborate, multi- task, also
always place thatcustomer first. critical skills that all DevOps engineer
requirements forsuccess.
DevOps also why is it important
+
Implementing the new approach would take in many
advantageson an organization. A seamless collection up can be performed in
the teams ofdevelopers, test managers, and operational executives also hence
they can workin collaboration including each other to achieve a greater
output on aproject.
Means by DevOps lifecycle
+
DevOps means an agile connection between
developmentincluding operations. It means any process followed by this
development becausewell because of help drivers clean of this starting of
this design to productionsupport. Understanding DevOps means incomplete
excuse estimated DevOpslifecycle. Tools for an efficient DevOps workflow. A
daily workflowbased at DevOps thoughts allows team members to achieve
content faster, beflexible just to both experiments also deliver value, also
help each part fromthis organization use a learning mentality.
Can you make DevOps without agile
+
DevOps is one about some key elements to assis t you
toachieve this . Can you do agile software evolution without doing DevOps
Butmanaging agile software development and being agile are a couple
reallydifferent things.
Exactly defined is DevOps
+
DevOps is all of bringing commonly the structure
alsoprocess of traditional operations, so being support deployment,
including anytools, also practices of traditional construction methods so as
source controlalso versioning. Q4) Need for Continuous Integration: Improves
the quality of software. Reduction in time taken todelivery Allows dev team
to detect and locate problems early Q) Success factor for the Continuous
Integration Maintain Code Repository Automate the build Perform daily
checkin and commits to baseline Test in cloneenvironment Keep the build fast
Make it easy to get the newest deliverables
Can we copy Jenkins job from one server to otherserver
+
Yes, we can do that using one of the following ways We
can copy the Jenkins jobs from one server to other serverby copying the
corresponding jobs folder. We can make a copy of the exis ting jobby making
clone of a job directory with different names Rename the exis ting jobby
renaming the directory
We create the backup and copy inJenkins
+
We can copy or backup, we need to backup
JENKINS_HOMEdirectory which contains the details of all the job
configurations, builddetails etc. Q) Difference between “poll scm” and“build
periodically” Poll SCM will trigger the build only if it detects thechange
in SCM, whereas Build Periodically will trigger the build once the giventime
period is elapsed.
Difference between docker image and dockercontainer
+
Docker image is a readonly template that contains
theinstructions for a container to start. Docker container is a runnable
instanceof a docker image
Application Containerization
+
It is a process of OS Level virtualization technique
used todeploy the application without launching the entire VM for each
applicationwhere multiple is olated applications or services can access the
same Host andrun on the same OS. Q1) syntax for building docker image docker
build –f -timagename:version Q2) running docker image docker run –dt
–restart=always –p : -h -v : imagename:version Q3) How to log into a
container docker exec –it /bin/bash
Configuration Management
+
Configuration Management is the System engineering
process.Configuration Management applied over the life cycle of a system
providesvis ibility and controlof its performance, functional, and
physicalattributesrecording their status and in support of Change
Management. Q) Lis t the Software Configuration ManagementFeatures.
Enforcement Cooperating Enablement Version ControlFriendly Enable Change
ControlProcesses Q) Lis t out the 5 Best Software Configuration
ManagementTools. CFEngine Configuration Tool. CHEF Configuration
ToolAnsibleConfiguration ToolPuppet Configuration Tool. SALTSTACK
Configuration Tool.
Puppet be chosen
+
It has good community support Easy to Learn Programming
Language DSL It is opensource
Saltstack
+
SaltStack is based on Python programming &
Scripitinglanguage. Its also a configuration tool.Saltstack works on a
non-centralizedmodel or a master-client setup model. it provides a push and
SSH methods tocommunicate with clients.
Puppet to be chosen
+
There are Some Reason puppet to be chosen. Puppet is
opensource Easy to Learn Programming Language DSL Puppet has goodcommunity
support Q1) Advantages of VCS Multiple people can work on the same project
and it helps usto keep track of the files and documents and their changes.
We can merge the changes from multiple developers to singlestream. Helps us
to revert to the earlier version if the current version is broke. Helps us
to maintain multiple version of the software at thesame location without
rewriting. Q2) Advantages of DevOps Below are the major advantages
Technical: Continuous software delivery Less Complexity Faster Resolution
Business: Faster delivery of the features More stable operatingenvironment
Improved communication and collaboration between variousteams Q3) Use cases
where we can use DevOps Explain the legacy / old procedures that are
followed todevelop and deploy software Problems of that approach How can we
solve the above is sues using DevOps. For the 1 st and2 nd points,
development of theapplication, problems in build and deployment, problems in
operations, problemsin debugging and fixing the is sues For 3 rd
pointexplain various technologies we can use to ease the deployments,
fordevelopment, explain about taking small features and development, how it
helpsfor testing and is sue fixing. Q4) Major difference between Agile and
DevOps Agile is the set of rules/principles and guidelines abouthow to
develop a software. There are chances that this developed software worksonly
on developer’s environment. But to release that software to
publicconsumption and deploy in production environment, we will use the
DevOps toolsand Techniques for the operation of that software. In a
nutshell, Agile is the set of rules for the developmentof a software, but
DevOps focus more on Development as well as Operation of theDeveloped
software in various environments.
Benefits Of Nosql
+
Non-relationals and schema-less data models Low latency
andhigh performance Highly scalable
Adoptions Of Devops In Industry
+
Use of the agile and other development processes
andmethods. Demand for an increased rate of the production releases
fromapplication and business. Wide availability of virtuals and cloud
infrastructurefrom both internal and external providers; Increased usage of
the data center,automation and configuration management tools; Increased
focus on the testautomation and continuous integration methods; Best
practices on the critical is sues.
Configuration Management Processes AndTools Important
+
Talk about to multiple software builds, releases, revis
ions,and versions for each other software or testware that is being
developed. Moveon to explain the need for storing and maintaining data,
keeping track of thedevelopment builds and simplified troubleshooting. Don’t
forget to mentionthat key CM tools that can be used to the achieve these
objectives. Talk abouthow to tools like Puppet, Ansible, and Chef help in
automating softwaredeployment and configuration on several servers.
Some Of Most Popular Devops Tools most popular DevOps
tools included`
+
Selenium Puppet Chef Git Jenkins Ansible
Vagrant And Its Uses
+
Vagrant used to virtual box as the hypervis or for
virtualenvironments and in current scenario it is also supporting the KVM.
Kernel-basedVirtual Machine. Vagrant is a toolthat can created and managed
environmentsfor the testing and developing software. Devops Training Free
Demo
Devops is Helpful To Developers
+
To fix the bug and implements new features of the
quickly.It provides to the clarity of communications among team members.
Name of The Popular Scripting Language Of the Devops
+
Python
Lis t of The Agile Methodology Of the Devops
+
DevOps is a process Agile is the same as DevOps.
Separate group are framed. Itis problem solving. Developers managing
production DevOps is the development-driven release management
Areas of Devops Are Implemented
+
Production Development Creation of the productions
feedback and its development ITOperations development
Scope For SSH
+
SSH is a Secure Shell which provides users with a
secure,encrypted mechanis m to log into systems and transfer files. To log
out the remote machine and worked on commandline. To secure encrypted of the
communications between two hostsover an insecure network.
Advantages Of Devops With Respect To theTechnical And
Business Perspective
+
Technical benefits Software delivery is continuous.
Reduces Complexity inproblems. Faster approach to resolve problems Manpower
is reduced. Business benefits High rate of delivering its features Stable
operating environments More time gained to Addvalues. Enabling faster
feature time to market
Core Operations Of the Devops In TermsOf the
Development And Infrastructure
+
The core operations of DevOps Application development
Code developing Code coverage Unit testing Packaging Deployment With
infrastructure Provis ioning Configuration Orchestration Deployment
Anti-patterns Of Devops
+
A pattern is common usage usually followed. If a
pattern ofthecommonly adopted by others does not work for your organization
and youcontinue to blindly follow it, you are essentially adopting an
anti-pattern.There are myths about DevOps. Some of them include DevOps is a
process Agile equalsDevOps We need a separate DevOps group Devops will solve
all ourproblems DevOps means Developers Managing Production DevOps is
Development-driven release management DevOps is not development driven.
DevOps is not IT Operations driven. We can’t do DevOps– We’re Unique We
can’t do DevOps – We’re got the wrongpeople
Most Important Thing Devops Helps UsAchieve
+
The most important thing that the DevOps helps us
achieve is to get the changes into production as quickly as possible while
that minimizingris ks in software quality assurance and compliance. This is
the primaryobjective of DevOps. For example clear communication and better
workingrelationships between teams i.e. both of the Ops team and Dev team
collaboratetogether to deliver good quality software which in turn leads to
higher customersatis faction.
Make a Sure New Service is Ready For TheProducts
Launched
+
Backup System Recovery plans Load Balancing Monitoring
Centralizedlogging
All These Tools Work for Together
+
Given below is a generic logical of the flow
whereeverything gets are automated for seamless delivery. However, its flow
may varyfrom organization to the organization as per the requirement.
Developers develop the code and this source code is managedby Version
ControlSystem of the tools like Git etc. Developers send to this code of the
Git repository and anychanges made in the code is committed to this
Repository. Jenkins pulls this code from the repository using the Gitplugin
and build it using tools like Ant or Maven. Configuration managements tools
like puppet deploys &provis ions testing environment and then Jenkins
releases this code on the testto environment on which testing is done using
tools like selenium. Once the code are tested, Jenkins send it for the
deploymenton production to the server (even production server are provis
ioned &maintained by tools like puppet). After deployment Its continuously
monitored by tools likeNagios. Docker containers provides testing
environment to the testthe build features.
Top Devops Tools
+
The most popular DevOps tools are mentioned below
GitVersion ControlSystem tool Jenkins Continuous Integration toolSelenium
ContinuousTesting tool Puppet, Chef, Ansible are Configuration Management
andDeployment tools Nagios Continuous Monitoring tool Docker
Containerization tool
Devops Different From the Agile / Sdlc
+
Agile are the set of the values and principles about
how toproduce i.e. develop software. Example if you have some ideas and you
want to the turnthose ideas into the working software, you can use the Agile
values areprinciples as a way to do that. But, that software might only be
working on developer’s laptop or in a test environment. Youwant a way to
quickly, easily and repeatably move that software into theproduction
infrastructure, in a safe and simple way. To do that you needs areDevOps
tools and techniques. You can summarize by saying Agile of the
softwaredevelopment methodology focuses on the development for software but
DevOps onthe other hand is responsible for the development as well as
deployment of thesoftware to the safest and most reliable way to the
possible. Here’s ablog that will give you more information of the evolutions
of the DevOps.
Uses of Version control
+
Revert files back to a previous state. Revert to the
entireproject back to a previous state. Compare changes over time. See who
last modified the something that might to be causinga problem. Who
introduced an is sue and when.
Meant by Continuous Integration
+
It is a development practice that requires are
developers tointegrate code into the shared repository several times a day.
A PTR in DNS
+
Pointer (PTR) record to used for the revers DNS (Domain
NameSystem) lookup.
Testing is necessary to insure a new service is ready
for production
+
Continuous testing
Continuous Testing
+
It is the process of executing on tests as part of
thesoftware delivery pipelines to obtain can immediate for feedback is the
businessof the ris ks associated with in the latest build.
Automation Testing
+
Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of
theautomating that manual process to test the application/system under test.
Key elements of continuoustesting
+
Ris k assessments, policy analysis ,
requirementstraceabilities, advanced analysis , test optimis ation, and
servicevirtualis ations
Testing types supported bySelenium
+
Regression testing and functional testing Also Read>>
Top Selenium Interview Questions &Answers
Describe two-factor authentication
+
Two-factors authentication are the security process in
whichthe user to provides two means of the identification from separate
categories ofcredentials.
Q0) What is git add
+
adds the file changes to the staging area
Git checkout
+
Switch branch or restore working files
Git branch
+
Creates a branch
Git merge
+
Joins two or more branches together
Git rebase
+
Process of moving or combining a sequence of commits to
anew base commit
Git revert
+
To revert a commit that has already been publis hed and
madepublic
Git clone
+
Ans: clones the git repository and creates a working
copy inthe local machine
Difference between the Annie Playbookbook and the
characters
+
Roles The characters are a restructured entity of a
play. Playsare on playbooks. A set of functions to accomplis h the specific
role. Mapsbetween hosts and roles. Example: Common, Winners. Example:
site.yml,fooservers.yml, webservers.yml.
See all the ansible_ variables lis t
+
By naturally collecting “facts” about themachines,
these facts can be accessed in Playbooks and in templates. To see alis t of
all the facts about a computer, you can run a “setup” blockas an ad hoc
activity: Ansible -m system hostname It will print a dictionary of all the
facts available forthat particular host.
Doctor
+
Docax is a container technology that connects
yourapplication and all its functions into the form of containers to ensure
that youare running uninterrupted in any situation of your use.
Tagore film
+
Tucker is the source of the dagger container. Or in
otherwords, dagger pictures are used to create containers.
Tooger container
+
Dogger Container is a phenomenon of the film.
Do we consider Dev Devils as a smart way
+
Of course, we !! The only difference between
dynamicalgorithms and DevObs is that the dynamic process is implemented for
thedevelopment section and activates both DevOps development
andfunctionality.
Benefits of using Git
+
Data personality and copy Get high only one. A
directory directory in the repository High dis kusage and network
performance Joint friendship Git can use any kind of projects.
Kernel
+
A kernel, the software that can easily change the
hardwareinterfaces of your computer.
Difference between grep -i and grep-v
+
I accept this value L) ls | grep -i docker Dockerfile
docker.tar.gz ls | grep -v docker Desktop Dockerfile Documents Downloads You
can not find anything with name docker.tar.gz Q20) You can define a specific
location for thefile This feature is generally used to give the server
areplacement location. Let me tell you on the computer below and I want to
create1GB swap space, dd if = / dev / zero = = / swapfile1 bs = 1G count =1
Concept of sudo in Linux
+
Pseudo is an application for Unix-and Linux-based
systemsthat provide the ability to allow specific users to use specific
system commandsin the system’s root level.
Jenkins pipe
+
Jenkins pipeline (or simply “tube”) is anadditional
package that supports and activates continuous delivery tube inJenkins.
Stop and restart the toxin container
+
Stop container: stop container container ID Reboot the
Tucker Container now: Docer Re-containerID
Sites are running by Tagore
+
Docax is running on Linux and Cloud platforms only:
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS + Fedora 20+ RHEL 6.5+ CentOS 6+ Gentoo ArchLinux openSUSE
12.3+ CRUX 3.0+ Cloud: Amazon EC2 Google Compute Engine Microsoft Asur
Rackspace Since support is not supported, do not work on Windows orMac for
token production, yes, even on windows you can use it for testingpurposes
Tools used for taxi networking
+
We usually use karfs and taxi bear to do
taxinetworking.
Tucker write
+
You would like to have a number of taxiers containers,
andat that time you need to create a file that creates a docer and type the
commandto make a taxi-up. It runs all containers mentioned in the docer
composefile.
Scrum
+
Using scrime based on your complex software and
productdevelopment task as small particles, it uses reboots and additional
procedures.Each replay is two weeks. Scrum has three characters: product
owner, scrummaster and team
Are DevOps implemented
+
Product development Creating product feedback and its
development IT ActivitiesDevelopment.
Do you want to lis t the active modes ofDevOps
+
DevOps is a process Like the active DevOps. A separate
group is configured. This will solve theproblem. Manufacturers manufacturing
production DevOps is a development-driven output management
Do you lis t the main difference between active
andDevOffice
+
Agile: There is something about dynamic software
developmentDevops: DevOps is about software deployment and management.
DevOps does not replace the active or lean. By removingwaste, by removing
gloves and improving regulations, it allows the production ofrapid and
continuous products.
For the popular scripting language of DevOps
+
Python
Vegand and its Uses
+
Virtual virtual box has been used as a hyperversion
forvirtual environments and in the current scenario it supports KVM.
Kernel-basedvirtual machine Vegant is a toolfor creating and managing the
environmentfor making software and experiments. Tutorials Tutorial Free Demo
Main difference between Linux and Unixoperating
systems
+
Unix: It belongs to the multitasking, multiuser
operating systemfamily. These are often used on web servers and
workstations. It was originally derived from AT & T Unix, which wasstarted
by the Bell Labs Research Center in the 1970s by Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie, and many others. Operating systems are both open source, but the
comparis onis relatively similar to Unix Linux. Linux: Linux may be familiar
to each programming language. Thesepersonal computers are used. The Unix
operating system is based on the kernel.
We ensure prepare a new service forthe products
launched
+
Backup system Recovery plans Load balance
TrackingCentralized record
Benefit of NoSQL
+
Independent and schema-less data model Low latency and
highperformance Very scalable Q) What is the adoption of Devokos in
theprofession 1. Use of active and other developmental processes andmethods.
An increased ratio of production output is required from useand business.
Virtual and Cloud Infrastructure Transfers from Internal andOutdoor
Providers; Increased use of data center, automation and
configurationmanagement tools; Focusing on testing automation and serial
coordinationsystems; Best Practices in Important Problems
Benefits of NoSQL database onRDBMS
+
Benefits: ETL is very low Support for structured text
is provided Changes in periodsare handled Key Objectives Function. The
ability to measure horizontally Many data structures areprovided. Vendors
may be selected. Q0) The first 10 capabilities of a person in the positionof
DevOp should be. The best in system adminis tration Virtualizationexperience
Good technical skills Great script Good development skills Chef in the
automation toolexperience Peoplemanagement Customer service Real-time cloud
movements Who’s worried aboutwho
PTR in DNS
+
The PNS (PTR) regis tration is used to turn the search
DNS(Domain Name System).
Know about DevOps
+
Your answer should be simple and straightforward. Start
byexplaining the growing importance of DevOps in information
technology.Considering that the efforts of the developments and activities
to acceleratethe delivery of software products should be integrated, the
minimum failurerate. DevOps is a value-practical procedure in which the
design and performanceengineers are able to capture the product level or
service life cycle across thedesign, from design and to the design level
Dev’s so important in the past fewyears
+
Before dis cussing the growing reputation of DevOps,
dis cussthe current industry scenario. The big players like Netflix and
Facebook beginwith some examples of how this business can help to develop
and use unwantedapplications. Facebook’s continuous use and coding license
models, and howto measure it, while using Facebook to ensure the quality of
the experience.Hundreds of lines are implemented without affecting ranking,
stability andsecurity. Dipops Training Course Your next application must be
Netflix. This streaming andon-the-video video company follows similar
procedures with complete automatedprocesses and systems. Specify user base
of these two companies: Facebook has 2billion users, Netflix provides online
content for more than 100 million usersworldwide. Reduced lead time between
the best examples of bugs, bugfixes, runtime and continuous supplies and the
overall reduction of humancosts.
Some of the most popular DevOpstools
+
The most popular DevOps tools include: Selenium Puppet
Chef Git information Jenkins Ansible Tucker Tipps Online Training
Version Control, and why should VCSuse
+
Define the controlbar and talk about any changes to one
ormore files and store them in a centralized repository. VCS Tools
remembersprevious versions and helps to: Make sure you do not go through
changes over time. Turn on specific files or specific projects to the
olderversion. Explore the problems or errors of a particular change. Using
VCS, developers provide flexibility to worksimultaneously on a particular
file, and all changes are logicallyconnected.
Is There a Difference Between Active and DevOpsIfyes,
please explain
+
As a DevOps Engineer, interview questions like this are
verymuch expected. Start by explaining the clear overlap between DevOps and
Agile.Although the function of DevOps is always synonymous with dynamic
algorithms,there is a clear difference between the two. Agile theories are
related to thesoft product or development of the software. On the other
hand, DevOps is handled with development, ensuring quick turnaround times,
minimal errors andreliability by installing the software continuously.
Structural management processes and toolsimportant
+
Talk about many software developments, releases, edits
andversions for each software or testware. Describe the need for data
storage andmaintenance, development of developments and tracking errors
easily. Do notforget to mention key CM tools that can be used to achieve
these goals. Talkabout how the tools, such as buffet, aseat, and chef are
useful in automatingsoftware deployment and configuration on multiple
servers.
Chef used as a CM tool
+
Chef is considered one of the preferred professional
CMTools. Facebook has changed its infrastructure and the Shef platform keeps
trackof IT, for example. Explain how the chef helps to avoid delays by
automatingprocesses. The scripts are written in ruby. It can be integrated
intocloud-based platforms and configures new settings. It provides many
librariesfor infrastructure development, which will then be installed in a
software.Thanks to its centralized management system, a chef server is
sufficient to usevarious policies as the center of ordering.
Explain the concept of“Infrastructure Index” (IAC)
+
This is a good idea to talk about IAC as a
concept,sometimes referred to as a programming program, where the
infrastructure is similar to any other code. The traditional approach to
managing infrastructureis take a back seat and handle manual structures,
unusual toolsand custom scripts Q0) Lis t the essential DevOps tools. Git
information Jenkins Selenium Puppet Chef Ansible Nagios LaborerMonit El-Elis
torsch, Lestastash, Gibbon Collectd / Collect Git Information (Gitwidia)
Main characters of DevOps engineersbased on growth and
infrastructure
+
DevOps Engineer’s major work roles
ApplicationDevelopment Developing code Code coverage Unit testing Packaging
Preparing with infrastructure Continuous integrationContinuous test
Continuous sorting Provis ioning Configuration OrchestrationDeployment
Advantages of DevOps regarding technicaland business
perspective
+
Technical Advantages: Software delivery continues.
Problems reduce austerity. Fast approach to solving problems Humans are
falling. Business Benefits: The higher the rate for its features Fixed
operatingsystems It took too long to add values. Run fast time for themarket
Learn more about DevOps benefits from this informationblog.
Purpose for SSH
+
SSH is a secure shell that allows users to login to
asecure, encrypted mechanis m into computers and transmitting files. Exit
the remote machine and work on the command line. Protect encrypted
communications between the two hosts on anunsafe network.
Part of DevOps is implemented
+
Product development Creating product feedback and its
development IT ActivitiesDevelopment Q5) Lis t the DevOps’s active
algorithm. DevOps is a process Like the active DevOps. A separate group is
configured. This will solve theproblem. Manufacturers manufacturing
production DevOps is a development-driven output management Q) Lis t the
main difference between active anddevOps. Agile: There is something about
dynamic software developmentDevops: DevOps is about software deployment and
management. DevOps does not replace the active or lean. By removingwaste, by
removing gloves and improving regulations, it allows the production ofrapid
and continuous products. Q) For the popular scripting language of DevOps.
Python
DevOps help developers
+
Correct the error and activate new features quickly. It
provides clarity of clarity between the members of thegroup.
Speed and its benefits
+
Virtual virtual box has been used as a hyperversion
forvirtual environments and in the current scenario it supports KVM.
Kernel-basedvirtual machine Vegant is a toolfor creating and managing the
environmentfor making software and experiments.
Use of Anuj
+
It is mainly used for information technology
infrastructureto manage or use applications for remote applications. We want
to sort an app onthe nodes of 100 by executing one command, then the
animation is actually in thepicture, but you need to know or run some
knowledge on the animatedscript.
Infrastructure as Code
+
Answer: Where the Configuration of any servers or
toolchainor application stack required for an organization can be made into
moredescriptive level of code and that can be used for provis ioning
andmanage infrastructure elements like Virtual Machine, Software,
NetworkElements, but it differs from scripts using any language, where
theyare series of static steps coded, where Version controlcan be used
inorder to track environment changes.Example Tools are Ansible,Terraform.
Areas the Version controlcan introduce toget efficient
DevOps practice
+
Answer: Obviously the main area of Version Controlis
Sourcecode management, Where every developer code should be pushed to the
commonrepository for maintaining build and release in CI/CD
pipelines.Another area canbe Version controlFor Adminis trators when they
use Infrastructure as A Code(IAC) tools and practices for maintaining The
Environment configuration.AnotherArea of Version Controlsystem Can be
Artifactory Management Using Repositorieslike Nexus & DockerHub.
Opensource tools boost DevOps
+
Answer: Opensource tools predominantly used by
anyorganization adapting (or) adopted DevOps pipelines because devops
camewith the focus of automation in various aspects of organization build
andrelease and change management and also infrastructure managementareas.
Difference between Ansible and chef(or)puppet
+
Answer: Ansible is Agentless configuration management
tool,where puppet or chef needs agent needs to be run on the agent node and
chef orpuppet is based on pull model, where your cookbook or manifest for
chef andpuppet respectively from the master will be pulled by the agent and
ansible usesssh to communicate and it gives data-driven instructions to the
nodes need to bemanaged , more like RPC execution, ansible uses YAML
scripting, whereas puppet(or) chef is built by ruby uses their own DSL .
Folder structure of roles in ansible
+
Answer: roles common tasks handlers files templates
varsdefaults meta webservers tasks defaultsmeta/
Jinja2 templating in Ansible playbooks and theiruse
+
Answer: Jinja2 templating is the Python standard
fortemplating , think of it like a sed editor for Ansible , where it can be
used is when there is a need for dynamic alteration of any config file to
anyapplication like consider mapping a MySQL application to the IP address
of themachine, where it is running, it cannot be static , it needs altering
itdynamically at runtime .
Need for organizing playbooks as the role,is it
necessary
+
Answer: Organizing playbooks as roles , gives
morereadability and reusability to any plays , while consider a task where
MySQLinstallation should be done after the removal of Oracle DB , and
anotherrequirement is needed to install MySQL after java installation, in
both cases weneed to install MySQL , but without roles need to write
playbooks separately forboth use cases , but using roles once the MySQL
installation role is created canbe utilis ed any number of times by invoking
using logic in site.yaml.
Main dis advantage of Docker containers
+
Answer: As the lifetime of any containers is while
runningafter a container is destroyed you cannot retrieve any data inside a
container,the data inside a container is lost forever, but persis tent
storage for datainside containers can be done using volumes mount to an
external source likehost machine and any NFS drivers.
Docker engine and docker compose
+
Answer: Docker engine contacts the docker daemon inside
themachine and creates the runtime environment and process for any
container,docker composes links several containers to form as a stack used
in creatingapplication stacks like a LAMP, WAMP,XAMP.
Different modes does a container can berun
+
Answer: Docker container can be run in two modes
Attached:Where it will be run in the foreground of the system you are
running, provides aterminal inside to container when -t option is used with
it, where every logwill be redirected to stdout screen. Detached: This mode
is usually run inproduction, where the container is detached as a background
process and everyoutput inside the container will be redirected log files
inside/var/lib/docker/logs//and which can
be viewed by docker logs command.
Output of docker inspect command willbe
+
Answer: Docker inspects willgive output
in JSON format, contains details like the IP address of thecontainer
inside the docker virtual bridge and volume mount information andevery
other information related to host (or) container specific like
theunderlying file driver used, log driver used. docker inspect
[OPTIONS] NAME|ID[NAME|ID…] Options
Command can be used to check the resourceutilization
by docker containers
+
Answer: Docker stats command can be used to check
theresource utilization of any docker container, it gives the output
analogous toTop command in Linux, it forms the base for container resource
monitoring toolslike advis or, which gets output from docker stats command.
docker stats[OPTIONS] [CONTAINER…] Options
Major difference between Continuosdeployment and
continuos delivery
+
Answer: Where continuos deployment is fully automated
anddeploying to production needs no manual intervention in continuos
deployment,whereas in continuos delivery the deployment to production has
some manual intervention for change management in Organizationfor better
management, and it needs to approved by manager or higher authoritiesto be
deployed in production. According to your application ris k factor
fororganization, the continuos deployment (or) delivery approach will be
chosen.
Execute some task (or) play on localhost onlywhile
executing playbooks on different hosts on an ansible
+
Answer: In ansible, there is a module called
delegate_to, inthis module section provide the particular host (or) hosts
where your tasks (or)task need to be run. tasks:
Q=status:new’headers='{“Content-type”:”application/json”}’method=GET
return_content=yes regis ter: output delegate_to: 127.0.0.1
Difference between set_fact and vars inansible
+
Answer: Where a set_fact sets the value for a factor at
onetime and remains static, even though the value is Quite dynamic and vars
keep on changing as per the valuekeeps on changing for the variable. tasks:
– set_fact: fact_time:“Fact: {{lookup(‘pipe’, ‘date\”+%H:%M:%S\”‘)}}” –
debug: var=fact_time –command: sleep 2 – debug: var=fact_time tasks: – name:
lookups invariables vs. lookups in facts hosts: localhost vars: var_time:
“Var:{{lookup(‘pipe’, ‘date\”+%H:%M:%S\”‘)}}” Even though the lookup for
date hasbeen used in both the cases , where in the vars is used it alters
based on thetime to time every time executed within the playbook lifetime.
But Fact alwaysremains same once lookup is done
Lookup in ansible and what are lookupplugins supported
by ansible
+
Answer: Lookup plugins allow access of data in Ansible
fromoutside sources. These plugins are evaluated on the Ansible
controlmachine, andcan include reading the filesystem but also contacting
external datastores andservices. Format is {lookup{‘ ’,’
’}}Some of the lookup plugins supported by
ansible are File pipe redis jinjatemplates etcd kv store …
Delete the docker images stored on yourlocal machine
and do it for all the images at once
+
Answer: The command docker rmi canbe used to
delete the docker image from local machine , whereas some images mayneed
to be forced because the image may be used by some other container
(or)another image , to delete images you can use the combination of
commands bydocker rmi $(docker images - Q) , where docker images will
give the docker image names ,to get only the ID of docker images only ,
we are using - Q switch with docker images command.
Folders in the Jenkins installation andtheir uses
+
Answer: JENKINS_HOME – which will
be/$JENKINS_USER/.jenkins it is the root folder of any Jenkins installation
and itcontains subfolders each for different purposes. jobs/ – Folder
containsall the information about all the jobs configured in the Jenkins
instance.Inside jobs/, you will have the folder created for each job and
inside thosefolders, you will have build folders according to each build
numbers each buildwill have its log files, which we see in Jenkins web
console. Plugins/ –where all your plugins will be lis ted. Workspace/ – this
will be present to hold all theworkspace files like your source code pulled
from SCM.
Ways to configure Jenkins system
+
Answer: Jenkins can be configured in two ways Web:
Wherethere is an option called configure system , in there section you can
make allconfiguration changes . Manual on filesystem: Where every change can
also bedone directly on the Jenkins config.xml file under the Jenkins
installationdirectory , after you make changes on the filesystem, you need
to restart yourJenkins, either can do it directly from terminal (or) you can
use Reloadconfiguration from dis k under manage Jenkins menu or you can hit
/restartendpoint directly.
Role Of HTTP REST API in DevOps
+
Answer: As Devops is purely focuses on Automating
yourinfrastructure and provides changes over the pipeline for different
stages likean each CI/CD pipeline will have stages like
build,test,sanitytest,UAT,Deployment to Prod environment as with each stage
there are differenttools is used and different technology stack is presented
and there needs to bea way to integrate with different toolfor completing a
series toolchain, therecomes a need for HTTP API , where every
toolcommunicates with different toolsusing API , and even user can also use
SDK to interact with different tools likeBOTO for Python to contact AWS
API’s for automation based on events ,nowadays its not batch processing
anymore , it is mostly event drivenpipelines
Microservices, and how they power efficientDevOps
practices
+
Answer: Where In traditional architecture ,
everyapplication is monolith application means that anything is developed by
a groupof developers , where it has been deployed as a single application in
multiplemachines and exposed to outer world using loadbalancers , where
themicroservices means breaking down your application into small pieces ,
whereeach piece serves the different functionality needed to complete a
singletransaction and by breaking down , developers can also be formed to
groups andeach piece of application may follow different guidelines for
efficientdevelopment phase , because of agile development should be phased
up a bit andevery service uses REST API (or) Message Queues to communicate
between other service. So build andrelease of a non-robust version may not
affect whole architecture , instead somefunctionality is lost , that
provides the assurance for efficient and fasterCI/CD pipelines and DevOps
Practices
Ways that a pipeline can be created inJenkins
+
Answer: There are two ways of the pipeline can be
created inJenkins Scripted Pipelines: More like a programming approach
Declarativepipelines: DSL approach specifically for creating Jenkins
pipelines. Thepipeline should be created in Jenkins file and the location
can either be in SCMor local system. Declarative and Scripted Pipelines are
constructedfundamentally differently. Declarative Pipeline is a more recent
feature ofJenkins Pipeline which: Provides richer syntactical features over
ScriptedPipeline syntax, and is designed to make writing and reading
Pipeline codeeasier.
Labels in Jenkins & where it canbe utilis ed
+
Answer: As with CI/CD solution needs to be centralized
,where every application in the organization can be built by a single
CI/CDserver , so in organization there may be different kinds of application
likejava , c#,.NET and etc , as with microservices approach your programming
stackis loosely coupled for the project , so you can have Labels in each
node and select the optionOnly built jobs while label matching this node ,
so when a build is scheduledwith the label of the node present in it , it
waits for next executor in thatnode to be available , eventhough there are
other executors in nodes.
Use of Blueocean in Jenkins
+
Answer: Blue Ocean rethinks the user experience of
Jenkins.Designed from the ground up for Jenkins Pipeline, but still
compatible withfreestyle jobs, Blue Ocean reduces clutter and increases
clarity for everymember of the team. It provides sophis ticated UI to
identify each stage of thepipeline and better pinpointing for is sues and
very rich Pipeline editor forbeginners.
Callback plugins in ansible, give someexamples of some
callback plugins
+
Answer: Callback plugins enable adding new behaviors
toAnsible when responding to events. By default, callback plugins
controlmost ofthe output you see when running the command line programs, but
can also be usedto add additional output, integrate with other tools and
marshall the events toa storage backend. So whenever an play is executed and
after it produces someevents , that events are printed onto Stdout screen
,so callback plugin can beput into any storage backend for log processing.
Example callback plugins areansible-logstash, where every playbook execution
is fetched by logstash in theJSON format and can be integrated any other
backend source likeelasticsearch.
Scripting languages can be used inDevOps
+
Answer: As with scripting languages , the basic
shellscripting is used for build steps in Jenkins pipelines and python
scripts can beused with any other tools like Ansible , terraform as a
wrapper script for someother complex decis ion solving tasks in any
automation as python is moresuperior in complex logic derivation than shell
scripts and ruby scripts canalso be used as build steps in Jenkins.
Continuos Monitoring and why monitoring is
verycritical in DevOps
+
Answer: Devops brings out every organization capablity
ofbuild and release cycle to be much shorter with concept of CI/CD , where
everychange is reflected into production environments fastly , so it needs
to betightly monitored to get customer feedbacks. So the concept of
continuosmonitoring has been used to evaluate each application performance
in real time(atleast Near Real Time) , where each application is developed
with applicationperformance monitor agents compatible and the granular level
of metrics aretaken out like JVM stats and even fuctional wis e metrics
inside the applicationcan also be poured out in real time to Agents , which
in turn gives to anybackend storage and that can be used by monitoring teams
in dashboards andalerts to get continuosly monitor the application
Give some examples of continuos monitoringtools
+
Answer: Where many continuos monitoring tools are
availablein the market, where used for a different kind of application and
deploymentmodel Docker containers can be monitored by cadvis or agent ,
which can be usedby Elasticsearch to store metrics (or) you can use TICK
stack (Telegraf,influxdb,Chronograf,Kapacitor) for every systems monitoring
in NRT(Near RealTime) and You can use Logstash (or) Beats to collect Logs
from system , which inturn can use Elasticsearch as Storage Backend can use
Kibana (or) Grafana asvis ualizer. The system monitoring can be done by
Nagios and Icinga.
Ways to create Custom Dockerimages
+
Answer: Docker images can be created by two ways
broadlyDockerfile: Most used method , where base image can be specified and
the filescan be copied into the image and installation and configuration can
be doneusing declarative file which can be given to Docker build command to
produce newdocker image. Docker commit: Where the Docker image is pinned up
as aDocker container and every command execute inside a container forms a
Read-onlylayer and after every changes is Done can use docker
commit to save as a image, although this method is notsuitable
for CI/CD pipelines , as it re Quires manual intervention.
Give some important directives in Dockerfile and
anexample Dockerfile
+
Answer: FROM – Gives the base image to use. RUN– this
directive used to run a command directly into any image. CMD- Torun the
command, but the format of command specification is more arguments basedthan
a single command like RUN. ADD (or) COPY – To copy files from yourlocal
machine to Docker images you create. ENTRYPOINT- Entrypoint command keepsthe
command without execution, so when the container is spawned from an
image,the command in entry point runs first. Example Dockerfile FROM
python:2 MAINTAINER janakiraman RUN mkdir /code ADD test.py /code
ENTRYPOINT[“python”,”/code/test.py”] Q2. Give some important Jenkins Plugins
Answer: SSH slaves plugin
Use of vaults in ansible
+
Answer: Vault files are encrypted files, which contains
anyvariables used by ansible playbooks, where the vault encrypted files can
bedecrypted only by the vault-password, so while running a playbook, if any
vaultfile is used for a variable inside playbooks, so need to
used–-ask-vault-pass command argument while running playbook.
Docker make deployments easy
+
Answer: Docker is a containerization technology, which
is aadvanced technology over virtualization, where in virtualization, an
applicationneeds to be installed in machine , then the OS should be spin up
and spinning upVirtual machine takes lot time , and it divides space from
Physical hardware andhypervis or layer wastes vast amount of space for
running virtual machines andafter it is provis ioned, Every application
needs to be installed andinstallation re Quires all dependencies and
sometimes dependencies may mis sout even if you double check and migration
from machine to machine ofapplications is painful , but docker shares
underlying OS resources , wheredocker engine is lightweight and every
application can be packaged withdependency once tested works everywhere
same, migration of application orspinning up of new application made easy
because just needs to install onlydocker in another machine and docker image
pull and run does all the magic ofspinning up in seconds.
.NET applications can be built usingJenkins
+
Answer: .NET applications needs Windows nodes to built
,where Jenkins can use Jenkins windows slave plugin can be used to
connectwindows node as a Jenkins slave , where it uses DCOM connector for
Jenkinsmaster to slave connection (or) you can use Jenkins JNLP connector
and the Buildtools and SCM tools used for the pipeline of .NET application
needs to beinstalled in the Windows slave and MSBuild build toolcan be used
to build .NETapplication and can be Deployed into Windows host by using
Powershell wrapperinside Ansible playbooks.
Make a High available Jenkins master-mastersolution
without using any Jenkins plugin
+
Answer: Where Jenkins stores all the build information
inthe JENKINS_HOME directory , which can be mapped to any NFS (or) SAN
storagedrivers , common file systems and when the node is down , can
implement amonitoring solution using Nagios to check alive , if down can
trigger an ansibleplaybook (or) python script to create a new Jenkins master
in different node andreload at runtime, if there is already a passive
Jenkins master in anotherinstance kept silent with same JENKINS_HOME Network
file store.
Give the structure of Jenkins file
+
Answer: Jenkins filed starts with Pipeline directive
,inside the pipeline directive will be agent directive , which specifies
wherethe build should be run and next directive would be stages , which
containsseveral lis t of stage directives and each stage directive contains
differentsteps . There are several optional directives like options , which
providescustom plugins used by the projects (or) any other triggering
mechanis ms usedand environment directive to provide all env variables
Sample Jenkins filepipeline{ agent any stages { stage(‘Dockerbuild’) { steps
{ sh“sudo docker build. -t pyapp:v1” } } } }
Uses of integrating cloud withDevOps
+
Answer: The centralized nature of cloud computing
providesDevOps automation with a standard and centralized platform for
testing,deployment, and production.Most cloud providers gives Even DevOps
technologieslike CI tools and deployment tools as a service like codebuild,
codepipeline,codedeploy in AWS makes easy and even faster rate of DevOps
pratice.
Orchestration of containers and what are thedifferent
tools used for orchestration
+
Answer: When deploying into production, you cannot use
asingle machine for production as it is not robust for any deployment , so
whenan application is containerized, the stack of applications maybe run at
singledocker host in development environment to check application
functionality, whilewhen we arrive into production servers, that it is not
the case, where youshould deploy your applications into multiple nodes and
stack should beconnected between nodes , so to ensure network connectivity
between differentcontainers , you need to have shell scripts (or) ansible
playbooks betweendifferent nodes ,and another dis advantage is using this
tools , you cannot runan efficient stack, where an application is taking up
more resources in one node, but another sits idle most time , so deployment
strategy also needs to beplanned out according to resources and
load-balancing of this applications alsobe configured, so to clear out all
this obstacles , there came a concept calledorchestration , where your
docker containers is orchestrated between differentnodes in the cluster
based on resources available according to schedulingstrategy and everything
should be given as DSL specific files not like scripts.There are Different
Orchestration tools available in market which areKubernetes,Swarm,Apache
Mesos.
Ansible tower
+
Answer: Ansible is developed by Redhat , which provides
ITautomation and configuration management purposes. Ansible Tower is the
extendedmanagement layer created to manage playbooks organization using
roles andexecution and can even chain different number of playbooks to form
workflows.Ansible tower dashboard provides NOC-style UI to look into the
status of allansible playbooks and hosts status.
Programming language applications that canbe built by
Jenkins
+
Answer: Jenkins is a CI/CD toolnot depends on
anyProgramming language for building application, if there is a build toolto
builtany language, that’s enough to build, even though plugin for build
toolnot available, can use any scripting to replace your build stage like
Shell,Powershell, Python scripts to make build of any language application.
Every toolin DevOps is mostly has some DSL(Domain
Specific Language)
+
Answer: DevOps is culture developed to address the
needs ofagile methodology , where the developement rate is faster ,so
deployment shouldmatch its speed and that needs operations team to
co-ordinate and work with devteam , where everything can automated using
script-based , but it feels morelike operations team than , it gives messy
organization of any pipelines , morethe use cases , more the scripts needs
to be written , so there are several usecases, which will be ade Quate to
cover the needs of agile are taken and tools arecreated according to that
and customiztion can happen over the toolusing DSL toautomate the DevOps
practice and Infra management.
Clouds can be integrated with Jenkins anduse cases
+
Answer: Jenkins can be integrated with different
cloudproviders for different use cases like dynamic Jenkins slaves, Deploy
to cloudenvironments. Some of the clouds can be integrated areAWS
Docker volumes and what type of volume shouldbe used
to achieve persis tent storage
+
Answer: Docker volumes are the filesystem mount
pointscreated by user for a container or a volume can be used by many
containers , andthere are different types of volume mount available empty
dir, Post mount, AWSbacked lbs volume, Azure volume, Google Cloud (or) even
NFS, CIFS filesystems,so a volume should be mounted to any of the external
drive to achieve persis tentstorage , because a lifetime of files inside
container , is till the containeris present and if container is deleted, the
data would be lost.
Artifacts repository can be integratedwith Jenkins
+
Answer: Any kind of Artifacts repository can be
integratedwith Jenkins, using either shell commands (or) dedicated plugins,
some of themare Nexus, Jfrog.
Some of the testing tools that can beintegrated with
jenkins and mention their plugins
+
Answer: Sonar plugin – can be used to integratetesting
of Code Quality in your source code. Performance plugin – this can be used
to integrate JMeter performance testing. Junit – to publis hunit test
reports. Selenium plugin – can be used to integrate withselenium for
automation testing.
Build triggers available inJenkins
+
Answer: Builds can be run manually (or) either
canautomatically triggered by different sources like Webhooks– The
webhooksare API calls from SCM , whenever a code is committed into
repository (or) canbe done for specific events into specific branches.
Gerrit code reviewtrigger– Gerrit is an opensource code review tool,
whenever a code changeis approved after review build can be triggered.
Trigger Build Remotely –You can have remote scripts in any machine (or) even
AWS lambda functions (or)make a post re Quest to trigger builds in Jenkins.
Schedule Jobs- Jobs canalso schedule like Cron jobs. Poll SCM for changes –
Where your Jenkinslooks for any changes in SCM for given interval, if there
is a change, the buildcan be triggered. Upstream and Downstream Jobs– Where
a build can betriggered by another job that is executed previously.
Version controlDocker images
+
Answer: Docker images can be version controlled using
Tags ,where you can assign tag to any image using docker tag
command. And if you are pushing any docker hub regis try without
tagging thedefault tag would be assigned which is latest , even if a
image with the latestis present , it demotes that image without tag and
reassign that to the latestpush image.
Use of Timestamper plugin inJenkins
+
Answer: It adds Timestamp to every line to the
consoleoutput of the build.
You not execute a build on master
+
Answer: You can run a build on master in Jenkins , but
it is not advis able , because the master already has the responsibility of
schedulingbuilds and getting build outputs into JENKINS_HOME directory ,so
if we run abuild on Jenkins master , then it additionally needs to build
tools, andworkspace for source code , so it puts performance overload in the
system , ifthe Jenkins master crashes , it increases the downtime of your
build and releasecycle.
Devops
+
Answer: DevOps is the market trend now, follows
asystematic approach for getting the application live to market. DevOps is
allabout tools helps in building the development platform as well
asproduction platform. Product companies are now looking at a Code as a
serviceconcept in the development skill is used to create a
productionarchitecture with atmost no downtime.
You think a Version controlsystem is necessaryfor
DevOps team
+
Answer: Application is all about code, if the UI is
notbehaving as expected, there could be a bug in the code. Inorder to track
thecode updates, versioning is a must. By any chance if bug breaks the
application, we should beable to revert it to the working codebase.
Versioning helps to achievethis . Also, by keeping a track of code commits
by individuals, itis very easy to find the source of the bug in the code.
Role prefer to be in the DevOpsteam
+
Answer: Basically the following are prominent in
DevOpsdepending upon the skillset. Architect Version ControlPersonnel
Configuration controlTeam Build and Integration management Deployment Team.
Testing People QA Q5. Architecture Monitoring Team Answer: In my opinion,
everyone should owe to be anarchitech. with this course, I will be fir the
role from 2 to 5. Everyone shouldunderstand the working of each role. Devops
is a collective effort ratherindividual effect.
Suppose you are put in to a project where you have
toimplement devops culture, what will be your approach
+
Answer: Before thinking of DevOps, there should be a
clearcut idea on what need to be implement and it should be done by the
Seniorarchitect. If we take a simple example of shopping market : Output of
this business will be a website which dis playsonline shopping items, and a
payment platform for easy payment. Even though it looks simple, the
background work is not thateasy, because a shopping cart must be : – 99.99%
live Easy and fast processing of shopping items Easy and fast payment
system. – Quick reporting to shopkeeper – Quick Inventory Management Fast
customer interaction and many more DevOps has to be implement in each
process and phase. Nextis the tools used for bringing the latest items in
website with minimal timespan. Git, Jenkins, Ansible/Chef, AWS can be much
of familiar tools with helpsin continuous delivery to market.
Whether continuous deployment is possiblepractically
+
Answer: Ofcourse it is possible if we bring the Agility
inevery phase of development and deployment. The release, testing and
deploymentautomation should be so accurately finetuned
Agility in devops basically
+
Answer: Agile is an iterative form of process
whichfinalizes the application by fulfilling the checklis t. For any
process, thereshould be set of checklis t inorder to standardize the code as
well as the buildand deployment process. The lis t depends on the
architecture of the applicationand business model.
Scripting using Bash, Python or any other languageis a
must for a DevOps team
+
Answer: Even though we have numerous tools in devops,
butthere will certain custom re Quirements for a project. In such cases, we
have to make useof scripting and then integrate it with the tools.
In AWS, how do you implement high availability
ofwebsites
+
The main concept of high availability is that the
websiteshould be live all the time. So we should avoid single point of
failure, inorderto achieve this LoadBalancer can be used. In AWS, we can
implement HA with LBwith AutoScaling methods.
Debug inside a docker container
+
Answer: The feature “docker exec” allows usersto debug
a container
Docker Engine
+
It is open source container build and management tool
We need Docker
+
Answer: Applications were started to use Agile
methodologywhere they build and deployed iteratively . Docker helps is
deploying same binaries with dependenciesacross different environments with
fraction of seconds
Docker daemon
+
Answer: Docker Daemon Receives and processes incoming
API reQuests from the CLI .
Docker client
+
Answer: Command line tool– a docker binaryand it
communicate to the Docker daemon through the Docker API.
Docker Hub Regis try
+
Answer: It is a Public image regis try maintanined by
Dockeritself and the Docker daemon talks to it through the regis try API
Install docker on a debian Linux OS
+
Answer: sudo apt-get install docker.io
Access does docker group have
+
Answer: The docker user have root like access and we
shouldrestrict access as we would protect root
Lis t the packages installed in Ubuntu container
+
Answer: dpkg -l lis ts the packages installed in
ubuntucontainer
We check status of the latest runningcontainer
+
Answer: With “docker ps -l” commandlis t latest running
processes
Stop a container
+
Answer: “docker kill “command to kill acontainer
“docker stop “command to stop a container
Lis t the stopped containers
+
Answer: docker ps -a ( –an all)
Docker image
+
Answer: An image is a collection of files and its meta
data, basically those files are the root filesystem of the container Image
is madeup of layers where each layer can be edited Q4.What is the
differences between containers andimages Answer: An image is an read-only
filesystem where containeris a running form of an image . Image is
non-editable and on containers we can edit as wewis h & save that again to a
new image
Do changes in a docker image
+
Answer: No we can’t do changes in an image. we canmake
changes in a Dockerfile or to the exis ting container to create a layerednew
image
Different ways to create new images
+
Answer: docker commit: to create an image from a
containerdocker build: to create an image using a Dockerfile
Store and manage images
+
Answer: Images can be stored in your local docker host
or ina regis try .
Download the images
+
Answer: Using “docker pull” command we candownload a
docker image
Image tags
+
Answer: Image tags are variants of Docker image
.“latest” is the default tag of an image
Dockerfile.
+
Answer: A Dockerfile series of instructions to build
adocker image Docker build command can be used to build
Build a docker file
+
Answer: docker build -t
View hostory of a docker image
+
Answer: The docker his tory command lis ts all the
layers inan image with image creation date, size and command used
CMD and ENTRYPOINT
+
Answer: These will allow using the default command to
beexecuted when a container is starting
EXPOSE instruction is used for
+
Answer: The EXPOSE command is used to publis h ports of
adocker container
Ansible
+
Answer: A configuration management toolsimilar to a
puppet, chef etc .
To choose Ansible
+
Answer: Ansible is simple and light where it needs only
shhand python as a dependency . It doesnt re Quired an agent to be installed
Ansible modules
+
Answer: Ansible “modules” are pre-defined smallset of
codes to perform some actions eg: copy a file, start a service
Ansible Tasks
+
Answer: Tasks are nothing but ansible modules with
thearguments
Handlers in ansible
+
Answer: Handlers are triggered when there is need in
changeof state e.g.restart service when a property file have changed.
Roles in ansible
+
Answer: Roles are re-usable tasks or handlers.
YAML
+
Answer: YAML – yet another markup language is way
ofstoring data in a structured text format like JSON
Playbooks
+
Answer: Playbooks are the recipes to ansible
Validate in maven
+
Answer: Validate is to check whether the info provided
arecorrect and all necessary is available
Compile in maven
+
Answer: It is to compile the source code of theproject
Test in maven
+
Answer: It is to test the source code to test using
suitabletesting framework
Package in maven
+
Answer: It is to do the binary packaging of the
compiledcode
Docker-compose
+
Answer: Compose is to define and run a
multi-containerapplication
Continuous integration
+
Answer: CI is nothing but giving immediate feedback to
thedeveloper by testing , analyzing the code .
Continuous delivery
+
Answer: Continuous delivery is a continuation of CI
whichaims in delivering the software until pre -prod automatically
Continuous deployment
+
Answer: Continuous deployment is next step after CI and
CDwhere the tested software will be provide to the end customers post
somevalidation and change management activities
Git commit
+
Answer: git commit records changes done to file in the
localsystem.
Git push
+
Answer: git push is to update the changes to the
remoterepository in the internet .
Git fetch
+
git fetch will pull only the data from the remote repo
butdoesnt merge with the repo in your local system.
Git pull
+
Answer: git pull will download the files from the
remoterepo and will merge with the files in your local system.
Reset the Last git Commit
+
Answer: “git reset” command can be used to undolast
commit .
Need for DevOps
+
Answer: Start the answer by explaining general market
trend,how releasing small features benefits compared to releasing big
features,advantages of releasing small features in high fre Quency. Dis cuss
about the topics such as Increase deploymentfre Quency
QWrite the key components of DevOps
+
Answer: These are te key comonents of DevOps.
ContinuousIntegration
Various tools used in DevOps
+
Answer: DevOps contains various stages. Each stage can
beachieved with various tools. Below are the various toolthat are popularly
usedtools in DevOps. Version Control: Git , SVN
Version Control
+
Answer: Version ControlSystem (that are made to the
filesor documents over a period of time.
Types of Version ControlSystems
+
Answer: There are two types of Version
ControlSystems:Central Version ControlSystem, Ex: Git,Bitbucket
JenkinsIn jenkins, programminglanguage should be used
+
Answer: It is a open Source automation tool. it is a
puposeof Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery. Jenkins is a
written in javaProgramming language. Q14. Give an explanation about DevOps.
Answer: DevOps is nothing but a practice that emphasizes thecollaboration
and communication of both software developers and implementationteam. It
focuses on delivering software product faster and lowering the failurerate
of releases.
Key Principles or Aspects behindDevOps
+
Answer: The key Principles or Aspects are
Infrastructure ascode
“Infrastructure code” is processed orexecuted in AWS
+
Answer: In AWS, Infrastructure code will be in simple
JSONformat After that JSON code will be organized into files called
templates You can Implement the templates on AWS DevOps and thenmanaged as
stacks At last the creating, deleting, updating, etc. operation inthe stack
are done by Cloud Formation
Scripting language is most important for aDevOps
engineer
+
Answer: It is very important to choose the simplest
languagefor DevOps engineer. Python Language is most suitable language
forDevOps.
DevOps helps developers
+
Answer: Developers can fix bug and implement new
featureswith less time by the help of DevOps. DevOps can also help to build
a perfectcommunication system in a team with every team member.
Popular tools for DevOps
+
Answer: Popular tools for DevOps areJenkins
Usefulness of SSH
+
Answer: SSH is used to log into a remote machine and
work onthe command line and also used it to dig into the system to make
possible securecoded communications between two untrusted hosts over an
insecurenetwork.
Would handle revis ion (version)control
+
Answer: I will post the code on SourceForge or GitHub
togive avis ual for everyone. I will post the checklis t also from the last
revis ionto make sure that any unsolved is sues are resolved.
Types of Http re Quests are
+
Answer: The types of Http re Quests are GET
If a Linux-build-server suddenly starts getting
slowwhat will you check
+
Answer: If a Linux-build-server suddenly starts
gettingslow, I will check for following three things Application Level
troubleshooting:is sues related with RAM, is sues related with Dis k I/O
read write, is sues relatedwith Dis k space, etc. System-Level
troubleshooting: Check for Application logfile OR application server log
file, system performance is sues, Web Server Log– check HTTP, tomcat log,
etc. or check jboss, WebLogic logs to see if theapplication server
response/receive time is the is sues for slowness, Memory Leakof any
application Dependent Services troubleshooting: is sues related
withAntivirus, is sues related with Firewall, Network is sues, SMTP server
responsetime is sues, etc Describe the key components of DevOps. The most
important DevOps components are: ContinuousIntegration
Git Bis ect helps
+
Answer: Git bis ect helps you to find the commit
whichintroduced a bug using binary search.
Build
+
Answer: Build is a method in which you can put source
codetogether for checking that is the source code working as a single unit.
In thebuild creation process, the source code will undergo compilation,
inspection,testing, and deployment.
Two-factor authentication
+
Answer: Two-factor authentication is a security method
inwhich the user provides two ways of identification from
separatecategories.
‘Canary Release’
+
Answer: It is a pattern which lowers the ris k of new
versionsoftware introduction into the production environment. User will
get“Canary Release” in a controlled manner before making it availableto the
complete user set.
Important types of testing re Quired toensure new
service is ready for production
+
Answer: You need to run continuous testing to make sure
thenew service is ready for production.
Vagrant
+
Answer: Vagrant is a toolused to create and manage
avirtual version of computing environments for tests and
softwaredevelopment. Usefulness of PTR in DNS. Answer: PTR or Pointer record
is used for reverse DNSlookup.
For DevOps success which are the bestpractices
+
Answer: Here, are essential best practices for
DevOpsimplementation: The speed of delivery means time taken for any task to
get theminto the production environment.
SubGit toolhelps
+
Answer: SubGit helps you to move SVN to Git. You can
build awritable Git mirror of a local or alien to Subversion repository by
usingSubGit. Q0. Name some of the prominent network monitoringtools. Answer:
Some most prominent network monitoring tools are:Splunk
Know if your video card can run UnityAnswer: When you
use a command
+
1 /usr/lib/Linux/unity_support_test- p it will give
detailed output about Unity’s re Quirements, and if they are met, then your
video card canrun unity.
Enable startup sound in Ubuntu
+
Answer: To enable startup sound Click controlgear and
thenclick on Startup Applications In the Startup Application Preferences
window,click Add to add an entry Then fill the information in comment boxes
like Name,Command, and Comment 1 /usr/bin/canberra-gtk-
play—id=“desktop-login”—description= “play login sound”Logout and then login
once you are done You can use shortcut key Ctrl+Alt+T toopen .
Fastest way to open an Ubuntu terminal ina particular
directory
+
Answer: To open an Ubuntu terminal in a
particulardirectory, you can use custom keyboard short cut. To do that, in
the commandfield of a new custom keyboard, type genome – terminal – –working
– directory = /path/to/dir.
Get the current colour of the currentscreen on the
Ubuntu desktop
+
Answer: You have to open the background image in The
Gimp(image editor) and use the dropper tool to select the colour on a
selectedpoint. It gives you the RGB value of the colour at that point.
Create launchers on a desktop inUbuntu
+
Answer: You have to use ALT+F2 then
type”gnome-desktop-item-edit –create-new~/desktop,” it will launch theold
GUI dialog and create a launcher on your desktop in Ubuntu.
Explain what Memcached is
+
Answer: Memcached is an open source and
free,high-performance, dis tributed memory object caching system. The
primaryobjective of Memcached is to increase the response time for data
otherwis e itcan be recovered or constructed from some other source or
database. Memcached is used to reduce the necessity of S QL database
operation or another source repetitively tocollect data for a simultaneous
re Quest. Memcached can be used for SocialNetworking->Profile Caching
Mention some important features of Memcached
+
Answer: Important features of Memcached includes CAS
Tokens:A CAS token is attached to an object retrieved from a cache. You can
use thattoken to save your updated object.
Is it possible to share a single instance of aMemcache
between multiple projects
+
Answer: Yes, it is possible to share a single instance
ofMemcache between multiple projects. You can run Memcache on more than one
serverbecause it is a memory store space. You can also configure your client
to speakto a particular set of case. So, you can run two different Memcache
processes onthe same host independently.
You are having multiple Memcache servers, one of
thememcache servers fails, and it has your data, can you recover key data
from theperticular failed server
+
Answer: Data won’t be removed from the server butthere
is a solution for auto-failure, which you can configure for multiplenodes.
Fail-over can be triggered during any socket or Memcached server levelerrors
and not during standard client errors like adding an exis ting key,etc.
Minimize the Memcached serveroutages
+
Answer: If you write the code to minimize cache
stampedesthen it will leave a minimal impact
Dogpile effectprevention of this effect
+
Answer: When a cache expires, and websites are hit by
themultiple re Quests made by the client at the same time the Dogpileeffect
occurs. You have to use semaphore lock to prevent the effect. In this system
after value expires, the first process ac Quires the lock and starts
generating new value.
Memcached should not be used
+
Answer: You have to use Memcached as cache; don’t useit
as a data store.
Server gets shut down does data stored inMemcached is
still available
+
Answer: No after a server shuts down and then restart
thestored data in Memcached will be deleted because Memcached is unable to
storedata for long time.
Difference between Memcache andMemcached
+
Answer: Memcache: It is an extension that allows you to
workthrough handy object-oriented (OOP’s) and procedural interfaces. It is
designed to reduce database load in dynamic webapplications.
Containers
+
Answer: Containers are from of lightweight
virtualizationand create separation among process.
Post mortem meeting with reference toDevOps
+
Answer: In DevOps Post mortem meeting takes place to
dis cussabout the mis takes and how to repair the mis takes during the
totalprocess.
Easiest method to build a smallcloud
+
Answer: VMfres is one of the best options to built
IaaScloud from Virtual Box VMs in lesser time. But if you want lightweight
PaaS,then Dokku is a better option because bash script can be PaaS out of
Dokkucontainers. Q0. Name two tools you can use for dockernetworking.
Answer: You can use Kubernetes and Docker swarm tools fordocker networking.
Q1. Name some of DevOps Implementation area Answer: DevOps are used for
Production, Production feedback,IT operation, and its software development.
CBD’
+
Answer: CBD or Component-Based Development is a uni Que
way to approach product development. In this method,Developers don’t develop
a product from scratch, they look for exis tingwell defined, tested, and
verified components to compose and assemble them to aproduct. Q3. Explain
Pair Programming with reference toDevOps Answer: Pair programming is an
engineering practice ofExtreme Programming Rules. This is the process where
two programmers work on thesame system on the same design/algorithm/code.
They play two different roles inthe system. One as a“driver” and other as an
“observer”.Observer continuously observes the progress of a project to
identify problems.T hey both can change their roles in a step of theprogram.
Describe what DevOps is
+
DevOps is the new buzz in the IT world, swiftly
spreadingall through the technical space. Like other new and popular
technologies, peoplehave contradictory impressions of what DevOps is
exactly. The main objective ofDevOps is to alter and improve the
relationship between the development and ITteams by advocating better
inter-communication and smoother collaborationbetween two units of an
enterpris e.
Programming language used in DevOps
+
Python is used in DevOps.
Necessity of DevOps
+
Corporations are now facing the necessity of
carryingquicker and improved requests to see the ever more persis tent
demands of mindfulusers to decrease the “Time to Marketplace.“ DevOps often
benefitsplacement to occur very profligately.
Areas where DevOps is implemented
+
By the passage of time, the need for DevOps is
continuouslyincreasing. However, these are the main areas it is implemented
in- Areas of Production Development areas productionfeedback development of
IT Operations
Agile expansion and Scrum
+
Agile growth used as a substitute for Waterfall
developmenttraining. In Agile, the expansion process is more iterative and
additive; thereare more challenging and response at every stage of
development as opposed toonly the latter stage in Waterfall. Scrum is used
to accomplis h compositesoftware and product growth, using iterative and
additive performs. Scrum hasthree roles: Product owner Scrum master Team
Name a few most famous DevOps tools
+
The most prevalent DevOps tools are stated below:
Puppet Chef Ansible Git Nagios DockerJenkins
Can we consider DevOps as an agile practice
+
Yes, DevOps is considered as an agile practice
wheredevelopment is driven by profound changing demands of professionals to
stickcloser to the corporate needs and requirements
DevOps engineer’s responsibilityconcerning Agile
development
+
DevOps specialis t exertion very methodically with
Agiledevelopment teams to assurance they have a condition essential to
supportpurposes such as automatic testing, incessant Integration, and
unceasingDelivery. DevOps specialis t must be in continuous contact with the
developersand make all compulsory parts of environment work flawlessly.
Incessant Testing significant for DevOps
+
You can respond to this question by saying,
“IncessantTesting permits any change made in the code to be tested directly.
This circumvents the glitches shaped by having “big-bang” testingleft-hand
to the end of the series such as announcement postponements andquality
matters. In this way, Incessant Testing eases more recurrent and goodclass
releases.”
Think is the role of SSH
+
SSH is a Secure Shell which gives the users a very
secure aswell encrypted mechanis m to safely log into systems and ensures
the safetransfer of files. It aids in the process of logging out of a remote
machinealong with the work on the command line. It helps in securing an
encrypted andprotected end to end communications between two hosts
communicating over aninsecure network.
Differentiate DevOps from Agile
+
Agile is the technology which is all about
softwaredevelopment, whereas DevOps is the technology used for software
deployment andmanagement.
Benefits of DevOps when seen from theTechnical and
Business viewpoint
+
The Technical assis tance features of DevOps can be
givenas: Software delivery is incessant. Decreases Difficulty inproblems.
Quicker approach to resolve problems Workforce is abridged. Business welfare
features: A high degree of bringing its features Steady
operatingenvironments More time increased to Add values. Allowing quicker
feature time to market
You think DevOps is developers friendly
+
DevOps is developers friendly because it fixes the bugs
andimplements the new features very smoothly quickly. It is amazing because
itprovides the much-needed clarity of communication among team members.
Measures take to handle revis ion(version) control
+
To manage a successful revis ion control, you are
required topost your code on SourceForge or GitHub so that everyone on the
team can view itfrom there and also there is an option for viewers to give
suggestions for thebetter improvement of it. Q15). Lis t a few types of HTTP
requests. A few types of Http requests are” GET HEAD PUT POST PATCH DELETE
TRACECONNECT OPTIONS Q16). Explain the DevOps Toolchain. Here is the DevOps
toolchain- Code Build Test Package Release ConfigureMonitor Q17). Elucidate
the core operations of DevOps concerningdevelopment and Infrastructure. Here
is a lis t of the core operations of DevOps: Unit testing Packaging Code
coverage Code developing Configuration Orchestration Provis ioningDeployment
You think there is a need for ContinuousIntegration of
Development & Testing
+
Continuous Integration of Development and Testing
enhancesthe quality of software and highly deducts the time taken to
deliverit, by replacing the old-schoolpractice of testing only after
completing allthe development process. Q19). Name a few branching strategies
used in DevOps A few branching strategies to be used are- Feature Branching
Task Branching Release Branching
Motive of GIT tools in DevOps
+
Read: What is the Difference between Agile and DevOps
The primary objective of Git is to efficaciously manage aproject or a given
bundle of files as they keep on changing over time. Git toolstores this
important information in a data structure kind of thing called a
Gitrepository.
Explain what the major components of DevOpsare
+
The major components of DevOps are continuous
integration,continuous delivery, continuous integration, and continuous
monitoring.
Steps should be taken when Linux-based-serversuddenly
gets slow
+
When a Linux-based-server suddenly becomes slow, then
youshould focus on three things primarily: Application level troubleshooting
System leveltroubleshooting Dependent level troubleshooting
Cloud platforms can be used for the successfulDevOps
implementation
+
Cloud platforms that can be used for the successful
DevOpsimplementation are given as: Google Cloud Amazon Web Services
Microsoft Azure
Version ControlSystem (VCS)
+
VCS is a software application that helps software
developersto work together and maintain the complete his tory of their work.
Significant benefits of VCS (VersionControlSystem)
+
The significant benefits of using VCS can be givenas:
It allows team members to work simultaneously. All past variants and
versions are packed within VCS. A dis tributed VCS helps you to store the
complete his tory ofthe project. In case of a breakdown of the central
server, you may use the localGIT repository.
It allows you to see what exact changes are made to
thecontent of a file. What is a Git Bis ect
+
Git Bis ect helps you to find the commit which
introduced abug using the binary search. Here is the basic syntax for a Git
Bis ect: Gitbis ect
Understand by the term build
+
A build is a method in the source code where the source
codeis put together to check how it works as a single unit. In the complete
process,the source code will undergo compilation, testing, inspection,
anddeployment.
As per your experience, what is the most
importantthing that DevOps helps to achieve
+
The most important thing that DevOps helps us to
achieve is to get the changes in a product quickly while minimizing ris ks
related tosoftware quality and compliance. Other than this , there are more
benefits ofDevOps that include better communication, better collaboration
among teammembers, etc. Q29). Dis cuss one use case where DevOps can be
implementedin the real-life. Etsy is a Company that focuses on vintage,
handmade, anduniquely manufactured items. There are millions of Etsy users
who are sellingproducts online. At this stage, Etsy decided to follow a more
agile approach.DevOps helped Etsy with a continuous delivery pipeline and
fully automateddeployment lifecycle. Q30). Explain your understanding of
both the softwaredevelopment side and technical operations side of an
organization you haveworked in the past recently. The answer to this
question may vary from person to person.Here, you should dis cuss the
experience of how flexible you were in your lastCompany. free DevOps demo
DevOps Interview Questions and Answers for advancedworkforce In this
section, we will be dis cussing interview questionsfor experienced people
having more than three years of experience. Before you gothrough questions
directly, take this quiz first to become a little moreconfident in your
skills.
Anti-patterns in DevOps
+
A pattern is used by others, not by organizations and
youcontinue blindly follow it. You are essentially adopting
anti-patternshere.
Git Repository
+
It is a version controlsystem that tracks changes to a
fileand allows you to revert to any particular changes.
In Git, how to revert a commit that has already
beenmade public
+
Remove or fix the commit and push it to the
remoterepository. This is the most natural style to fix an error. To do this
, youshould use the command given below: Git commit –m “commitmessage”
Create a new commit that undergoes all changes that weremade in the bad
commit. Git revert
Process to squash last N number of commitsinto a
single commit
+
There are two options to squash last N number of
commitsinto a single commit. To write a new commit message from scratch, you
should usethe following command: git reset –soft HEAD ~N && git commit To
edit the exis ting message, you should extract thosemessages first and pass
them to the Git commit for later usage. Git reset–soft HEAD ~ N&& git commit
–edit –m “$(git log–format=%B –reverse .HEAD {N})”
Git rebase and how to use it for resolvingconflicts in
a feature branch before merging
+
Git Rebase is a command that is used to merge another
branchto the exis ting branch where you are working recently. It moves all
localcommits at the top of the his tory of that branch. It effectively
replays thechanges of feature branch at the tip of master and allowing
conflicts to beresolved in the process. Moreover, the feature branch can be
merged to the masterbranch with relative ease and sometimes considered as
the fast-forwardoperation.
Configure a git repository to run codesanity checking
tools right before making commits and preventing them if thetest fails
+
Sanity or smoke test determines continue the
testingreasonably. This is easy configuring a Git repository to run code
sanitychecking before making commits and preventing them if the test fails.
It can bedone with a simple script as mentioned below: #!/bin/sh file=$(git
diff -cached -name-only -diff-filter=ACM | grep'.go$') if [ -z file]; then
exit 0 fi unfmtd=$(gofmt -I $files) if [ -z unfmtd]; then exit 0 fi eacho
"some .go files are not fmt'd" exit1
Find a lis t of files that are changed in acertain
manner
+
To get a lis t of files that are changed or modified in
aparticular way, you can use the following command: git diff-tree -r{hash}
Set up a script every time a repositoryreceives new
commits from a push
+
There are three techniques to set up a script every
time arepository receives new commits from Push. These are the pre-receive
hook,post-receive hook, and update hook, etc. Q). Write commands to know in
Git if a branch is merged tothe master or not. Here are the commands to know
in Git if a branch is mergedto the master or not. To lis t branches that are
merged to the current branch,you can use the following command: git branch
-merged To lis t branches that are not merged to the current branch,you can
use the following command: git branch – no-merged
Continuous integration in DevOps
+
It is a development practice that requires developers
tointegrate code into a shared repository multiple times a day. Each
check-in is verified with an automated build allowing teams to detect
problems early.
Continuous integration necessary for thedevelopment
and testing team
+
It improves the quality of software and reduces the
overalltime to product delivery, once the development is complete. It allows
thedevelopment team to find and locate bugs at an early stage and merge them
to theshared repository multiple times a day for automating testing.
Are there any particular factors included incontinuous
integration
+
These following points you should include to answer
this Automate the build and maintain a code repository. Make thebuild
self-tested and fast. Testing should be done in a clone of the
productionenvironment. It is easy getting the latest deliverables.
Automate the deployment, and everyone should be able
tocheck the result of the latest build. Q43). What is the process to copy
Jenkinsfrom one server to another
+
There are multiple ways to copy Jenkins from one server
toanother. Let us dis cuss them below: You can move the job from one Jenkin
installation to anotherby simply copying the corresponding job directory.
Make a copy of the exis ting job and save it with a differentname in the job
directory.
Rename the exis ting job and make necessary changes as
perthe requirement. Q44). How to create a file and take backups in Jenkins
+
For taking backup in Jenkins, you just need to copy
thedirectory and save it with a different name. Q45). Explain the process to
set up jobs in Jenkins. Go to the Jenkins page at the top, select the
“newjob” option, and choose “Build a free-style softwareproject.” Select the
optional SCM where your source coderesides. Select the optional triggers to
controlwhen Jenkinsperforms builds. Choose the preferable script that can be
used to make thebuild. Collect the information for the build and notify
peopleabout the build results. Q46). Name a few useful plugins in Jenkins.
Some popular plugins in Jenkins can be given as:
Read: What is GitGit Tutorial Guide for Beginners
Maven 2project
+
Amazon EC2 HTML publis her Copy artifact Join Green
Balls
Secure Jenkins
+
Here are a few steps you should follow to secure
theJenkins: Make sure that global security option is on and Jenkins is
integrated with the company’s user directory with appropriate logindetails.
Make sure that the project matrix is enabled for the finetune access.
Automate the process of setting privileges in Jenkins withcustom
version-controlled scripts. Limit the physical access to
Jenkinsdata/folders. Run the security audits periodically. Jenkins is one of
the popular tools used extensively inDevOps and hands-on training in Jenkins
can make you an expert in the DevOpsdomain.
Continuous testing in DevOps
+
It is the process of executing automated tests as part
ofsoftware delivery to receive immediate feedback within the latest build.
In this way, each build can be tested continuously allowing the development
team to getfaster feedback and avoid potential problems from progressing to
the next stageof the delivery cycle.
Automation testing in DevOps
+
It is the process of automating the manual process
fortesting an application under test (AUT). It involves the usage of
differenttesting tools that lets you creating test scripts that can be
executedrepeatedly and does not require any manual intervention.
Automation testing significant inDevOps
+
The automation testing is significant for the
followingreasons in DevOps: It supports the execution of repeated test
cases. It helpsin testing a large test matrix quickly. It helps in enabling
the test execution. It encouragesparallel execution. It improves accuracy by
eliminating human intervened errors.It helps in saving the overall time and
investments.
Importance of continuous testing inDevOps
+
With continuous testing, all changes to the code can
betested automatically. It avoids the problem created by the big-bang
approach atthe end of the cycle like release delays or quality is sues etc.
In this way,continuous testing assures frequent and quality releases.
Major benefits of continuous testingtools
+
The major benefits of continuous testing tools can be
givenbelow. Policy analysis Ris k assessment Requirements traceability Test
optimization Advancedanalytics Service virtualization
Testing toolis just the best as per yourexperience
+
Selenium testing toolis just the best as per my
experience.Here are a few benefits makes it suitable for the workplace. It
is an open source free testing toolwith a large userbase and helping
communities. It is compatible with multiple browsers andoperating systems.
It supports multiple programming languages with
regulardevelopment and dis tributed testing. Q54). What are the different
testing typessupported by the Selenium
+
These are the Regression Testing and functionaltesting.
Two-factor authentication in DevOps
+
Two-factor authentication in DevOps is a security
methodwhere the user is provided with two identification methods from
differentcategories.
Type of testing should be performed to make surethat a
new service is ready for production
+
It is continuous testing that makes sure that a new
serviceis ready for production.
Puppet
+
It is a configuration management toolin DevOps that
helpsyou in automating adminis tration tasks.
Understand by the term CanaryRelease
+
It is a pattern that reduces the ris k of introducing a
newversion of the software into the production environment. It is made
available ina controlled manner to the subset of users before releasing to
the complete setof users.
Objective of using PTR in DNS
+
PTR means pointer record that is required for a reverse
DNSlookup.
Vagrant in DevOps
+
It is a DevOps toolthat is used for creating and
managingvirtual environments for testing and developing software programs.
DevOps Job Interview Questions and Answers
Prerequis ites for the successfulimplementation of
DevOps
+
Here are the prerequis ites for the successful
implementationof DevOps: One Version controlsystem Automated testing
Automateddeployment Proper communication among team members
Best practices to follow for DevOpssuccess
+
Here are the essential practices to follow for
DevOpssuccess: The speed of delivery time taken for a task to get them
intothe production environment. Focus on different types of defects in
thebuild. Check the average time taken to recover in case offailure.
Total number of reported bugs by customers impacting
thequality of an application. Q63). What is a SubGit tool
+
A SubGit toolhelps in migrating from SVN to Git. It
allowsyou to build a writable Git mirror of a remote or local
subversionrepository. Q64). Name a few networks migrating tools. Splunk
Icinga 2 Wireshark NagiosOpenNMS
Check either your video card can run Unity ornot
+
Here is the command to check either your video card can
rununity or not: /usr/lib/linux/unity_support_test-p It will give you a
depth of unity’s requirements. Ifthey are met, your video card can run
Unity.
Enable the start-up sounds in ubuntu
+
To enable the start-up sounds in Ubuntu, you should
followthese steps: Click controlgear then click on startupapplications. In
the “startup application preferences” window,click “Add” to add a new entry.
Add the following command in the comment
boxes:/usr/bin/Canberra-gtk-play-id= “desktop-login” – description=“play
login sound” Now, log out from the account once you are done.
Quickest way of opening an Ubuntu terminalin a
particular directory
+
For this purpose, you can use the custom
keywordshortcuts. To do that, in the command field of a new custom
keyboard,type genome –terminal –working –directory = /path/to/dir.
Get the current color of the screen on theUbuntu
desktop
+
You should open the background image and use a dropper
toolto select the color at a specific point. It will give you the RGB value
for thatcolor at a specific point.
Create launchers on a Ubuntu Desktop
+
To create a launcher on a Ubuntu desktop, you should
use thefollowing command: ALT+F2 then
type“gnome-desktop-item-edit-create-new~/desktop,” it will launch theold GUI
dialog and create a launcher on your desktop
Memcached in DevOps
+
It is an open source, high speed, dis tributed memory
object.Its primary objective is enhancing the response time of data that can
otherwis ebe constructed or recovered from another source of database. It
avoids the needfor operating SQL database repetitively to fetch data for a
concurrentrequest. DevOps quiz
Memcached in useful
+
It speeds up the application processes. It determines
whatto store and share. It reduces the total number of retrieval requests to
thedatabase. It cuts the I/O access from the hard dis k.
Drawbacks of Memcached
+
It is not a persis tent data store It is not adatabase.
It is not application-specific. It is not able to cache large objects.
Features of Memcached
+
A few highlighted features of Memcached can be givenas:
CAS Tokens that are used to store the updated objects.Callbacks to simplify
the code. GetDelayed to reduce the response or wait time for theoutcome. A
binary protocolto use with the new client. Igbinary data option is available
to use with the complexdata.
Can you share a single instance of Memcached
withmultiple instances
+
Read: Top 20 Git Interview Questions and Answers 2018
Yes,it is possible.
If you have multiple Memcached servers and one of
theMemcached servers gets failed, then what will happen
+
Even if one of the Memcached servers gets failed,
datawon’t get lost, but it can be recovered by configuring it for
multiplenodes.
Minimize the Memcached server outages
+
If one of the server instances get failed, it will put
ahuge load on the database server. To avoid this , the code should be
written insuch a way that it can minimize the cache stampedes and leave a
minimal impacton the database server. You can bring up an instance of
Memcached on a new machinewith the help of lost IP addresses. You can modify
the Memcached server lis t tominimize the server outages. Set up the timeout
value for Memcached server outages. Ifthe server gets down, it will try to
send a request to the client until thetimeout value is achieved.
Update Memcached when data changes
+
To update the Memcached in case of data changes, you
can usethese two techniques: Clear the cache proactively Reset the Cache
Dogpile effect and how to prevent it
+
Dogpile effect refers to the event when the cache
expires,and website hits by multiple requests together at the same time. The
semaphorelock can minimize this effect. When the cache expires, the first
processacquires the lock and generates new value as required.
Explain when Memcached should not be used
+
It should not be used as a datastore but a cacheonly.
It should not be taken the only source of information to runyour apps, but
the data should be available through other sources too. It is just a value
store or a key and cannot perform a queryor iterate over contents to extract
the information. It does not offer anysecurity for authentication or
encryption.
Significance of the blue/green color indeployment
pattern
+
These two colors are used to represent tough
deploymentchallenges for a software project. The live environment is the
Blue environment.When the team prepares the next release of the software, it
conducts the finalstage of testing in the Green environment.
Container
+
Containers are lightweight virtualizations that offeris
olation among processes.
Post mortem meeting in DevOps
+
A post mortem meeting dis cusses what went wrong and
whatsteps to be taken to avoid failures. Q3). Name two tools that can be
used for Docketnetworking. These are Docker Swarm and Kubernetes.
Build a small cloud quickly
+
Dokku can be a good option to build a small
cloudquickly.
Name a few common areas where DevOps is implemented
+
These are IT, production, operations, marketing,
softwaredevelopment, etc.
Pair programming in DevOps
+
It is a development practice of extreme
programmingrules.
CBD in DevOps
+
CBD or component-based development is a unique style
ofapproaching product development.
Resilience Test in DevOps
+
It ensures the full recovery of data in case offailure.
Q). Name a few important DevOps KPis . Three most important KPis of DevOps
can be given as: Meantime to failure recovery Percentage of
faileddeployments Deployment Frequency
Difference between asset and configurationmanagement
+
Asset management refers to any system that monitors
andmaintains things of a group or unit. Configuration Management is the
process ofidentifying, controlling, and managing configuration items in
support of changemanagement.
HTTP work
+
An HTTP protocolworks like any other protocolin
aclient-server architecture. The client initiates a request, and the
serverresponds to it.
Chef
+
It is a powerful automated toolfor
transforminginfrastructure into code.
Define a resource in Chef
+
A resource is a piece of infrastructure and its
desiresstate like packages should be installed, services should be in
running state,the file could be generated, etc.
Define a recipe in Chef
+
A recipe is a collection of resources describing
aparticular configuration or policy.
Cookbook different from the recipe inChef
+
The answer is pretty direct. A recipe is a collection
ofresources, and a Cookbook is a collection of recipes and otherinformation.
Ansible Module
+
Modules are considered as a unit of work in Ansible.
Eachmodule is standalone, and it can be written in common
scriptinglanguages.
Playbooks in Ansible
+
Playbooks are Ansible’s orchestration,
configuration,and deployment languages. They are written in human-readable
basic textlanguage.
Check the complete lis t of Ansiblevariables
+
You can use this command to check the complete lis t
ofAnsible variables. Ansible –m setup hostname
Nagios
+
It is a DevOps toolfor continuous monitoring of
systems,business processes, or application services, etc.
Q0)What are plugins in DevOps
+
Plugins are scripts that are run from a command line
tocheck the status of Host or Service.
Benefits OfDevOps
+
DevOps is gaining more popularity day by day. Here are
somebenefits of implementing DevOps Practice. Release Velocity:DevOps enable
organizations to achieve a great release velocity. We canrelease code to
production more often and without any hectic problems. Development
Cycle:DevOps shortens the development cycle from initial design
toproduction. Full Automation:DevOps helps to achieve full automation from
testing, to build, releaseand deployment. Deployment Rollback:In DevOps, we
plan for any failure in deployment rollback due to a bugin code or is sue in
production. This gives confidence in releasing featurewithout worrying about
downtime for rollback. Defect Detection:With DevOps approach, we can catch
defects much earlier than releasingto production. It improves the quality of
the software. Collaboration:WithDevOps, collaboration between development
and operations professionalsincreases. Performance-oriented:With DevOps,
organization follows performance-oriented culturein Feb-71 which teams
become more productive and moreinnovative.
Typical DevOps workflow
+
The typical DevOps workflow is as follows: Atlassian
Jira for writingrequirements and tracking tasks. Based on the Jira
tasks,developers checking code into GIT version controlsystem. The code
checked into GIT is built by using Apache Maven. The build process is
automatedwith Jenkins. During the build process,automated tests run to
validate the code checked in by adeveloper. Code built on Jenkins is sentto
organization’s Artifactory. Jenkins automatically picksthe libraries from
Artifactory and deploys it to Production. During Production
deployment,Docker images are used to deploy same code on multiplehosts. Once
a code is deployed toProduction, we use monitoring tools like ngios are used
tocheck the health of production servers. Splunk based alerts inform
theadmins of any is sues or exceptions in production.
DevOps Vs Agile
+
Agile is a set of values and principles about how to
developsoftware in a systematic way. Where as DevOPs is a way to quickly,
easily and repeatablymove that software into production infrastructure, in a
safe and simpleway. In oder to achieve that we use a set of DevOps tools
andtechniques.
Most ImportantThing DevOps Helps Us To Achieve
+
Most important aspect of DevOps is to get the changes
intoproduction as quickly as possible while minimizing ris ks in software
qualityassurance and compliance. This is the primary objective of DevOps.
What Are Some DevOps tools. Here is a lis t of some most important DevOps
tools Git Jenkins, Bamboo Selenium Mar-71 Puppet, BitBucket Chef Ansible,
Artifactory Nagios Docker Monit ELK –Elasticsearch,Logstash, Kibana
Collectd/Collect
DeploySoftware
+
Code is deployed by adopting continuous delivery
bestpractices. Which means that checked in code is built automatically and
thenartifacts are publis hed to repository servers. On the application
severs there are deployment triggersusually timed by using cron jobs. All
the artifacts are then downloaded anddeployed automatically. Gradle DevOps
Interview Questions
Gradle
+
Apr-71 Gradle is an open-source build automation system
that buildsupon the concepts of Apache Ant and Apache Maven. Gradle has a
properprogramming language instead of XML configuration file and the
language is called ‘Groovy’. Gradle uses a directed acyclic graph("DAG") to
determine the order in which tasks can be run. Gradle was designed for
multi-project builds, which can growto be quite large. It supports
incremental builds by intelligently determiningwhich parts of the build tree
are up to date, any task dependent only on thoseparts does not need to be
re-executed.
Advantages of Gradle
+
Gradle provides many advantages and here is a lis t
Declarative Builds:Probably one of the biggest advantage of Gradleis Groovy
language. Gradle provides declarative languageelements. Which providea
build-by- convention support for Java, Groovy, Web andScala. Structured
Build:Gradle allows developers to apply common designprinciples to their
build. It provides a perfect structurefor build, so that well-structured and
easily maintained, comprehensible buildstructures can be built. Deep
API:Using this API, developers can monitor andcustomize its configuration
and executionbehaviors. Scalability:Gradle can easily increase productivity,
fromsimple and single project builds to huge enterpris emulti-project
builds.Multi-project builds:Gradle supports multi-project buildsand also
partial builds. Build management:Gradle supports different strategies to
manage project dependencies. First buildintegration tool − Gradle
completelysupports ANT tasks, Maven and lvy repositoryinfrastructure for
publis hing and retrieving dependencies. It also provides aconverter for
turning a Maven pom.xml to Gradle script. Ease of migration:Gradle can
easily adapt to any projectstructure. Gradle Wrapper:Gradle Wrapper allows
developers to executeGradle builds on machines where Gradle is not
installed.This is useful for continuous integration of servers. Free open
source− Gradle is an open source project, andlicensed under the Apache
Software License (ASL). Groovy:Gradle's build scripts are written inGroovy,
not XML. But unlike other approaches this is notfor simply exposing the raw
scripting power of a dynamic language. The wholedesign of Gradle is oriented
towards being used as a language, not as a rigidframework.
Gradle is Preferred Over Maven or Ant
+
May-71 There is n't a great support for multi-project
builds inAnt and Maven. Developers end up doing a lot of coding to support
multi-projectbuilds. Also having some build-by-convention is nice and makes
buildscripts more concis e. With Maven, it takes build by convention too
far, andcustomizing your build process becomes a hack. Maven also promotes
every project publis hing an artifact.Maven does not support subprojects to
be built and versioned together. But with Gradle developers can have the
flexibility of Antand build by convention of Maven. Groovy is easier and
clean to code than XML. In Gradle,developers can define dependencies between
projects on the local file systemwithout the need to publis h artifacts to
repository. Gradle Vs Maven The following is a summary of the major
differences betweenGradle and Apache Maven: Flexibility:Googlechose Gradle
as the official build toolfor Android; not because build scriptsare code,
but because Gradle is modeled in a way that is extensible in the
mostfundamental ways. Both Gradle and Maven provide convention over
configuration.However, Maven provides a very rigid model that makes
customization tedious andsometimes impossible. While this can make it easier
to understand any given Mavenbuild, it also makes it unsuitable for many
automation problems. Gradle, on theother hand, is built with an empowered
and responsible user in mind. Performance Both Gradle and Maven employ some
form of parallel projectbuilding and parallel dependency resolution. The
biggest differences areGradle's mechanis ms for work avoidance and
incrementally. Followingfeatures make Gradle much faster than Maven:
Incrementally:Gradle avoids work bytracking input and output of tasks and
only running whatis necessary. BuildCache:Reuses the build outputs of any
otherGradle build with the same inputs. GradleDaemon:A long-lived process
that keeps buildinformation "hot" in memory. User Experience Maven's has a
very good support for various IDE's.Gradle's IDE support continues to
improve quickly but is not great as ofMaven. Jun-71 Although IDEs are
important, a large number of users preferto execute build operations through
a command-line interface. Gradle provides amodern CLI that has dis
coverability features like `gradle tasks`, as well asimproved logging and
command-line completion. Dependency Management Both build systems provide
built-in capability to resolvedependencies from configurable repositories.
Both are able to cache dependencieslocally and download them in parallel. As
a library consumer, Maven allows one to override adependency, but only by
version. Gradle provides customizable dependencyselection and substitution
rules that can be declared once and handle unwanteddependencies
project-wide. This substitution mechanis m enables Gradle to buildmultiple
source projects together to create composite builds. Maven has few, built-in
dependency scopes, forcesawkward module architectures in common scenarios
like using test fixtures orcode generation. There is no separation between
unit and integration tests, forexample. Gradle allows custom dependency
scopes, providesbetter-modeled and faster builds.
Gradle Build Scripts
+
Gradle builds a script file for handling projects and
tasks.Every Gradle build represents one or more projects. A project
represents a library JAR or a webapplication.
Gradle Wrapper
+
The wrapper is a batch script on Windows, and a shell
scriptfor other operating systems. Gradle Wrapper is the preferred way of
starting aGradle build. When a Gradle build is started via the wrapper,
Gradle willautomatically download and run the build.
Gradle Build Script File Name
+
This type of name is written in the format that is
build.gradle. It generally configures the Gradle scripting language.
Add Dependencies In Gradle
+
In order to make sure that dependency for your project
is added, you need to mention the Jul-71 configuration dependency like
compiling the blockdependencies of the build.gradle file.
Gradle Daemon
+
A daemon is a computer program that runs as a
backgroundprocess, rather than being under the direct controlof an
interactiveuser. Gradle runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and
usesseveral supporting libraries that require a non-trivial
initializationtime. As a result, it can sometimes seem a little slow to
start.The solution to this problem is the Gradle Daemon : a long-lived
background processthat executes your builds much more quickly than would
otherwis e be thecase. We accomplis h this by avoiding the expensive
bootstrappingprocess as well as leveraging caching, by keeping data about
your project inmemory. Running Gradle builds with the Daemon is no different
thanwithout
Dependency Management in Gradle
+
Software projects rarely work in is olation. In most
cases, aproject relies on reusable functionality in the form of libraries or
is brokenup into individual components to compose a modularized system.
Dependency management is a technique for declaring,resolving and using
dependencies required by the project in an automatedfashion. Aug-71 Gradle
has built-in support for dependency management andlives up the task of
fulfilling typical scenarios encountered in modern softwareprojects. What
Are Benefits Of Daemon in Gradle 3.0 Here are some of the benefits of Gradle
daemon It has good UX It is very powerful It is aware of the resource It is
well integrated with the Gradle Build scans It has been default enabled
Gradle Multi-Project Build
+
Multi-project builds helps with modularization. It
allows aperson to concentrate on one area of work in a larger project, while
Gradletakes care of dependencies from other parts of the project A
multi-project build in Gradle consis ts of one rootproject, and one or more
subprojects that may also have subprojects. While each subproject could
configure itself in completeis olation of the other subprojects, it is
common that subprojects share commontraits. It is then usually preferable to
share configurations amongprojects, so the same configuration affects
several subprojects.
Gradle Build Task
+
Gradle Build Tasks is made up of one or more projects
and aproject represents what is been done with Gradle. Some key of features
of Gradle Build Tasks are: Task has life cycled methods [do first, do last]
Build Scripts are code Default tasks like run, clean etc Task dependencies
can be defined using properties likedependsOn
Gradle Build Life Cycle
+
Sep-71 Gradle Build life cycle consis ts of following
threesteps -Initialization phase:In this phase the project layer or objects
are organized -Configuration phase:In this phase all the tasks are available
for the current build and adependency graph is created -Execution
phase:Inthis phase tasks are executed.
Gradle Java Plugin
+
The Java plugin adds Java compilation along with
testing andbundling capabilities to the project. It is introduced in the way
of a SourceSetwhich act as a group of source files complied and executed
together.
Dependency Configuration
+
A set of dependencies is termed as dependency
configuration,which contains some external dependencies for download and
installation. Here are some key features of dependency configurationare:
Compile: The project must be able to compile together Runtime: It is the
required time needed to get the dependency work inthe collection. Test
Compile: The check source of the dependencies is to be collected inorder to
run the project. Test Runtime: The final procedure is to check and run the
test which is bydefault act as a runtime mode. Groovy DevOps Interview
Questions Oct-71
Groovy
+
Apache Groovy is a object-oriented programming language
forthe Java platform. It is both a static and dynamic language with
featuressimilar to those of Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk. It can be
used as both a programming language and ascripting language for the Java
Platform, is compiled to Java virtual machine(JVM) bytecode, and
interoperates seamlessly with other Java code andlibraries. Groovy uses a
curly-bracket syntax similar to Java. Groovysupports closures, multiline
strings, and expressions embedded instrings. And much of Groovy's power lies
in itsASTtransformations, triggered through annotations.
Groovy is Gaining Popularity
+
Here are few reasons for popularity of Groovy Familiar
OOP languagesyntax. Extensive stock of variousJava libraries Nov-71
Increased expressivity (typeless to do more) Dynamic typing (lets you
codemore quickly, at least initially) Closures Native
associativearray/key-value mapping support (you can create an associative
array literal) String interpolation (cleanercreation of strings dis playing
values) Regex's being first classcitizens is Meant By Thin Documentation
InGroovy Groovy is documented very badly. In fact the coredocumentation of
Groovy is limitedand there is no information regarding thecomplex and
run-time errors that happen. Developers are largely on there own and they
normally haveto figure out the explanations about internal workings by
themselves.
Run Shell Commands in Groovy
+
Groovy adds the execute method to String to
makeexecuting shells fairly easy println "ls".execute().text
In How Many Platforms you can use Groovy
+
These are the infrastructure components where we can
usegroovy: -Application Servers -Servlet Containers -Databases with JDBC
drivers -All other Java-based platforms
Can Groovy Integrate With Non Java BasedLanguages
+
image It is possible but in this case the features are
limited.Groovy cannot be made to handle all the tasks in a manner it has to.
Pre-Requirements For Groovy
+
Dec-71 image Installing and using Groovy is easy.
Groovy does not havecomplex system requirements. It is OS independent.
Groovy can perform optimally in every situation.There aremany Java based
components in Groovy,which make it even more easier to work withJava
applications.
Questions: What is Closure In Groovy
+
A closure in Groovy is an open, anonymous, block of
codethat can take arguments, return a value and be assigned to a variable. A
closuremay reference variables declared in its surrounding scope. In
opposition to theformal definition of a closure, Closure in the Groovy
language can also contain free variables which aredefined outside of its
surrounding scope. A closure definition follows this syntax: {
[closureParameters -> ] statements } Where [closureParameters->] is an
optional comma-delimited lis t of parameters, andstatements are 0 or more
Groovy statements. The parameters look similar to amethod parameter lis t,
and these parameters may be typed or untyped. When a parameter lis t is
specified, the -> character is required and serves toseparate the arguments
from the closure body. The statements portion consis ts of 0, 1, ormany
Groovy statements.
ExpandoMeta Class In Groovy
+
Through this class programmers can add
properties,constructors, methods and operations in the task. It is a
powerful optionavailable in the Groovy. By default this class cannot be
inherited and users need tocall explicitly. The command for this is
“ExpandoMetaClass.enableGlobally()”.
Limitations Of Groovy
+
Groovy has some limitations. They are described below
It can be slower than theother object-oriented programming languages. It
might need memory more thanthat required by other languages. The start-up
time of groovyrequires improvement. It is not that frequent. For using
groovy, you need tohave enough knowledge of Java. Knowledge of Java is
important because half of groovy is based on Java. 13/71 It might take you
some time toget used to the usual syntax and default typing. It consis ts of
thindocumentation. How To Write HelloWorld Program In Groovy The following
is a basic Hello World program written inGroovy: class Test { static void
main(String[] args) { println('Hello World'); } }
Declare String In Groovy
+
In Groovy, the following steps are needed to declare
astring. The string is closed withsingle and double qotes. It contains
Groovy Expressionsnoted in ${} Square bracket syntax may beapplied like
charAt(i)
Differences Between Java And Groovy
+
Groovy tries to be as natural as possible for
Javadevelopers. Here are all the major differences between Java and Groovy.
-Default imports In Groovy all these packages and classes are imported
bydefault, i.e. Developers do not have to use an explicit import statement
to use them: java.io.* java.lang.* java.math.BigDecimal java.math.BigInteger
java.net.* java.util.* groovy.lang.* groovy.util.* -Multi-methods 14/71 In
Groovy, the methods which will be invoked are chosen atruntime. This is
called runtime dis patch or multi-methods. It means that themethod will be
chosen based on the types of the arguments at runtime. In Java,this is the
opposite: methods are chosen at compile time, based on the declaredtypes.
-Array initializers In Groovy, the { … } block is reserved for closures.
That means that you cannotcreate array literals with this syntax: int[]
arraySyntex = { 6, 3, 1} You actually have to use: int[] arraySyntex =
[1,2,3] -ARM blocks ARM (Automatic Resource Management) block from Java 7
arenot supported in Groovy. Instead, Groovy provides various methods relying
onclosures, which have the same effect while being more idiomatic. -GStrings
As double-quoted string literals are interpreted as GString values, Groovy
may fail withcompile error or produce subtly different code if a class with
String literal containing a dollar character is compiled with Groovy and
Java compiler. While typically, Groovy will auto-cast between GString and
String if an API declares the type of a parameter, beware of JavaAPis that
accept an Object parameterand then check the actual type. -String and
Character literals Singly-quoted literals in Groovy are used for String ,
and double-quoted result in String or GString , depending whether there is
interpolation in the literal. image image assert 'c'.getClass()==String
assert"c".getClass()==String assert "c${1}".getClass() in GString Groovy
will automatically cast a single-character String to char only when
assigning to a variable of type char . When calling methods with arguments
oftype char we need to either castexplicitly or make sure the value has been
cast in advance. char a='a' assert Character.digit(a, 16)==10 : 'But Groovy
doesboxing' assert Character.digit((char) 'a', 16)==10 try { assert
Character.digit('a', 16)==10 assert false:'Need explicit cast' 15/71 }
catch(Mis singMethodException e) { } Groovy supports two styles of casting
and in the case ofcasting to char there are subtledifferences when casting a
multi-char strings. The Groovy style cast is morelenient and will take the
first character, while the C-style cast will fail withexception. // for
single char strings, both arethe same assert ((char) "c").class==Character
assert ("c" as char).class==Character // for multi char strings they arenot
try { ((char) 'cx') == 'c' assert false: 'will fail - not castable' }
catch(GroovyCastException e) { } assert ('cx' as char) == 'c'
assert'cx'.asType(char) == 'c' -Behaviour of In Java == meansequality of
primitive types or identity for objects. In Groovy == translates to
a.compareTo(b)==0 , if they are Comparable , and a.equals(b) otherwis e. To
check for identity, there is is . E.g. a.is (b) .image
Test Groovy Application
+
The Groovy programming language comes with great
support forwriting tests. In addition to the language features and test
integration withstate-of-the-art testing libraries and frameworks. The
Groovy ecosystem has born a rich set of testinglibraries and frameworks.
Groovy Provides following testing capabilities Junit Integrations Spock for
specifications Geb for Functional Test Groovy also has excellent built-in
support for a range ofmocking and stubbing alternatives. When using Java,
dynamic mocking frameworksare very popular. A key reason for this is that it
is hard work creatingcustom hand-crafted mocks using Java. Such frameworks
can be used easily with Groovy.
Power Assertions In Groovy
+
16/71 Writing tests means formulating assumptions by
usingassertions. In Java this can be done by using the assert keyword. But
Groovy comes with a powerful variant of assert also known as power assertion
statement . Groovy’s power assert differs from the Java version in its
output given the booleanexpression validates to false : def x = 1 assert x
== 2 // Output: // // Assertion failed: // assert x == 2 // | | // 1 false
This section shows the std-err output The java.lang.AssertionError that is
thrown whenever the assertion can not be validatedsuccessfully, contains an
extended version of the original exception message.The power assertion
output shows evaluation results from the outer to the innerexpression. The
power assertion statements true power unleashes in complexBoolean
statements, or statements with collections or other toString -enabled
classes: def x = [1,2,3,4,5] assert (x << 6)==[6,7,8,9,10] // // // Output:
Assertion failed: // assert (x << 6)==[6,7,8,9,10] // | | | // | | false
// | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Can We Use Design Patterns In Groovy
+
Design patterns can also be used with Groovy. Here
areimportant points Some patterns carry overdirectly (and can make use
of normal Groovy syntax improvements for greater readability) Some
patterns are no longerrequired because they are built right into the
language orbecause Groovy supports a better way of achieving the intent
of thepattern some patterns that have to beexpressed at the design level
in other languages can be implemented directly inGroovy (due to the way
Groovy can blur the dis tinction between design andimplementation)
Parse And Produce JSON Object InGroovy
+
17/71 Groovy comes with integrated support for
converting betweenGroovy objects and JSON. The classes dedicated to JSON
serialis ation and parsingare found in the groovy.json a class that
parses JSON text or reader content into Groovydata structures (objects)
such as maps, lis ts and primitive types like Integer , Double , Boolean
and String . The class comes with a bunch of overloaded parse methods
plus some special methods such as parseText , parseFile and others
Difference Between XmlParser AndXmlSluper
+
XmlParser and XmlSluper are used for parsing XML
withGroovy. Both have the same approach to parse an xml. Both come with
a bunch of overloaded parse methods plus somespecial methods such as
parseText ,parseFile and others. XmlSlurper def text = ''' Groovy '''
def lis t = new XmlSlurper().parseText(text) assert lis t
instanceofgroovy.util.slurpersupport.GPathResult assert lis
t.technology.name =='Groovy' Parsing the XML an returning the root node
as aGPathResult Checking we’re using a GPathResult Traversing the tree
in a GPath style XmlParser 18/71 def text = ''' Groovy ''' def lis t =
new XmlParser().parseText(text) assert lis t instanceof groovy.util.Node
assertlis t.technology.name.text() == 'Groovy' Parsing the XML an
returning the root node as a Node Checking we’re using a Node Traversing
the tree in a GPath style Let’s see the similarities betweenXMLParser
andXMLSlurperfirst: Both are based on SAX so they both are low memory
footprint image Both canupdate/transform the XML But they have key
differences: XmlSlurper evaluates the structurelazily. So if you update
the xml you’ll have to evaluate the whole treeagain. XmlSlurper returns
GPathResult instances when parsing XML XmlParser returns Node objects
when parsing XML
Use one or the another
+
If you want to transform anexis ting document to
another then be the choice If you want to update and readat the same
time then XmlParser is the choice. Maven DevOps Interview Questions
19/71 image
Maven
+
Mavenis a buildautomation toolused primarily for
Java projects. Maven addresses twoaspects of building software: First:It
describeshow software is built Second:It describesits dependencies.
Unlike earlier tools like Apache Ant, it uses conventionsfor the build
procedure, and only exceptions need to be written down. An XML file
describes the software project being built, itsdependencies on other
external modules and components, the build order,directories, and
required plug-ins. It comes with pre-defined targets for performing
certainwell-defined tasks such as compilation of code and its packaging.
Maven dynamically downloads Java libraries and Mavenplug-ins from one or
more repositories such as the Maven 2 Central Repository,and stores them
in a local cache. This local cache of downloaded artifacts can also be
updatedwith artifacts created by local projects. Public repositories can
also beupdated. 20/71
Benefits Of Maven
+
One of the biggest benefit ofMaven is that its
design regards all projects as having acertain structure and a set of
supported task work-flows. Maven has quick project setup,no complicated
build.xml files, just a POM and go All developers in aproject use the
same jar dependencies due to centralized POM. In Maven getting a
numberof reports and metrics for a project "for free" It reduces the
size of sourcedis tributions, because jars can be pulled from a
centrallocation Maven lets developers get yourpackage dependencies
easily With Maven there is no need toadd jar files manually to the class
path
Build Life cycles In Maven
+
Build lifecycle is a lis t of named phases that can
be usedto give order to goal execution. One of Maven's standard life
cycles is the default lifecycle , whichincludes the following phases, in
this order validate generate-sources process-sources generate-resources
process-resources compile process-test-sources process-test-resources
test-compile test package install deploy
Meant By Build Tool
+
Build tools are programs that automate the creation
ofexecutable applications from source code. Building incorporates
compiling,linking and packaging the code into a usable or executable
form. In small projects, developers will often manually invoke thebuild
process. This is not practical for larger projects. Where it is very
hard to keep track of what needs to bebuilt, in what sequence and what
dependencies there are in the building process.Using an automation
toollike Maven, Gradle or ANT allows the build process tobe more consis
tent. 21/71
Dependency Management Mechanis m InGradle
+
image Maven's dependency-handling mechanis m is
organizedaround a coordinate system identifying individual artifacts
such as softwarelibraries or modules. For example if a project needs
Hibernate library. Ithas to simply declare Hibernate's project
coordinates in its POM. Maven will automatically download the dependency
and thedependencies that Hibernate itself needs and store them in the
user's localrepository. Maven 2 Central Repository is used by default
tosearch for libraries, but developers can configure the custom
repositories to beused (e.g., company-private repositories) within the
POM.
Central Repository Search Engine
+
The Central Repository Search Engine, can be used
to findout coordinates for different open-source libraries and
frameworks.
Plugins In Maven
+
Most of Maven's functionality is in plugins.
Aplugin provides a set of goals that can be executed using the
followingsyntax: mvn [plugin-name]:[goal-name] For example, a Java
project can be compiled with thecompiler-plugin's compile-goal by
running mvncompiler:compile . There are Maven plugins for
building,testing, source control management, running a web server,
generating Eclipseproject files, and much more. image Plugins are
introduced and configured in a -section of a pom.xml file. Some basic
plugins are included in every project by default, andthey have sensible
default settings.
Questions: What is Difference Between Maven And
ANT
+
Ant Maven Ant is a toolbox. Maven is a framework.
There is no life cycle. There is life cycle. 22/71 Ant doesn't have
formal Maven has a convention to place source code,compiled code
conventions. etc. Ant is procedural. Maven is declarative. The ant
scripts are not reusable. The maven plugins are reusable.
POM In Maven
+
A Project Object Model (POM) provides all the
configurationfor a single project. General configuration covers the
project's name, itsowner and its dependencies on other projects. One can
also configure individual phases of the buildprocess, which are
implemented as plugins. For example, one can configure the
compiler-plugin to useJava version 1.5 for compilation, or specify
packaging the project even if someunit tests fail. Larger projects
should be divided into several modules, orsub-projects, each with its
own POM. One can then write a root POM through whichone can compile all
the modules with a single command. POMs can also inheritconfiguration
from other POMs. All POMs inherit from the Super POM by default.The
Super POM provides default configuration, such as default
sourcedirectories, default plugins, and so on.
Maven Archetype
+
Archetype is a Maven project templating toolkit.
Anarchetype is defined as an original pattern or model from which all
other thingsof the same kind are made.
Maven Artifact
+
In Maven artifact is simply a file or JAR that is
deployedto a Maven repository. An artifact has -Group ID -Artifact ID
-Version string. The three together uniquely identify theartifact. All
the project dependencies are specified as artifacts.
Goal In Maven
+
In Maven a goal represents a specific task which
contributesto the building and managing 23/71 of a project. It may be
bound to 1 or many build phases. A goal not boundto any build phase
could be executed outside of the build lifecycle by itsdirect
invocation.
Build Profile
+
In Maven a build profile is a set of
configurations. This set is used to define or override default behaviour
of Maven build. Build profile helps the developers to customize the
buildprocess for different environments. For example you can set
profiles for Test,UAT, Pre-prod and Prod environments each with its own
configurations etc.
Build Phases In Maven
+
There are 6 build phases. -Validate -Compile -Test
-Package-Install -Deploy
Target, Source & Test Folders InMavn
+
Target:folder holdsthe compiled unit of code as
part of the build process. Source:folder usually holds javasource
codes.Test: directory contains all the unit testing codes.
Difference Between Compile &Install
+
Compile:is used tocompile the source code of the
project Install: installs the package into the local repository,for use
as a dependency in other projects locally.Design patterns can also
beused with Groovy. Here are important points
Activate Maven Build Profile
+
A Maven Build Profile can be activated in
followingways Using command line consoleinput. By using Mavensettings.
Based on environment variables(User/System variables). Linux DevOps
Interview Questions 24/71 image
Linux
+
Linux is the best-known and most-used open
sourceoperating system. As an operating system, Linux is a software that
sitsunderneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving
requests from those programs and relaying theserequests to the
computer’s hardware. In many ways, Linux is similar to other operating
systemssuch as Windows, OS X, or iOS But Linux also is different from
other operating systems inmany important ways. First, and perhaps most
importantly, Linux is open sourcesoftware. The code used to create Linux
is free and available to the public toview, edit, and—for users with the
appropriate skills—to contributeto. Linux operating system is consis t
of 3 components which areas below: Kernel:Linux is a monolithic kernel
that is free andopen source software that is responsible for
managinghardware resources for the users. System Library:System Library
plays a vital role becauseapplication programs access Kernels feature
using systemlibrary. System Utility:System Utility performs specific and
individuallevel tasks. 25/71
Difference Between Linux &Unix
+
Unix and Linux are similar in many ways, and in
fact, Linuxwas originally created to be similar to Unix. Both have
similar tools for interfacing with the systems,programming tools,
filesystem layouts, and other key components. However, Unix is not free.
Over the years, a number ofdifferent operating systems have been created
that attempted to be“unix-like” or “unix-compatible,” but Linux has been
themost successful, far surpassing its predecessors in popularity.
BASH
+
BASH stands forBourne AgainShell. BASH is the UNIX
shell for the GNUoperating system. So, BASH is the command language
interpreter that helps you toenter your input, and thus you can retrieve
information. In a straightforward language, BASH is a program that
willunderstand the data entered by the user and execute the command and
givesoutput.
CronTab
+
The crontab (short for "cron table") is a lis t
ofcommands that are scheduled to run at regular time intervals on
computer system.Thecrontabcommandopens the crontab for editing, and lets
you add, remove, or modify scheduledtasks. The daemon which reads the
crontab and executes the commandsat the right time is called cron. It's
named after Kronos, the Greekgod of time. Command syntax crontab [-u
user ] file crontab [-u user ] [-l | -r | -e] [-i] [-s]
Daemon In Linux
+
Adaemonis a type of program on Linux operating
systems that runs unobtrusivelyin the background, rather than under the
direct controlof a user, waiting to beactivated by the occurrence of a
specific event or condition 26/71 Unix-like systems typically run
numerous daemons, mainly toaccommodate requests for services from other
computers on a network, but also torespond to other programs and to
hardware activity. Examples of actions or conditions that can trigger
daemonsinto activity are a specific time or date, passage of a specified
time interval,a file landing in a particular directory, receipt of an
e-mail or a Web requestmade through a particular communication line. It
is not necessary that the perpetrator of the action orcondition be aware
that a daemon is lis tening , although programs frequentlywill perform
an action only because they are aware that they will implicitlyarouse a
daemon.
Process In Linux
+
Daemons are usually instantiated as processes . A
process is an executing (i.e., running)instance of a program. Processes
are managed by the kernel (i.e., the core of theoperating system), which
assigns each a unique process identification number (PID). There are
three basic types of processes inLinux: -Interactive:Interactive
processes are run interactively by a user at the command line
-Batch:Batchprocesses are submitted from a queue of processes and are
not associated withthe command line; they are well suited for performing
recurring tasks whensystem usage is otherwis e low. -Daemon:Daemons
arerecognized by the system as any processes whose parent process has a
PID ofone
CLI In Linux
+
CLI (Command Line Interface) is a type of
human-computer interface that reliessolely on textual input and output.
That is , the entire dis play screen, or the currently activeportion of
it, shows only characters (and no images), and input is usuallyperformed
entirely with a keyboard.
Questions: What is Linux Kernel
+
A kernel is the lowest level of easily replaceable
softwarethat interfaces with the hardware in your computer. It is
responsible for interfacing all of your applicationsthat are running in
“user mode” down 27/71 to the physical hardware, and allowing processes,
known asservers, to get information from each other using inter-process
communication(IPC). There are three types of Kernals
Microkernel:Amicrokernel takes the approach of only managing what it has
to: CPU, memory, andIPC. Pretty much everything else in a computer can
be seen as an accessory andcan be handled in user mode. Monolithic
Kernel:Monolithic kernels are the opposite of microkernels because
theyencompass not only the CPU, memory, and IPC, but they also include
things likedevice drivers, file system management, and system server
calls Hybrid Kernel:Hybridkernels have the ability to pick and choose
what they want to run in user modeand what they want to run in supervis
or mode. Because the Linux kernel is monolithic, it has the largest
footprint and the most complexity over the othertypes of kernels. This
was a design feature which was under quite a bit ofdebate in the early
days of Linux and still carries some of the same designflaws that
monolithic kernels are inherent to have.
Partial Backup In Linux
+
Partial backup refers to selecting only a portion
of filehierarchy or a single partition to back up.
Root Account
+
The root account a system adminis trator account.
It providesyou full access and controlof the system. Admin can create
and maintain user accounts, assigndifferent permis sion for each account
etc
Difference Between Cron andAnacron
+
One of the main difference between cron and anacron
jobs is that cron works on the system that are running continuously.
While anacron is used for the systems that are not runningcontinuously.
Other difference between the two is cron jobs can run everyminute, but
anacron jobs can be run only once a day. Any normal user can do the
scheduling of cron jobs, but thescheduling of anacron jobs can be done
by the superuser only. 28/71 Cron should be used when you need to
execute the job at aspecific time as per the given time in cron, but
anacron should be used inwhen there is no any restriction for the timing
and can be executed at anytime. If we think about which one is ideal for
servers or desktops,then cron should be used for servers while anacron
should be used fordesktops or laptops.
Linux Loader
+
Linux Loader is a boot loader for Linux operating
system. Itloads Linux into into the main memory so that it can begin
itsoperations.
Swap Space
+
Swap space is the amount of physical memory that is
allocated for use by Linux to hold some concurrent running
programstemporarily. This condition usually occurs when Ram does not
have enoughmemory to support all concurrent running programs. This
memory management involves the swapping of memory toand from physical
storage.
Linux Dis tributors
+
There are around six hundred Linux dis tributors.
Let us seesome of the important ones UBuntu: It is a well known Linux
Dis tributionwith a lot of pre-installed apps and easy to
userepositories libraries. It is very easy to use and works like MAC
operatingsystem. Linux Mint: It uses cinnamon and mate desktop. Itworks
on windows and should be used by newcomers. Debian: It is the most
stable, quicker anduser-friendly Linux Dis tributors. Fedora: It is less
stable but provides thelatest version of the software. It has GNOME3
desktopenvironment by default. Red HatEnterpris e: It is to be
usedcommercially and to be well tested before release. Itusually
provides the stable platform for a long time. Arch Linux: Every package
is to be installed by youand is not suitable for the beginners.
Developers Use MD5
+
MD5 is an encryption method so it is used to
encrypt thepasswords before saving.
File Permis sions In Linux
+
29/71 image There are 3 types of permis sions in
Linux Read:User can read the file and lis t thedirectory. Write:User can
write new files in the directory. Execute:User can access and run the
file in adirectory.
Memory Management In Linux
+
It is always required to keep a check on the memory
usage inorder to find out whether the user is able to access the server
or the resourcesare adequate. There are roughly 5 methods that determine
the total memory usedby the Linux. This is explained as below
Freecommand : This is the most simple and easy to use thecommand to
check memory usage. For example: ‘$ free –m’,the option ‘m’ dis plays
all the data in MBs. /proc/meminfo:The next way to determine the memory
usage is toread /proc/meminfo file. For example: ‘$ cat/proc/meminfo’
Vmstat : This command basically lays out the memory usagestatis tics.
For example: ‘$ vmstat –s’ Topcommand : This command determines the
total memory usage aswell as also monitors the RAM usage. Htop : This
command also dis plays the memory usage alongwith other details.
Granting Permis sions In Linux
+
System adminis trator or the owner of the file can
grantpermis sions using the ‘chmod’ command. Following symbols are
usedwhile writing permis sions chmod +x
Directory Commands In Linux
+
Here are few important directory commands in Linux
pwd: It is a built-in command which standsfor‘print workingdirectory’.
It dis plays the current working location, working path starting with /
anddirectory of the user. Basically, it dis plays the full path to the
directory youare currently in. is : This command lis t out all thefiles
in the directed folder. cd: This stands for ‘changedirectory’. This
command is used to change to the 30/71 directory you want to work from
the present directory. Wejust need to type cd followed by the directory
name to access that particulardirectory. mkdir: This command is used to
create anentirely new directory. rmdir: This command is used to remove
adirectory from the system.
Shell Script In Linux
+
In the simplest terms, a shell script is a file
containing aseries of commands. The shell reads this file and carries
out the commands asthough they have been entered directly on the command
line. The shell is somewhat unique, in that it is both a powerfulcommand
line interface to the system and a scripting languageinterpreter. As we
will see, most of the things that can be done on thecommand line can be
done in scripts, and most of the things that can be done inscripts can
be done on the command line. We have covered many shell features, but we
have focused onthose features most often used directly on the command
line. The shell also provides a set of features usually (but notalways)
used when writing programs.
Tools Are Used For Reporting Statis tics InLinux
+
Some of the popular and frequently used system
resourcegenerating tools available on the Linux platform are vmstat
netstat iostat ifstat mpstat. These are used for reporting statis tics
from differentsystem components such as virtual memory, network
connections and interfaces,CPU, input/output devices and more.
Dstat In Linux
+
dstatis a powerful,flexible and versatile toolfor
generating Linux system resource statis tics,that is a replacement for
all the tools mentioned in above question. 31/71 It comes with extra
features, counters and it is highlyextensible, users with Python
knowledge can build their own plugins. Features of dstat: Joins
information from vmstat, netstat, iostat, ifstat and mpstattools Dis
plays statis tics simultaneously Orders counters and highly-extensible
Supports summarizing of grouped block/network devices Dis plays
interrupts per device Works on accurate timeframes, no timeshifts when a
system is stressed Supports colored output, it indicates different units
indifferent colors Shows exact units and limits conversion mis takes as
much aspossible Supports exporting of CSV output to Gnumeric and
Exceldocuments
Types Of Processes In Linux
+
There are fundamentally two types of processes
inLinux: Foreground processes(also referred to as interactive
processes)– these are initialized and controlled through aterminal
session. In other words, there has to be a user connected to the
systemto start such processes; they haven’t started automatically as
part of thesystem functions/services. Background processes(also referred
to as non-interactive/automaticprocesses) – are processes not connected
to aterminal; they don’t expect any user input.
Creatin Of Processes In Linux
+
A new process is normally created when an exis ting
processmakes an exact copy of itself in memory. The child process will
have the same environment as itsparent, but only the process ID number
is different. There are two conventional ways used for creating a
newprocess in Linux: Using The System()Function – this method is
relativelysimple, however, it’s inefficient and hassignificantly certain
security ris ks. Using fork() andexec() Function – this technique is
alittle advanced but offers greater flexibility, speed,together with
security.
Creation Of Processes In Linux
+
32/71 Because Linux is a multi-user system, meaning
differentusers can be running various programs on the system, each
running instance of aprogram must be identified uniquely by the kernel.
And a program is identified by its process ID(PID) as well asit’s parent
processes ID (PPID), therefore processes canfurther be categorized into:
Parent processes– these are processes that create otherprocesses during
run- time. Child processes– these processes are created by
otherprocesses during run-time.
Init Process Linux
+
lnitprocess is the mother (parent) of all processes
on the system,it’s the first program that is executed when the Linux
system bootsup; it manages all other processes on the system. It is
started by thekernel itself, so in principle it does not have a parent
process. The init process always has process ID of1. It functions as
anadoptive parent for all orphaned processes. You can use thepidof
commandto find the ID of a process: # pidof systemd # pidof top # pidof
httpd Find Linux Process ID To find the process ID and parent process ID
of the currentshell, run: $ echo $$ $ echo $PPID
Different States Of A Processes InLinux
+
During execution, a process changes from one state
toanother depending on its environment/circumstances. In Linux, a
process has thefollowing possible states: Running– here it’s either
running (it is thecurrent process in the system) or it’s ready to
run(it’s waiting to be assigned to one of the CPUs). Waiting– in this
state, a process is waiting foran event to occur or for a system
resource. Additionally,the kernel also differentiates between two types
of waiting processes;interruptible waiting processes – can be
interrupted by signals anduninterruptible waiting processes – are
waiting directly on hardwareconditions and cannot be interrupted by any
event/signal. Stopped– in this state, a process has beenstopped, usually
by receiving a signal. For instance, a process that is being debugged.
33/71 Zombie– here, a process is dead, it has beenhalted but it’s still
has an entry in the processtable.
View Active Processes In Linux
+
There are several Linux tools for viewing/lis ting
runningprocesses on the system, the two traditional and well known are
ps andtop commands: ps Command It dis plays information about a
selection of the activeprocesses on the system as shown below: #ps #ps
-e ] head top – System Monitoring Tool top is a powerful toolthat offers
you a dynamic real-timeview of a running system as shown in the
screenshot below: #top glances – System Monitoring Tool glancesis
arelatively new system monitoring toolwith advanced features: #glances
ControlProcess
+
Linux also has some commands for controlling
processes suchas kill, pkill, pgrep and killall, below are a few basic
examples of usethem: $ pgrep -u tecmint top $ kill 2308 $ pgrep -u
tecmint top $ pgrep -u tecmint glances $ pkill glances $ pgrep -u
tecmint glances
Can We Send signals To Processes In Linux
+
The fundamental way of controlling processes in
Linux is bysending signals to them. There are multiple signals that you
can send to aprocess, to view all the signals run: 34/71 $ kill -l Lis t
All Linux Signals To send a signal to a process, use the kill, pkill or
pgrepcommands we mentioned earlier on. But programs can only respond to
signals ifthey are programmed to recognize those signals. And most
signals are for internal use by the system, or forprogrammers when they
write code. The following are signals which are useful toa system user:
SIGHUP 1– sent to a process when its controllingterminal is closed.
SIGINT 2– sent to a process by its controllingterminal when a user
interrupts the process by pressing [Ctrl+C] . SIGQUIT 3– sent to a
process if the user sends aquit signal SIGKILL 9– this signal
immediately terminates(kills) a process and the process will not perform
anyclean-up operations. SIGTERM 15– this a program termination signal
(killwill send this by default). SIGTSTP 20– sent to a process by its
controllingterminal to request it to stop (terminal stop); initiated by
the userpressing
Change Priority Of A Processes InLinux
+
On the Linux system, all active processes have a
priorityand certain nice value. Processes with higher priority will
normally get moreCPU time than lower priority processes. However, a
system user with root privileges can influencethis with thenice
andrenicecommands. From the output of the top command, the NI shows the
processnice value: $ top Lis t Linux Running Processes Use
thenicecommand to set a nice value for a process. Keepin mind that
normal users can attribute a nice value from zero to 20 toprocesses they
own. Only the root user can use negative nice values. Torenicethe
priority of a process, use therenice command asfollows: $ renice +8 2687
$ renice +8 2103 GIT DevOps Interview Questions
Git
+
35/71 Git is a version controlsystem for tracking
changes incomputer files and coordinating work on those files among
multiplepeople. It is primarily used for source code management in
softwaredevelopment but it can be used to keep track of changes in any
set offiles. As a dis tributed revis ion controlsystem it is aimed
atspeed, data integrity, and support for dis tributed, non-linear
workflows. By far, the most widely used modern version controlsystemin
the world today is Git. Git is a mature, actively maintained open
sourceproject originally developed in 2005 by Linus Torvald. Git is an
example of aDis tributed Version ControlSystem, In Git, every
developer's working copyof the code is also a repository that can
contain the full his tory of allchanges.
Benefits Of GIT
+
Here are some of the advantages of using Git Ease
of use Data redundancy andreplication High availability Superior dis k
utilization andnetwork performance Only one .git directory perrepository
Collaboration friendly Any kind of projects fromlarge to small scale can
use GIT
Repository In GIT
+
The purpose of Git is to manage a project, or a set
offiles, as they change over time. Git stores this information in a data
structurecalled a repository. A gitrepository contains, among other
things, thefollowing: A set ofcommit objects. A set of references to
commitobjects, called heads. The Git repository is stored in the same
directory as theproject itself, in a subdirectory called .git . Note
differences from central-repository systems like CVS orSubversion: There
is only one .git directory, in the root directory of theproject. The
repository is stored infiles alongside the project. There is no central
server repository.
Staging Area In GIT
+
36/71 Staging is a step before the commit process
in git. That is ,a commit in git is performed in two steps: -Staging and
-Actual commit As long as a change set is in the staging area, git
allowsyou to edit it as you like (replace staged files with other
versions of staged files,remove changes from staging, etc.)
GIT STASH
+
Often, when you’ve been working on part of
yourproject, things are in a messy state and you want to switch branches
for a bitto work on something else. The problem is , you don’t want to
do a commit ofhalf-done work just so you can get back to this point
later. The answer to this is sue is the git stash command.Stashing takes
the dirty state of your working directory — that is , yourmodified
tracked files and staged changes — and saves it on a stack ofunfinis hed
changes that you can reapply at any time.
Revert Commit In GIT
+
Given one or more exis ting commits, revert the
changes thatthe related patches introduce, and record some new commits
that record them.This requires your working tree to be clean (no
modifications from the HEADcommit). git-revert - Revert some exis ting
commits SYNOPSis git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number]
[-s][-S[ ]] … git revert --continue git revert --quit git revert --abort
Delete Remote Repository In GIT
+
Use the git remote rm command to remove a remote
URL from your repository. The git remote rm command takes one argument:
A remote name, for example,
Questions: What is GIT Stash Drop
+
37/71 In case we do not need a specific stash, we
use git stashdrop command to remove it from the lis t of stashes. By
default, this command removes to latest addedstash To remove a specific
stash we specify as argument in the gitstash drop command.
Difference Between GIT andSubversion
+
Here is a summary of Differences between GIT
andSubversion Git is a dis tributed VCS; SVNis a non-dis tributed VCS.
Git has a centralized serverand repository; SVN does not have a
centralized server orrepository. The content in Git is storedas
metadata; SVN stores files of content. Git branches are easier towork
with than SVN branches. Git does not have the globalrevis ion number
feature like SVN has. Git has better contentprotection than SVN. Git was
developed for Linuxkernel by Linus Torvalds; SVN was developed by
CollabNet,Inc. Git is dis tributed under GNU,and its maintenance
overseen by Junio Hamano; Apache Subversion, or SVN, is dis tributed
under theopen source license.
Difference Between GIT Fetch & GITPull
+
GIT fetch – It downloads only the new data from
theremote repository and does not integrate any of the downloaded data
into yourworking files. Providing a view of the data is all it does. GIT
pull – It downloads as well as merges the datafrom the remote repository
into the local working files. This may also lead to merging conflicts if
the user’slocal changes are not yet committed. Using the “GIT stash”
commandhides the local changes.
Git forkHow to create tag
+
A fork is a copy of a repository. Forking a
repositoryallows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting
the originalproject. A fork is really a Github (not Git) construct to
store aclone of the repo in your user account. As a clone, it will
contain all thebranches in the main repo at the time you made the fork.
38/71 Create Tag: Click the releases link on ourrepository page. Click
on Create a new releaseor Draft a new release. Fill out the form fields,
thenclick Publis h release at the bottom. After you create your tag
onGitHub, you might want to fetch it into your local repository too: git
fetch.
Difference between fork andbranch
+
A fork is a copy of a repository. Forking a
repositoryallows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting
the originalproject. A fork is really a Github (not Git) construct to
store aclone of the repo in your user account. As a clone, it will
contain all thebranches in the main repo at the time you made the fork.
Cherry Picking In GIT
+
Cherry picking in git means to choose a commit from
onebranch and apply it onto another. This is in contrast with other ways
such as merge and rebasewhich normally applies many commits onto a
another branch. Make sure you are on the branch you want apply the
committo. git checkout master Execute the following: git cherry-pick
Language GIT is Written In
+
Much of Git is written in C, along with some BASH
scriptsfor UI wrappers and other bits.
Rebase Master In GIT
+
Rebasing is the process of moving a branch to a new
basecommit.The golden rule of git rebase is to never use it on
publicbranches. The only way to synchronize the two master branches is
tomerge them back together, resulting in an extra merge commit and two
sets ofcommits that contain the same changes.
‘head’in git and how many heads can be created in
a repository
+
image 39/71 There can be any number of heads in a
GIT repository. Bydefault there is one head known as HEAD in each
repository in GIT. HEADis a ref(reference) to the currently checked out
commit. In normal states, it'sactually a symbolic ref to the branch user
has checked out. if you look at the contents of .git/HEAD you'll see
something like"ref: refs/heads/master". The branch itself is a reference
to the commit at thetip of the branch
Name some GIT commands and also explain
theirfunctions
+
Here are some most important GIT commands GIT diff–
It shows the changes between commits,commits and working tree. GIT
status– It shows the difference between workingdirectories and index.
GIT stash applies– It is used to bring back the savedchanges on the
working directory. GIT rm– It removes the files from the stagingarea and
also of the dis k. GIT log– It is used to find the specific commit inthe
his tory. GIT add– It adds file changes in the exis tingdirectory to the
index. GIT reset– It is used to reset the index and as wellas the
working directory to the state of the lastcommit. GIT checkout– It is
used to update the directories ofthe working tree with those from
another branch withoutmerging. GIT is tree– It represents a tree object
including themode and the name of each item. GITinstaweb – It
automatically directs a webbrowser and runs the web server with an
interface intoyour local repository.
“conflict” in GIT and how is it resolved
+
When a commit that has to be merged has some
changes in oneplace, which also has the changes of current commit, then
the conflictaris es. The GIT will not be able to predict which change
will takethe precedence. In order to resolve the conflict in GIT: we
have to edit thefiles to fix the conflicting changes and then add the
resolved files by runningthe “GIT add” command; later on, to commit the
40/71 repaired merge run the “GIT commit” command.GIT identifies the
position and sets the parents of the commit correctly.
Migrate From Subversion To GIT
+
SubGITis a toolforsmooth and stress-free subversion
to GIT migration and also a solution for acompany-wide subversion to GIT
migration that is : It allows to make use of allGIT and subversion
features. It provides genuinestress-free migration experience. It
doesn’t require anychange in the infrastructure that is already placed.
It is considered to be muchbetter than GIT-SVN
Index In GIT
+
The index is a single, large, binary file in under
.gitfolder, which lis ts all files in the current branch, their sha1
checksums, timestamps and the file name. Before completing the commits,
it is formatted andreviewed in an intermediate area known as Index also
known as the stagingarea.
Bare Git repository
+
A bare Git repository is a repository that is
createdwithout a Working Tree. git init --bare
Revert a commit that has already beenpushed and
made public
+
One or more commits can be reverted through the use
of git revert . This command, inessence, creates a new commit with
patches that cancel out the changesintroduced in specific commits. In
case the commit that needs to be reverted has alreadybeen publis hed or
changing the repository his tory is not an option, git revert can be
used torevert commits. Running the following command will revert the
last twocommits: git revert HEAD~2..HEAD 41/71 Alternatively, one can
always checkout the state of aparticular commit from the past, and
commit it anew.
Squash last N commits into a singlecommit
+
Squashing multiple commits into a single commit
willoverwrite his tory, and should be done with caution. However, this
is useful whenworking in feature branches. To squash the last N commits
of the current branch, run thefollowing command (with {N} replaced with
the number of commits that you want tosquash): git rebase -i HEAD~{N}
Upon running this command, an editor will open with a lis tof these N
commit messages, one per line. Each of these lines will begin with the
word“pick”. Replacing “pick” with “squash” or“s” will tell Git to
combine the commit with the commit beforeit. To combine all N commits
into one, set every commit in thelis t to be squash except the first
one. Upon exiting the editor, and if no conflict aris es, git rebase
will allow you tocreate a new commit message for the new combined
commit.
Conflict in git and how can it beresolved
+
A conflict aris es when more than one commit that
has to bemerged has some change in the same place or same line of code.
Git will not be able to predict which change should takeprecedence. This
is a git conflict. To resolve the conflict in git, edit the files to fix
theconflicting changes and then add the resolved files by running After
that, to commit the repaired merge, run remembers thatyou are in the
middle of a merge, so it sets the parents of the commitcorrectly.
Setup A Script To Run Every Time aRepository
Receives New Commits Through Push
+
42/71 To configure a script to run every time a
repositoryreceives new commits through push, one needs to define either
a pre-receive,update, or a post-receive hook depending on when exactly
the script needs to betriggered. Pre-receive hook in the destination
repository is invokedwhen commits are pushed to it. Any script bound to
this hook will be executedbefore any references are updated. This is a
useful hook to run scripts that help enforcedevelopment policies. Update
hook works in a similar manner to pre-receive hook,and is also triggered
before any updates are actually made. However, the update hook is called
once for every committhat has been pushed to the destination repository.
Finally, post-receive hook in the repository is invokedafter the updates
have been accepted into the destination repository. This is an ideal
place to configure simple deploymentscripts, invoke some continuous
integration systems, dis patch notificationemails to repository
maintainers, etc. Hooks are local to every Git repository and are
notversioned. Scripts can either be created within the hooks directory
inside the“.git” directory, or they can be created elsewhere and links
tothose scripts can be placed within the directory.
Commit Hash
+
In Git each commit is given a unique hash. These
hashes canbe used to identify the corresponding commits in various
scenarios (such aswhile trying to checkout a particular state of the
code using the git checkout {hash} command). Additionally, Git also
maintains a number of aliases tocertain commits, known as refs. Also,
every tag that you create in the repositoryeffectively becomes a ref
(and that is exactly why you can use tags instead ofcommit hashes in
various git commands). Git also maintains a number of special aliases
that changebased on the state of the repository, such as HEAD,
FETCH_HEAD, MERGE_HEAD,etc. Git also allows commits to be referred as
relative to oneanother. For example, HEAD~1 refers to the commit parent
to HEAD, HEAD~2 refersto the grandparent of HEAD, and so on. In case of
merge commits, where the commit has two parents,^ can be used to select
one of the two parents, e.g. HEAD^2 can be used tofollow the second
parent. And finally, refspecs. These are used to map local andremote
branches together. However, these can be used to refer to commits that
resideon remote branches allowing one to controland manipulate them from
a local Gitenvironment. 43/71 image
Conflict In GIT
+
A conflict aris es when more than one commit that
has to bemerged has some change in the same place or same line of code.
Git will not be able to predict which change should takeprecedence. This
is a git conflict.To resolve the conflict in git, edit thefiles to fix
the conflicting changes and then add the resolved files by running git
add . After that, to commit therepaired merge, run git commit .
Gitremembers that you are in the middle of a merge, so it sets the
parents of thecommit correctly.
Githooks
+
Git hooks are scripts that can run automatically on
theoccurrence of an event in a Git repository. These are used for
automation ofworkflow in GIT. Git hooks also help in customizing the
internal behavior ofGIT. These are generally used for enforcing a GIT
commit policy.
Dis advantages Of GIT
+
GIT has very few dis advantages. These are the
scenarios whenGIT is difficult to use. Some of these are: Binary
Files:If wehave a lot binary files (non-text) in our project, then GIT
becomes very slow.E.g. Projects with a lot of images or Word documents.
Steep Learning Curve:It takes some time for a newcomer to learn GIT.
Some of the GITcommands are non-intuitive to a fresher. Slow remote
speed:Sometimes the use of remote repositories in slow due to
networklatency. Still GIT is better than other VCS in speed. image
Stored inside a commit object inGIT
+
GIT commit object contains following information:
SHA1 name:A 40character string to identify a commit Files:Lis t of
filesthat represent the state of a project at a specific point of time
Reference:Anyreference to parent commit objects 44/71
GIT reset command
+
Git reset command is used to reset current HEAD to
aspecific state. By default it reverses the action of git add command.
So we usegit reset command to undo the changes of git add command.
Reference: Anyreference to parent commit objects
GIT protects the code in arepository
+
GIT is made very secure since it contains the
source code ofan organization. All the objects in a GIT repository are
encrypted with ahashing algorithm called SHA1. This algorithm is quite
strong and fast. It protects sourcecode and other contents of repository
against the possible maliciousattacks. This algorithm also maintains the
integrity of GITrepository by protecting the change his tory against
accidental changes. Continuos Integration Interview Questions
Continuos Integration
+
Continuous Integration is the process of
continuouslyintegrating the code and often multiple times per day. The
purpose is to findproblems quickly, s and deliver the fixes more
rapidly. CI is a best practice for software development. It is doneto
ensure that after every code change there is no is sue in software.
Build Automation
+
image Build automation is the process of automating
the creationof a software build and the associated processes. Including
compiling computer source code into binary code,packaging binary code,
and running automated tests.
Automated Deployment
+
Automated Deployment is the process of consis
tently pushinga product to various environments on a “trigger.” 45/71 It
enables you to quickly learn what to expect every timeyou deploy an
environment with much faster results. This combined with Build
Automation can save developmentteams a significant amount of hours.
Automated Deployment saves clients from being extensivelyoffline during
development and allows developers to build while“touching” fewer of a
clients’ systems. With an automated system, human error is prevented. In
theevent of human error, developers are able to catch it before live
deployment– saving time and headache. You can even automate the
contingency plan and make the siterollback to a working or previous
state as if nothing ever happened. Clearly, this automated feature is
super valuable inallowing applications and sites to continue during
fixes. Additionally, contingency plans can be
version-controlled,improved and even self-tested.
Continuous Integration Implemented
+
Different tools for supporting Continuous
Integration areHudson, Jenkins and Bamboo. Jenkins is the most popular
one currently. Theyprovide integration with various version
controlsystems and build tools.
Continuous Integration process doeswork
+
Whenever developer commits changes in version
controlsystem, then Continuous Integration server detects that changes
are committed.And goes through following process Continuous Integration
serverretrieves latest copy of changes. It build code with new changesin
build tools. If build fails notify todeveloper. After build pass run
automatedtest cases if test cases fail notify to developer. Create
package for deploymentenvironment.
Software Required For ContinuousIntegration
process
+
image Here are the minimum tools you need to
achieve CI Source code repository : Tocommit code and changes for
example git. Server: It is ContinuousIntegration software for example
Jenkin, Teamcity. 46/71 Build tool: It buildsapplication on particular
way for example maven, gradle. Deployment environment : Onwhich
application will be deployed.
JenkinsSoftware
+
Jenkins is self-contained, open source automation
serverused to automate all sorts of tasks related to building, testing,
and deliveringor deploying software. Jenkins is one of the leading open
source automation serversavailable. Jenkins has an extensible,
plugin-based architecture, enablingdevelopers to create 1,400+ plugins
to adapt it to a multitude of build, testand deployment technology
integrations.
Questions: What is a Jenkins Pipeline
+
Jenkins Pipeline (or simply “Pipeline”) is asuite
of plugins which supports implementing and integrating continuous
deliverypipelines into Jenkins..
Differencebetween Maven, Ant,Gradle and Jenkins
+
Maven and Ant are Build Technologies whereas
Jenkins is acontinuous integration tool.
We useJenkins
+
Jenkins is anopen-sourcecontinuous integration
software toolwritten inthe Java programming language for testing and
reporting on is olated changes in alarger code base in real time.
TheJenkins softwareenables developers to find and solve defects in acode
base rapidly and to automate testing of their builds.
CITools
+
Here is the lis t of the top 8Continuous
Integration tools: Jenkins TeamCity Travis CI Go CD Bamboo GitLab CI
47/71 CircleCI Codeship
SCM toolsJenkins supports
+
Jenkins supports version controltools, including
AccuRev,CVS, Subversion, Git, Mercurial, Perforce, ClearCase and RTC,
and can executeApache Ant, Apache Maven and arbitrary shell scripts and
Windows batchcommands.
We usePipelines in Jenkins
+
Pipeline adds a powerful set of automation tools
ontoJenkins, supporting use cases that span from simple continuous
integration tocomprehensive continuous delivery pipelines. By modeling a
series of related tasks, users can takeadvantage of the many features of
Pipeline: Code: Pipelines areimplemented in code and typically checked
into source control, giving teams theability to edit, review, and
iterate upon their delivery pipeline. Durable: Pipelines can surviveboth
planned and unplanned restarts of the Jenkins master. Pausable:
Pipelines canoptionally stop and wait for human input or approval before
continuing the Pipeline run. Versatile: Pipelines supportcomplex
real-world continuous delivery requirements,including the ability to
fork/join, loop, and perform work in parallel. Extensible: The
Pipelineplugin supports custom extensions to its DSL and multiple
options forintegration with other plugins.
CreateMultibranch Pipeline in Jenkins
+
The Multi branch Pipeline project type enables you
toimplement different Jenkins files for different branches of the
sameproject. In a Multi branch Pipeline project, Jenkins
automaticallydis covers, manages and executes Pipelines for branches
which contain a Jenkinsfile in source control.
Jobs inJenkins
+
Jenkinscan be usedto perform the typical build
server work, such as doingcontinuous/official/nightly builds, run tests,
or perform some repetitive batchtasks. This is called “free-style
softwareproject” in Jenkins. 48/71
Configuringautomatic builds in Jenkins
+
Builds in Jenkinscanbe triggered periodically (on a
schedule, specified in configuration), or whensource changes in the
project have been detected, or they can be automaticallytriggered by
requesting the URL:
Jenkinsfile
+
Jenkins file is a text file containing the
definition of aJenkins Pipeline and checks into source control. Amazon
AWS DevOps Interview Questions
Amazon WebServices
+
Amazon Web Services provides services that help you
practiceDevOps at your company and that are built first for use with
AWS. These tools automate manual tasks, help teams manage
complexenvironments at scale, and keep engineers in controlof the high
velocity thatis enabled by DevOps
Benefits Of AWS for DevOps
+
There are many benefits of using AWS for devops Get
Started Fast:Each AWS service is ready to use if you have an AWS
account. There is no setup required or software to install. Fully
Managed Services:These services can help you take advantage of AWS
resources quicker.You can worry less about setting up, installing, and
operating infrastructure onyour own. This lets you focus on your core
product. Built For Scalability:You can manage a single instance or scale
to thousands using AWSservices. These services help you make the most of
flexible compute resources bysimplifying provis ioning, configuration,
and scaling. Programmable:Youhave the option to use each service via the
AWS Command Line Interface orthrough APis and SDKs. You can also model
and provis ion AWS resources and yourentire AWS infrastructure using
declarative AWS CloudFormation templates. Automation:AWS helpsyou use
automation so you can build faster and more efficiently. Using
AWSservices, you can automate manual tasks or processes such as
deployments, 49/71 development & test workflows, container management,
andconfiguration management. Secure:Use AWSIdentity and Access
Management (IAM) to set user permis sions and policies. This gives you
granular controlover who can access your resources and how theyaccess
those resources.
Handle ContinuousIntegration and Continuous
Delivery in AWS Devops
+
The AWS Developer Tools help in securely store and
versionyour application’s source code and automatically build, test, and
deployyour application to AWS.
Importance Of Buffer In Amazon WebServices
+
image An Elastic Load Balancer ensures that the
incoming trafficis dis tributed optimally across various AWS instances.
A buffer will synchronize different components and makes thearrangement
additional elastic to a burst of load or traffic. The components are
prone to work in an unstable way ofreceiving and processing the
requests. The buffer creates the equilibrium linking various
apparatusand crafts them effort at the identical rate to supply more
rapidservices.
Components Involved In Amazon WebServices
+
image There are 4 components Amazon S3: withthis ,
one can retrieve the key information which are occupied in creating
cloudstructural design and amount of produced information also can be
stored in this component that is the consequence of the key specified.
Amazon EC2 instance:helpful to run a large dis tributed system on the
Hadoop cluster. Automaticparallelization and job scheduling can be
achieved by this component. Amazon SQS: this component acts as a
mediator between different controllers. Also worn forcushioning
requirements those are obtained by the manager of Amazon. Amazon
SimpleDB:helps in storing the transitional position log and the errands
executed by theconsumers. 50/71 image
Spot instance different from anOn-Demand instance
or Reserved Instance
+
image Spot Instance, On-Demand instance and
Reserved Instances areall models for pricing. Moving along, spot
instances provide the ability forcustomers to purchase compute capacity
with no upfront commitment, at hourlyrates usually lower than the
On-Demand rate in each region. Spot instances are just like bidding, the
bidding price is called Spot Price. The Spot Price fluctuates based on
supply and demand forinstances, but customers will never pay more than
the maximum price they havespecified. If the Spot Price moves higher
than a customer’smaximum price, the customer’s EC2 instance will be shut
downautomatically. But the reverse is not true, if the Spot prices come
downagain, your EC2 instance will not be launched automatically, one has
to do thatmanually. In Spot and On demand instance, there is no
commitment forthe duration from the user side, however in reserved
instances one has to stickto the time period that he has chosen.
Questions: What are the best practicesfor Security
in Amazon EC2
+
There are several best practices to secure Amazon
EC2. A fewof them are given below: Use AWS Identity and AccessManagement
(IAM) to controlaccess to your AWS resources. Restrict access by
onlyallowing trusted hosts or networks to access ports on yourinstance.
Review the rules in yoursecurity groups regularly, and ensure that you
apply theprinciple of least Privilege – only open uppermis sions that
you require. Dis able password-based loginsfor instances launched from
your AMI. Passwords can befound or cracked, and are a security ris k.
AWSCodeBuild in AWSDevops
+
AWS CodeBuild is a fully managed build service that
compilessource code, runs tests, and produces software packages that are
ready todeploy. With CodeBuild, you don’t need to provis ion, manage,and
scale your own build servers. CodeBuild scales continuously and
processesmultiple builds concurrently, so your builds are not left
waiting in aqueue. 51/71
AmazonElastic Container Service in AWSDevops
+
Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) is a highly
scalable,high performance container management service that supports
Docker containersand allows you to easily run applications on a managed
cluster of Amazon EC2instances.
AWS Lambdain AWS Devops
+
AWS Lambda lets you run code without provis ioning
ormanaging servers. With Lambda, you can run code for virtually any type
ofapplication or backend service, all with zero adminis tration. Just
upload your code and Lambda takes care of everythingrequired to run and
scale your code with high availability. Splunk DevOps Interview
Questions
Splunk
+
The platform of Splunk allows you to get vis
ibility intomachine data generated from different networks, servers,
devices, andhardware. It can give insights into the application
management, threatvis ibility, compliance, security, etc. so it is used
to analyze machine data.The data is collected from the forwarder from
the source and forwarded to theindexer. The data is stored locally on a
host machine or cloud. Then on the datastored in the indexer the search
head searches, vis ualizes, analyzes andperforms various other
functions.
Components Of Splunk
+
The main components of Splunk are Forwarders,
Indexers andSearch Heads.Deployment Server(or Management Console Host)
will come into thepicture in case of a larger environment. Deployment
servers act like an antivirus policy server forsetting up Exceptions and
Groups so that you can map and create adifferent setof data collection
policies each for either window based server or a Linux basedserver or a
Solaris based server.plunk has fourimportant components : Indexer –It
indexes the machine data Forwarder –Refers to Splunk instances that
forward data tothe remote indexers Search Head –Provides GUI for
searching Deployment Server– Manages the Splunk components likeindexer,
forwarder, and 52/71 search head in computing environment.
Alerts inSplunk
+
An alert is an action that a saved search triggers
onregular intervals set over a time range, based on the results of
thesearch. When the alerts are triggered, various actions
occurconsequently.. For instance, sending an email when a search to the
predefinedlis t of people is triggered. Three types of alerts:
Pre-result alerts :Mostcommonly used alert type and runs in real-time
for an all- time span. Thesealerts are designed such that whenever a
search returns a result, they aretriggered. Scheduled alerts :Thesecond
most common- scheduled results are set up to evaluate the results ofa
his torical search result running over a set time range on a
regularschedule. You can define a time range, schedule and the trigger
condition toan alert. Rolling-window alerts:These are the hybrid of
pre-result and scheduled alerts. Similar tothe former, these are based
on real-time search but do not trigger each timethe search returns a
matching result . It examines all events in real-timemapping within the
rolling window and triggers the time that specificcondition by that
event in the window is met, like the scheduled alert is triggered on a
scheduled search.
Categories Of SPL Commands
+
SPL commands are divided into five categories:
Sorting Results –Ordering results and (optionally) limiting the number
ofresults. Filtering Results –It takes a set of events or results and
filters them into a smallerset of results. Grouping Results –Grouping
events so you can see patterns. Filtering, Modifying and Adding Fields
–Taking search results and generating asummary for reporting. Reporting
Results –Filtering out some fields to focus on the ones you need,
ormodifying or adding fields to enrich your results or events.
Happens If The LicenseMaster is Unreachable
+
In case the license master is unreachable, then it
is justnot possible to search the data. 53/71 However, the data coming
in to the Indexer will not beaffected. The data will continue to flow
into your Splunk deployment. The Indexers will continue to index the
data as usualhowever, you will get a warning message on top your Search
head or web UI sayingthat you have exceeded the indexing volume. And you
either need to reduce the amount of data coming inor you need to buy a
higher capacity of license. Basically, the candidate is expected to
answer that the indexing does not stop; only searching is halted
Common port numbers used bySplunk
+
Common port numbers on which default services
runare: Service PortNumber Splunk Management Port 8089 Splunk Index
Replication Port 8080 KV store 8191 Splunk Web Port 8000 Splunk Indexing
Port 9997 Splunk network port 514
Splunk BucketsExplain The BucketLifecycle
+
image A directory that contains indexed data is
known as a Splunkbucket. It also contains events of a certain period.
Bucket lifecycle includesfollowing stages: Hot –It contains newly
indexed data and is open forwriting. For each index, there are one or
more hot buckets available Warm –Data rolled from hot Cold –Data rolled
from warm Frozen –Data rolled from cold. The indexer deletes frozendata
by default but users can also archive it. Thawed –Data restored from an
archive. If you archivefrozen data , you can later return it to the
index bythawing (defrosting) it.
Explain Data Modelsand Pivot
+
54/71 Data models are used for creating a
structured hierarchicalmodel of data. It can be used when you have a
large amount of unstructured data,and when you want to make use of that
information without using complex searchqueries. A few use cases of Data
models are: Create Sales Reports:If you have a sales report, then you
can easilycreate the total number of successful purchases, belowthat you
can create a child object containing the lis t of failed purchases
andother views Set Access Levels:If you want a structured view of users
and theirvarious access levels, you can use a data model On the other
hand with pivots, you have the flexibility tocreate the front views of
your results and then pick and choose the mostappropriate filter for a
better view of results.
FilePrecedence In Splunk
+
File precedence is an important aspect of
troubleshooting inSplunk for an adminis trator, developer, as well as an
architect. All of Splunk’s configurations are written in .conffiles.
There can be multiple copies present for each of these files, and thus
itis important to know the role these files play when a Splunk instance
is runningor restarted. To determine the priority among copies of a
configuration file,Splunk software first determines the directory
scheme. The directory schemes areeither a) Global or b) App/user. When
the context is global (that is , wherethere’s no app/user context),
directory priority descends in this order: System local directory —
highestpriority App local directories App default directories System
default directory — lowestpriority When the context is app/user,
directory priority descendsfrom user to app to system: User directories
for current user — highest priority App directories for currently
running app (local, followed bydefault) App directories for all other
apps (local, followed by default)— for exported settings only System
directories (local, followed by default) — lowest priority
D ifference Between SearchTime And Index Time
Field Extractions
+
image Search time field extraction refers to the
fields extractedwhile performing searches. Whereas, fields extracted
when the data comes to the indexerare referred to as Index time field
extraction. 55/71 You can set up the indexer time field extraction
either atthe forwarder level or at the indexer level. Another difference
is that Search time fieldextraction’s extracted fields are not part of
the metadata, so they do notconsume dis k space. Whereas index time
field extraction’s extracted fieldsare a part of metadata and hence
consume dis k space.
Source TypeIn Splunk
+
Source type is a default field which is used to
identify thedata structure of an incoming event. Source type determines
how SplunkEnterpris e formats the data during the indexing process.
Source type can be set at the forwarder level for indexerextraction to
identify different data formats.
SOS
+
SOS stands for Splunk on Splunk. It is a Splunk app
thatprovides graphical view of your Splunk environment performance andis
sues. It has following purposes: Diagnostic toolto analyze
andtroubleshoot problems Examine Splunk environmentperformance Solve
indexing performanceis sues Observe scheduler activitiesand is sues See
the details of schedulerand user driven search activity image Search,
view andcompare configuration files of Splunk
Splunk Indexer And Explain ItsStages
+
The indexer is a Splunk Enterpris e component that
createsand manages indexes. The main functions of an indexer are:
Indexing incoming data Searching indexed dataSplunk indexer has
following stages: Input :SplunkEnterpris e acquires the raw data from
various input sources and breaks it into64K blocks and assign them some
metadata keys. These keys include host, sourceand source type of the
data.Parsing :Also known as event processing, during this stage, the
Enterpris e analyzes and transforms the data, breaks data intostreams,
identifies, parses and sets timestamps, performs metadata annotationand
transformation of data. Indexing :In this phase, the parsed events are
written onthe dis k index including both compressed data and the
associated index files.Searching : The‘Search’ function plays a 56/71
major role during this phase as it handles all searchingaspects
(interactive, scheduled searches, reports, dashboards, alerts) on
theindexed data and stores saved searches, events, field extractions
andviews
State The Difference Between Stats andEventstats
Commands
+
Stats –This command produces summary statis tics of
all exis ting fields in your searchresults and store them as values in
new fields.Eventstats – It is same asstats command except that
aggregation results are added in order to every eventand only if the
aggregation is applicable to that event. It computes therequested statis
tics similar to stats but aggregates them to the original rawdata. log4J
DevOps Interview Questions
Log4j
+
log4j is a reliable, fast and flexible logging
framework(APis ) written in Java, which is dis tributed under the Apache
SoftwareLicense. log4j has been ported to the C, C++, C#, Perl, Python,
Ruby,and Eiffel languages. log4j is highly configurable through external
configurationfiles at runtime. It views the logging process in terms of
levels of prioritiesand offers mechanis ms to direct logging information
to a great variety ofdestinations. What Are TheFeatures Of Log4j Log4j
is widely used framework and here are features oflog4j It is
thread-safe.It is optimized for speed It is based on a named
loggerhierarchy. It supports multiple outputappenders per logger. It
supportsinternationalization. It is not restricted to apredefined set of
facilities. Logging behavior can be set atruntime using a configuration
file. It is designed to handle JavaExceptions from the start. It uses
multiple levels,namely ALL, TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR and FATAL.
The format of the log outputcan be easily changed by extending the
Layout class. The target of the log outputas well as the writing
strategy can be altered by implementations of the Appender interface. It
is fail-stop. However,although it certainly strives to ensure delivery,
log4j does not 57/71 guarantee that each log statement will be delivered
to itsdestination.
Components oflog4j
+
log4j has three main components loggers:
Responsible forcapturing logging information. appenders: Responsible
forpublis hing logging information to various preferred destinations.
layouts: Responsible forformatting logging information in different
styles.
Initialize and use Log4J
+
public class LoggerTest { static Logger log
=Logger.getLogger (LoggerTest.class.getName()); public void my
logerMethod() {if(log.is DebugEnabled()) log.debug("This is test
message" + var2); ) }}
Pros andCons of Logging
+
Following are the Pros and Cons of Logging Logging
is animportant component of the software development. A well-written
logging codeoffers quick debugging, easy maintenance, and structured
storage of anapplication's runtime information. Logging does have its
drawbacks also. Itcan slow down an application. If too verbose, it can
cause scrolling blindness.To alleviate these concerns, log4j is designed
to be reliable, fast andextensible. Since logging is rarely the main
focus of an application, the log4jAPI strives to be simple to understand
and to use.
Purpose OfLogger Object
+
Logger Object − The top-level layer of
log4jarchitecture is the Logger which provides the Logger object. The
Logger object is responsible for capturing logginginformation and they
are stored in a namespace hierarchy.
Purpose of Layout object
+
58/71 The layout layer of log4j architecture
provides objectswhich are used to format logging information in
different styles. It providessupport to appender objects before publis
hing logging information. Layout objects play an important role in
publis hing logginginformation in a way that is human-readable and
reusable.
Questions: What is the purpose of Appender object
+
The Appender object is responsible for publis hing
logginginformation to various preferred destinations such as a database,
file, console,UNIX Syslog, etc.
Purpose OfObjectRenderer Object
+
The ObjectRenderer object is specialized in
providing aString representation of different objects passed to the
loggingframework. This object is used by Layout objects to prepare the
finallogging information.
LogManagerobject
+
The LogManager object manages the logging
framework. It is responsible for reading the initial configuration
parameters from a system-wideconfiguration file or a configuration
class.
Define A FileAppender Using Log4j.properties
+
image Following syntax defines a file appender
−log4j.appender.FILE=org.apache.log4j.FileAppenderlog4j.appender.FILE.File=${log}/log.out
Purpose OfThreshold In Appender
+
Appender can have a threshold level associated with
itindependent of the logger level. The Appender ignores any logging
messages thathave a level lower than the threshold level. Docker DevOps
Interview Questions
Docker
+
59/71 image Docker provides a container for
managing software workloadson shared infrastructure, all while keeping
them is olated from oneanother. Docker is a tooldesigned to make it
easier to create,deploy, and run applications by using containers.
Containers allow a developer to package up an applicationwith all of the
parts it needs, such as libraries and other dependencies, andship it all
out as one package. By doing so, the developer can rest assured that
theapplication will run on any other Linux machine regardless of any
customizedsettings that machine might have that could differ from the
machine used forwriting and testing the code. In a way, Docker is a bit
like a virtual machine.But unlike a virtual machine, rather than
creating a whole virtual operatingsystem. Docker allows applications to
use the same Linux kernel as the systemthat they're running on and only
requires applications be shipped withthings not already running on the
host computer. This gives a significantperformance boost and reduces the
size of the application.
LinuxContainers
+
Linux containers, in short, contain applications in
a waythat keep them is olated from the host system that they run on.
Containers allow a developer to package up an applicationwith all of the
parts it needs, such as libraries and other dependencies, andship it all
out as one package. And they are designed to make it easier to provide
aconsis tent experience as developers and system adminis trators move
code fromdevelopment environments into production in a fast and
replicable way.
Docker For
+
Docker is a toolthat is designed to benefit both
developersand system adminis trators, making it a part of many DevOps
(developers +operations) toolchains. For developers, it means that they
can focus on writing codewithout worrying about the system that it will
ultimately be running on. It also allows them to get a head start by
using one ofthousands of programs already designed to run in a Docker
container as a part oftheir application. For operations staff, Docker
gives flexibility andpotentially reduces the number of systems needed
because of its small footprintand lower overhead. 60/71
DockerContainer
+
Docker containers include the application and all
of itsdependencies, but share the kernel with other containers, running
as is olatedprocesses in user space on the host operating system. Docker
containers are not tied to any specificinfrastructure: they run on any
computer, on any infrastructure, and in anycloud. Now explain how to
create a Docker container, Dockercontainers can be created by either
creating a Docker image and then running itor you can use Docker images
that are present on the Dockerhub. Dockercontainers are basically
runtime instances of Docker images.
DockerImage
+
Docker image is the source of Docker container. In
otherwords, Docker images are used to create containers. Images are
created with the build command, and they’llproduce a container when
started with run. Images are stored in a Docker regis try such asregis
try.hub.docker.com because they can become quite large, images are
designedto be composed of layers of other images, allowing a minimal
amount of data tobe sent when transferring images over the network.
Docker Swarm
+
Docker Swarm is native clustering for Docker. It
turns apoolof Docker hosts into a single, virtual Docker host. Docker
Swarm serves the standard Docker API, any toolthatalready communicates
with a Docker daemon can use Swarm to transparently scaleto multiple
hosts. 61/71 I will also suggest you to include some supportedtools:
Dokku Docker Compose Docker Machine Jenkins
Questions:What is Dockerfileused for
+
A Dockerfile is a text document that contains all
thecommands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image.
Using docker build users can create an automated build thatexecutes
several command- line instructions in succession.
Docker different fromother container technologies
+
Docker containers are easy to deploy in a cloud. It
can getmore applications running on the same hardware than other
technologies. It makes it easy for developers to quickly
create,ready-to-run containerized applications and it makes managing and
deployingapplications much easier. You can even share containers with
yourapplications.
Create Dockercontainer
+
We can use Docker image to create Docker container
by usingthe below command: 1 docker run -t-i command name This command
will create and start a container. You shouldalso add, If you want to
check the lis t of all running container with the statuson a host use
the below command: 1 docker ps -a
Stop and restart theDocker container
+
In order to stop the Docker container you can use
the belowcommand: 1 docker stopcontainer ID Now to restart the Docker
container you can use: 62/71 1 docker restartcontainer ID
Difference between docker run anddocker create
+
The primary difference is that using‘docker
create’createsa container in a stopped state.Bonus point:You can use
‘docker create’andstore an outputed container ID for later use. The best
way to do it is to use‘docker run’with --cidfile FILE_NAME as running it
again won’t allow tooverwrite the file.
Four states a Docker container can bein
+
Running Paused Restarting Exited
Difference Between Repository and aRegis try
+
Docker regis try is a service for hosting and dis
tributingimages. Docker repository is a collection of related Docker
images.
Link containers
+
The simplest way is to use network port
mapping.There’s also the- -link flag which is deprecated.
Difference between Docker RUN, CMDand ENTRYPOINT
+
ACMDdoes not execute anything at build time, but
specifies the intendedcommand for the image. RUNactually runs acommand
and commits the result. If you would like your container to run the same
executableevery time, then you should consider usingENTRYPOINTin
combination withCMD.
Containers can run per host
+
As far as the number of containers that can be run,
this really depends on your 63/71 environment. The size of your
applications as well as theamount of available resources will all affect
the number of containers that canbe run in your environment. Containers
unfortunately are not magical. They can’tcreate new CPU from scratch.
They do, however, provide a more efficient way ofutilizing your
resources. The containers themselves are super lightweight
(remember,shared OS vs individual OS per container) and only last as
long as the processthey are running. Immutable infrastructure if you
will.
Dockerhub
+
Docker hub is a cloud-based regis try service which
allowsyou to link to code repositories, build your images and test them,
storesmanually pushed images, and links to Docker cloud so you can
deploy images toyour hosts. It provides a centralized resource for
container imagedis covery, dis tribution and change management, user and
team collaboration, andworkflow automation throughout the development
pipeline. VmWare DevOps Interview Questions
VmWare
+
VMware was founded in 1998 by five different IT
experts. Thecompany officially launched its first product, VMware
Workstation, in 1999,which was followed by the VMware GSX Server in
2001. The company has launchedmany additional products since that time.
VMware's desktop software is compatible with all majorOSs, including
Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Mac OS X. VMware provides threedifferent
types of desktop software: VMware Workstation: This application is used
to install and run multiple copies or instances of the sameoperating
systems or different operating systems on a single physical
computermachine. VMware Fusion: This productwas designed for Mac users
and provides extra compatibility with all otherVMware products and
applications. VMware Player: This productwas launched as freeware by
VMware for users who do nothave licensed VMWare products. This product
is intended only for personeluse. VMware's software hypervis ors
intended for servers arebare-metal embedded hypervis ors that can run
directly on the server hardwarewithout the need of an extra primary OS.
VMware’s line of server softwareincludes: VMware ESX Server: This is
anenterpris e-level solution, which is built to provide better
functionality in comparis on to the freeware VMware Serverresulting from
a lesser system overhead. VMware ESX is integrated with VMwarevCenter
that provides additional solutions to improve the manageability
andconsis tency of the server implementation. VMware ESXi Server: This
server is similar to the ESX Server except that the service 64/71
console is replaced with BusyBox installation and itrequires very low
dis k space to operate. VMware Server: Freewaresoftware that can be used
over exis ting operating systems like Linux or Microsoft Windows.
Virtualization
+
The process of creating virtual versions of
physicalcomponents i-e Servers, Storage Devices, Network Devices on a
physical host is called virtualization. Virtualization lets you run
multiple virtual machines on asingle physical machine which is called
ESXi host.
Different types ofvirtualization
+
There are 5 basic types of virtualization Server
virtualization:consolidates the physical server and multiple OS can be
run on a single server. Network Virtualization:Provides complete
reproduction of physical network into a software defined network.
Storage Virtualization:Provides an abstraction layer for physical
storage resources to manage andoptimize in virtual deployment.
Application Virtualization:increased mobility of applications and allows
migration ofVMs from host on another with minimal downtime. Desktop
Virtualization:virtualize desktop to reduce cost and increase service
ServiceConsole
+
The service console is developed based up on Redhat
LinuxOperating system, it is used to manage the VMKernel
VCenterAgent
+
VC agent is an agent installed on ESX server which
enablescommunication between VC and ESX server. This Agent will be
installed on ESX/ESXi will be done whenyou try to add the ESx host in
Vcenter.
VMKernel
+
65/71 VMWare Kernel is a Proprietary kernel of
vmware and is notbased on any of the flavors of Linux operating systems.
VMkernel requires an operating system to boot and manage thekernel. A
service console is being provided when VMWare kernel is booted. Only
service console is based up on Redhat Linux OS notVMkernel.
VMKernel and why itis important
+
VMkernel is a virtualization interface between a
VirtualMachine and the ESXi host which stores VMs. It is responsible to
allocate all available resources ofESXi host to VMs such as memory, CPU,
storage etc. It’s also controlspecial services such as vMotion,Fault
tolerance, NFS, traffic management and is CSI. To access these services,
VMkernel port can be configured onESXi server using a standard or dis
tributed vSwitch. Without VMkernel, hostedVMs cannot communicate with
ESXi server.
Hypervis orand its types
+
Hypervis or is a virtualization layer that enables
multipleoperating systems to share a single hardware host. Each
operating system or VM is allocated physical resourcessuch as memory,
CPU, storage etc by the host. There are two types ofhypervis ors Hosted
hypervis or (works asapplication i-e VMware Workstation) Bare-metal (is
virtualizationsoftware i-e VMvis or, hyper-V which is installed directly
onto the hardware and controls all physical resources).
Questions:What is virtualnetworking
+
A network of VMs running on a physical server that
areconnected logically with each other is called virtual networking.
VSS
+
vSS stands for Virtual Standard Switch is
responsible forcommunication of VMs hosted on a single physical host.
66/71 it works like a physical switch automatically detects a VMwhich
want to communicate with other VM on a same physical server.
VMKernal adapterand why it used
+
AVMKernel adapter provides network connectivity to
the ESXihost to handle network traffic for vMotion, IP Storage, NAS,
Fault Tolerance,and vSAN. For each type of traffic such as vMotion, vSAN
etc. separateVMKernal adapter should be created and configured.
Three port groupsare configured in ESXi networking
+
image Virtual Machine Port Group– Used for Virtual
Machine Network Service Console Port Group– Used for Service Console
Communications VMKernel Port Group– Used for VMotion, is CSI, NFS
Communications
Main components ofvCenter Server architecture
+
There are three main components of vCenter
Serverarchitecture. image vSphere Client andWeb Client: a user
interface. vCenter Server database: SQLserver or embedded PostgreSQL to
store inventory, securityroles, resource pools etc. SSO: a security
domain invirtual environment
Datastore
+
A Datastore is a storage location where virtual
machinefiles are stored and accessed. Datastore is based on a file
system which is called VMFS, NFS
Dis k typesare in VMware
+
There are three dis k types in vSphere. Thick
Provis ioned Lazy Zeroes: every virtual dis k is created bydefault in
this dis k format. Physical space is allocated to a VM whenvirtual dis k
is created. It can’t be converted to thin dis k. Thick Provis ion Eager
Zeroes: this dis k type is used in VMwareFault Tolerance. All required
dis k space is allocated to a VM at time ofcreation. It takes more time
to create a virtual dis k compare to other dis kformats. 67/71 Thin
provis ion: It provides on-demand allocation of dis k space toa VM. When
data size grows, the size of dis k will grow. Storage
capacityutilization can be up to 100% with thin provis ioning.
Storage vMotion
+
It is similar to traditional vMotion, in Storage
vMotion,virtual dis k of a VM is moved from datastore to another. During
Storage vMotion,virtual dis k types think provis ioning dis k can be
transformed to thinprovis ioned dis k.
Use ofVMKernel Port
+
Vmkernel port is used by ESX/ESXi for vmotion, is
CSI &NFS communications. ESXi uses Vmkernel as the management network
since itdon’t have serviceconsole built with it.
Different types ofPartitions in ESX server
+
AC/-root Swap /var /Var/core /opt /home /tmp
Explain What is VMware DRS
+
VMware DRS stands for Dis tributed Resource
Scheduler; itdynamically balances resources across various host under
cluster or resourcepool. It enables users to determine the rules and
policies which decide howvirtual machines deploy resources, and these
resources should be prioritized tomultiple virtual machines. DevOps
Testing Interview Questions
ContinuousTesting
+
Continuous Testing is the process of executing
automatedtests to obtain immediate feedback on the business ris ks
associated with in thelatest build. In this way, each build is tested
continuously, allowingDevelopment teams to get fast feedback so that
they can prevent those problemsfrom progressing to the next stage of
Software delivery life-cycle. What is AutomationTesting Automation
testing is a process of automating the manualtesting process. Automation
testing involves use of separate testing tools,which can be executed
repeatedly and 68/71 doesn’t require any manual intervention.
Benefits ofAutomation Testing
+
Here are some of the benefits of using Continuous
Testing; Supports execution of repeatedtest cases Aids in testing a
large testmatrix Enables parallelexecution Encourages
unattendedexecution Improves accuracy therebyreducing human generated
errors Saves time and money
Continuous Testingimportant for DevOps
+
Continuous Testing allows any change made in the
code to betested immediately. This avoids the problems created by
having“big-bang” testing left to the end of the development cycle such
asrelease delays and quality is sues. In this way, Continuous Testing
facilitates more frequentand good quality releases.”
Testing typessupported by Selenium
+
Selenium supports two types of testing: Regression
Testing:It is the act of retesting a product around an area where a bug
wasfixed. Functional Testing:It refers to the testing of software
features (functional points)individually.
DifferenceBetween Assert and Verify commands in
Selenium
+
Assertcommand checkswhether the given condition is
true or false. Verifycommand alsochecks whether the given condition is
true or false. Irrespective of thecondition being true or false, the
program execution doesn’t halts i.e.any failure during verification
would not stop the execution and all the teststeps would be executed.
Summary
+
DevOps refers to a wide range of tools, process
andpractices used bycompanies to improve their build, deployment,
testing andrelease life cycles. In order to ace a DevOps interview you
need to have a deepunderstanding of all of these tools and processes.
Most of the technologies and process used to implementDevOps are not is
olated. Most probably you are already familiar with many ofthese. All
you have to do is to prepare for these from DevOps perspective. In this
guide I have created the largest set of interviewquestions. Each section
in this guide caters to a specific area ofDevOps. In order to increase
your chances of success in DevOps interview you need to go through all
of these questions.
Manually edit files mark as resolved then commit the
changes.
Git Operations
+
Diffbet soft, mixed, hard reset?
+
Soft keeps changes staged, mixed unstages them, hard
deletes all changes in working tree.
To revert a merge?
+
Use git revert -m 1 to undo a merged commit safely.
To squash commits?
+
Use interactive rebase: git rebase -i HEAD~n and mark
commits as squash or fixup.
To view changes before committing?
+
Use git status and git diff to inspect changes in
files.
To view git commit history?
+
Use git log or git log --oneline for concise history.
Tools like GitKraken or GitHub history visualize commits.
Git Tags & Releases
+
Diffbet lightweight and annotated tags?
+
Lightweight is just a pointer; annotated has metadata,
tagger info, and can be signed.
Git lfs?
+
Git Large File Storage handles large files (images,
videos) by storing pointers in Git while actual files reside elsewhere.
Git submodules?
+
Submodules allow embedding one Git repo inside another
while keeping histories separate.
To create and push tags?
+
git tag -a v1.0 -m "Release" → git push origin v1.0
To revert a pushed commit?
+
Use git revert to create a new commit that undoes
changes without rewriting history.
GitHub
+
Diffbet github and gitlab?
+
GitHub focuses on public and private repo hosting with
Actions for CI/CD. GitLab is devops lifecycle complete, offering CI/CD,
issue tracking, and container registry.
Fork in github?
+
A fork is a personal copy of someone else’s repository.
Changes can be pushed to your fork and later submitted as a pull request to
the original repo.
Github?
+
GitHub is a cloud-based Git repository hosting service.
It provides version control, collaboration, pull requests, issues, and CI/CD
via GitHub Actions.
To create a github repository?
+
Sign in → Click New Repository → Provide name,
description, visibility → Initialize with README → Create.
GitHub Actions
+
Action?
+
Reusable code that performs a specific task in a
workflow step.
Github actions?
+
GitHub’s native CI/CD platform to automate workflows on
Git events.
Job in github actions?
+
A unit of work in a workflow, which can run on
specified runners.
Matrix builds?
+
Run a job in parallel across multiple OS, language, or
dependency versions.
Runner in github actions?
+
Server that executes workflows. Can be GitHub-hosted or
self-hosted.
Step in github actions?
+
An individual task inside a job, like running a script
or command.
Workflow syntax in github actions?
+
Workflows are YAML files defining on, jobs, steps, and
runs-on properties.
Workflow?
+
A set of automated steps triggered by events in the
repository (push, pull request, schedule).
You trigger github actions?
+
On push, pull requests, schedule, release, or manual
dispatch events.
You use secrets in github actions?
+
Store credentials in repository secrets and access them
as environment variables in workflows.
GitLab
+
Diffbet gitlab and github?
+
GitLab offers built-in CI/CD, pipelines, and issue
management, while GitHub focuses on code hosting and GitHub Actions for
CI/CD.
Gitlab?
+
GitLab is a web-based Git repository manager providing
CI/CD, issue tracking, project management, and DevOps features in one
platform.
Merge request in gitlab?
+
Equivalent of pull requests, merge requests let you
review and merge code from a feature branch into the main branch.
To secure gitlab repositories?
+
Use branch protection, access controls, MFA, deploy
keys, and GitLab CI/CD secrets for security.
GitLab CI/CD
+
.gitlab-ci.yml?
+
A YAML file defining jobs, stages, scripts, and
pipelines for GitLab CI/CD.
Artifacts in gitlab ci/cd?
+
Files generated by a job and stored for later stages,
like binaries or reports.
Cache in gitlab ci/cd?
+
Caches files between jobs or pipelines to speed up
builds (e.g., dependencies).
Environment in gitlab ci/cd?
+
Defines deployment targets like staging, production, or
testing with URLs and variables.
Gitlab ci/cd?
+
A built-in CI/CD system in GitLab for automating build,
test, and deployment pipelines.
Gitlab runners?
+
Agents that execute CI/CD jobs on specified
environments (shared or specific runners).
Job in gitlab ci/cd?
+
A unit of work executed in a stage, containing scripts
and conditions for execution.
Stages in gitlab ci/cd?
+
Logical phases of pipeline execution like build, test,
deploy, or cleanup.
You handle secrets in gitlab ci/cd?
+
Use CI/CD variables or GitLab Vault integrations to
securely manage credentials.
You trigger a gitlab pipeline?
+
Via push events, merge requests, scheduled pipelines,
or API calls.
GraphQL
+
Graphql best used?
+
GraphQL is ideal for applications needing flexible data
fetching, real-time updates, and complex relationships. Popular in mobile
apps, dashboards, and microservices.
Apollo client?
+
Apollo Client is a popular GraphQL client for fetching
and caching data. It simplifies state management and GraphQL API
communication. Often used with React.
Apollo server?
+
Apollo Server is a GraphQL server implementation for
Node.js. It allows building schemas, resolvers, and handling API execution.
It integrates well with Express and microservices.
Can graphql be used with microservices?
+
Yes, GraphQL is often used as a gateway for
microservices. Federation and stitching combine multiple services seamlessly
into one schema.
Developed graphql?
+
GraphQL was developed by Meta (Facebook) in 2012 and
open-sourced in 2015. It helps handle complex data structures efficiently.
Today, it is widely used in modern web applications.
Diffbet rest & graphql?
+
REST uses multiple endpoints while GraphQL uses a
single endpoint. REST may overfetch or underfetch, while GraphQL returns
only requested fields. GraphQL offers real-time subscriptions; REST usually
doesn’t.
Does graphql support caching?
+
GraphQL itself doesn't provide caching, but clients
like Apollo and Relay support it. Caching reduces unnecessary network calls.
Server-side caching can also be applied.
Does graphql support file uploads?
+
GraphQL supports uploads using multipart requests or
libraries such as Apollo Upload. It requires additional handling since it's
not built-in natively.
Does graphql work over http?
+
Yes, GraphQL works over HTTP POST or GET. It is
protocol-agnostic and can also run over WebSockets. It integrates easily
with existing HTTP infrastructure.
Graphiql?
+
GraphiQL is an IDE for building and testing GraphQL
queries. It provides a playground-like environment. It automatically
provides schema documentation.
Graphql batch requesting?
+
Batch requesting allows sending multiple queries in a
single network request. This reduces overhead and improves performance.
Useful in microservices and mobile apps.
Graphql n+1 problem?
+
It occurs when resolvers make repeated database calls
for nested fields. Tools like DataLoader help batch requests and prevent
inefficiency.
Graphql validations?
+
Validation ensures correct syntax, field existence, and
type matching before execution. It prevents runtime errors and improves API
stability. It is handled automatically by schema rules.
Introspection in graphql?
+
Introspection enables clients to query schema metadata.
It helps tools auto-generate documentation. It makes GraphQL
self-descriptive.
Is graphql replacing rest?
+
GraphQL does not replace REST entirely but complements
it. REST works well for simple and public APIs. GraphQL is preferred for
complex and data-driven applications.
Is graphql strongly typed?
+
Yes, GraphQL uses a strongly typed schema. Each field
must have a defined type, ensuring predictable responses and validation.
Is versioning handled in graphql?
+
GraphQL typically avoids versioning by evolving schemas
gradually. Fields can be deprecated without breaking clients. This reduces
version overhead.
Mutation in graphql?
+
Mutations are used for creating, updating, or deleting
data. They change server-side state. Mutations are similar to POST, PUT, or
DELETE in REST.
Overfetching?
+
Overfetching occurs when an API returns more data than
needed. It is common in REST fixed endpoints. GraphQL prevents overfetching
by targeting specific fields.
Query in graphql?
+
Query fetches data from a graphql server. it allows
clients to specify exactly what fields they need. the response matches the
query structure.
Relay?
+
Relay is a GraphQL client developed by Meta. It focuses
on performance and caching with strict conventions. Appears mostly in
large-scale apps.
Resolver in graphql?
+
Resolvers are functions that handle requests and return
data for a specific field. They act like controllers in REST. Each field in
a schema can have its own resolver.
Scalars?
+
Scalars represent primitive data types like String,
Int, Boolean, and Float. They are the base building blocks of a schema.
Custom scalars can also be created.
Schema in graphql?
+
A schema defines the structure of data and operations
available in GraphQL. It includes types, queries, and mutations. It acts as
a contract between client and server.
Subscriptions in graphql?
+
Subscriptions enable real-time communication using
WebSockets. They push updates automatically when data changes. Useful for
chat apps and live notifications.
Type in graphql?
+
Types define the shape of objects in GraphQL. Examples
include scalar types like Int and String, or custom object types. They help
ensure strong typing.
JavScript, jQuery & AJAX
+
$.ajaxSetup() in jQuery?
+
Sets default AJAX request options globally.
.serialize()?
+
Converts form elements into a URL-encoded string.
.serializeArray()?
+
Converts form elements into an array of name-value
objects.
AddEventListener()?
+
Attaches event handlers to elements.
Advantages of AJAX?
+
Asynchronous updates, faster user experience, reduced
server load, partial page updates, and better interactivity.
Advantages of jQuery?
+
Simplifies JS code, cross-browser compatibility, easy
DOM manipulation, AJAX support, and animation effects.
AJAX caching issue and how to prevent it?
+
Browsers may cache GET requests; add unique query param
or set cache:false.
AJAX caching?
+
Browsers may cache GET responses; can be controlled via
headers or URL parameters.
AJAX callbacks?
+
Functions executed after request completes, e.g.,
success, error, and complete callbacks.
AJAX long polling?
+
Client sends request and server holds response until
data is available.
AJAX push technique?
+
Server pushes data to client without client requesting
(e.g., via WebSocket).
AJAX request header?
+
Metadata sent along with request, e.g., Content-Type,
Authorization.
AJAX response header?
+
Metadata sent by server, e.g., Content-Type,
Cache-Control.
AJAX short polling?
+
Client sends requests periodically to check for
updates.
AJAX?
+
AJAX (Asynchronous JS and XML) allows sending/receiving
data from server without reloading the page.
Apply()?
+
apply() is like call() but takes arguments as an array.
Array destructuring?
+
Extracting values from arrays and assigning them to
variables.
Arrow function?
+
Arrow functions are concise syntax functions with
lexical this binding, no arguments object, and shorter function expressions.
Arrow functions?
+
Arrow functions are shorter syntaxes for writing
functions and do not bind their own this.
Async script loading?
+
Scripts loaded asynchronously without blocking parsing.
Async/await in JS.
+
async functions return a Promise. await pauses
execution until the Promise resolves, making asynchronous code easier to
read.
Async/await?
+
Async/await allows writing asynchronous code in a
synchronous-like style.
Asynchronous code?
+
Code executed without blocking the main thread.
BigInt?
+
A primitive for representing large integers beyond
number limits.
Call()?
+
call() calls a function with a given this and
arguments.
Callback function?
+
A callback is a function passed as an argument to
another function.
Callback functions?
+
A callback is a function passed as an argument to
another function to be executed after some operation completes.
Callback hell?
+
Deeply nested callbacks causing unreadable code.
Cancel an AJAX request?
+
Call .abort() on the XMLHttpRequest or jQuery AJAX
object.
Chaining in jQuery?
+
Chaining allows multiple jQuery methods on the same
element in a single line using . syntax.
Check if a value is NaN?
+
Use Number.isNaN(value).
Closure?
+
A closure is a function that has access to its own
scope, parent scope, and global scope, even after the parent function has
executed.
Constructor function?
+
A function used to create objects with the new keyword.
Cookies?
+
Small pieces of data stored by websites.
CORS in AJAX?
+
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing allows a web page to
access resources from a different domain securely.
Cross-origin request?
+
Request made from one domain to another, restricted by
Same-Origin Policy.
$(document).ready() runs after DOM is loaded,
window.onload runs after all resources (images, CSS) are fully loaded.
DiffBet $(this) and this in jQuery?
+
this refers to the raw DOM element; $(this) wraps it as
a jQuery object to use jQuery methods.
DiffBet .append() and .appendTo()?
+
.append() adds content inside selected elements;
.appendTo() inserts selected elements into the target.
DiffBet .on() and .bind()?
+
.on() is the preferred method for event binding and
supports delegation; .bind() is older and limited.
DiffBet .remove() and .detach()?
+
.remove() deletes element and events/data; .detach()
keeps events/data for reuse.
DiffBet .text() and .html()?
+
.text() gets/sets text content; .html() gets/sets HTML
content including tags.
DiffBet == and ===?
+
== checks value equality with type coercion. === checks
strict equality without type conversion.
DiffBet == and Object.is()?
+
== does type coercion, Object.is() strictly compares,
treating NaN as equal to NaN.
DiffBet ==, ===, and Object.is()?
+
== converts types, === strict equality, Object.is()
handles edge cases like NaN comparison.
DiffBet AJAX and Fetch API?
+
AJAX uses XMLHttpRequest, Fetch uses modern Promises
and cleaner syntax for HTTP calls.
DiffBet async and defer in script tag?
+
async executes script immediately when loaded; defer
waits until HTML parsing finishes.
DiffBet call, apply, and bind?
+
call invokes a function with a given this and
arguments. apply uses an array of arguments. bind returns a new function
with bound this.
DiffBet for..in and for..of loops?
+
for..in iterates over object keys, for..of iterates
over iterable values.
DiffBet GET and POST in AJAX?
+
GET sends data via URL (limited size, cached), POST
sends data in body (secure, larger payload).
DiffBet GET, POST, PUT, DELETE in AJAX?
+
GET retrieves data, POST submits data, PUT updates
resources, DELETE removes resources.
DiffBet let and const?
+
let allows reassignment, const is immutable. Both are
block-scoped and not hoisted like var.
DiffBet localStorage and sessionStorage?
+
localStorage persists data indefinitely; sessionStorage
clears data when the browser tab closes.
DiffBet null and undefined?
+
undefined means a variable is declared but not
assigned, null is an assigned empty value.
DiffBet null, undefined, and NaN?
+
undefined = variable not assigned, null = empty value,
NaN = invalid numeric operation.
DiffBet serialize() and serializeArray() in jQuery?
+
serialize() returns URL-encoded string;
serializeArray() returns an array of objects with name/value pairs.
DiffBet synchronous and asynchronous AJAX?
+
Synchronous AJAX blocks the browser; asynchronous AJAX
allows other operations while the request completes.
DiffBet synchronous and asynchronous functions?
+
Synchronous blocks execution, async functions run
independently and use callbacks or promises.
DiffBet synchronous and asynchronous JS?
+
Synchronous executes line by line; asynchronous
executes operations like AJAX calls without blocking the main thread.
DiffBet var and function-scoped variable?
+
var is function-scoped and accessible throughout the
function, unlike let or const which are block-scoped.
DiffBet var, let, and const?
+
var is function-scoped, let and const are block-scoped.
const is immutable, while let can be reassigned. var is hoisted with
undefined initialization.
Disadvantages of AJAX?
+
Search engine indexing issues, browser history
problems, complexity, and potential security risks.
DOM manipulation?
+
Using JS to change HTML elements dynamically.
DOM?
+
The DOM (Document Object Model) represents HTML as a
tree structure. JS can manipulate DOM elements dynamically.
Error handling in JS?
+
Handled using try...catch blocks.
ES6 modules?
+
Modules using import/export syntax.
Eval()?
+
Executes a string as JavaScript code (not recommended).
Event bubbling?
+
Event bubbling is when an event propagates from the
target element up through its ancestors in the DOM.
Event capturing?
+
Event capturing triggers handlers from the outermost
ancestor down to the target.
Event delegation?
+
Attaching a single event listener on a parent to handle
events on child elements dynamically.
Event in JavaScript?
+
An event is an action or occurrence (like a click) that
JavaScript can respond to.
Event loop in JS?
+
Event loop handles asynchronous callbacks by checking
the call stack and task queue.
Event.preventDefault()?
+
Prevents the default action of the event.
Event.stopImmediatePropagation()?
+
Stops other handlers on the same element from
executing.
Event.stopPropagation()?
+
Stops the event from bubbling up the DOM.
Fetch()?
+
fetch() is a modern API for making HTTP requests.
Filter()?
+
filter() returns elements that satisfy a condition.
For...in loop?
+
Iterates over enumerable object properties.
For...of loop?
+
Iterates over iterable values like arrays.
Function?
+
A function is a reusable block of code designed to
perform a specific task.
Generator function?
+
A function that can pause and resume using yield.
Global object?
+
Window in browsers, global in Node.js.
Handle AJAX errors?
+
Use error callback in jQuery or catch in Promises to
handle server errors or network issues.
Higher-order function?
+
A function that takes another function as an argument
or returns one.
Hoisting?
+
Hoisting moves variable and function declarations to
the top of their scope. Functions are fully hoisted, variables declared with
var are hoisted but undefined.
HTTP methods supported by AJAX?
+
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, HEAD, OPTIONS.
IIFE?
+
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) runs
immediately after definition.
Include jQuery in a webpage?
+
Using a CDN or by downloading the jQuery library and
linking it via a script tag.
Inheritance in JavaScript?
+
Objects can inherit properties/methods from prototypes
or classes.
InnerHTML?
+
A property allowing insertion of HTML content inside an
element.
Instanceof?
+
Checks whether an object is an instance of a specific
class.
JavaScript?
+
JavaScript is a client-side scripting language used to
create dynamic web content. It runs in browsers and can manipulate DOM,
handle events, and interact with APIs.
JQuery AJAX shorthand methods?
+
$.get(), $.post(), $.getJSON() simplify AJAX requests
without full $.ajax() configuration.
JQuery AJAX?
+
A simplified method in jQuery to perform asynchronous
HTTP requests using $.ajax(), $.get(), $.post().
JQuery data()?
+
Stores arbitrary data associated with elements.
JQuery effects?
+
Animations like .hide(), .show(), .fadeIn(), .slideUp()
to create UI effects.
JQuery events?
+
Actions that can be performed on elements like click,
hover, keypress, etc.
JQuery Mobile?
+
Framework built on jQuery for creating touch-optimized
web apps for mobile devices.
JQuery promises?
+
Objects representing eventual completion/failure of
asynchronous operations.
JQuery removeData()?
+
Removes data stored via data() from elements.
JQuery selector?
+
A string used to find HTML elements, similar to CSS
selectors.
JQuery selectors?
+
Selectors target HTML elements using IDs (#id), classes
(.class), attributes, and pseudo-selectors.
JQuery UI?
+
A library built on jQuery to provide interactions,
widgets, and animations.
JQuery.fx?
+
Namespace for all jQuery effects.
JQuery.noConflict()?
+
Releases $ symbol to avoid conflicts with other
libraries.
JQuery?
+
jQuery is a lightweight JS library that simplifies DOM
manipulation, event handling, animation, and AJAX calls.
Pipeline parallelism executes multiple steps
simultaneously to reduce execution time.
Jenkins pipeline retry?
+
Pipeline retry reruns failed steps or stages
automatically.
Jenkins pipeline sequential execution?
+
Sequential execution runs pipeline steps one after
another in order.
Jenkins pipeline stage?
+
Stage defines a major phase in a pipeline like Build
Test or Deploy.
Jenkins pipeline step?
+
Step is a single task within a stage like compiling
code or running tests.
Jenkins pipeline syntax generator?
+
Pipeline syntax generator helps generate Groovy
pipeline code for steps and stages.
Jenkins plugin manager?
+
Plugin manager installs updates and removes Jenkins
plugins.
Jenkins plugin?
+
A plugin extends Jenkins functionality like integrating
SCMs build tools or notifications.
Jenkins post-build action?
+
Post-build actions are tasks executed after a job
completes like emailing reports or archiving artifacts.
Jenkins pre-build action?
+
Pre-build actions are tasks executed before a job
starts such as environment setup.
Jenkins project-based security?
+
Project-based security sets permissions at the
individual job level.
Jenkins quiet period?
+
Quiet period delays build start to allow multiple
commits to accumulate before triggering a build.
Jenkins rollback?
+
Rollback reverts to a previous stable build in case of
deployment failure.
Jenkins scm integration?
+
SCM integration connects Jenkins with source control
tools like Git SVN or Mercurial.
Jenkins script console?
+
Script console executes Groovy scripts for
administration and job management.
Jenkins secret file?
+
Secret file is a type of credential for storing
sensitive files used in jobs or pipelines.
Jenkins secret text?
+
Secret text is a type of credential used for storing
sensitive strings like API keys.
Jenkins security realm?
+
Security realm manages authentication of users in
Jenkins.
Jenkins shared library?
+
Shared library contains reusable pipeline code that can
be imported into multiple pipelines.
Jenkins slack integration?
+
Slack integration sends build status notifications to
Slack channels.
Jenkins sonarqube integration?
+
SonarQube integration allows Jenkins to analyze code
quality technical debt and vulnerabilities.
Jenkins sso?
+
Single Sign-On allows users to authenticate into
Jenkins using existing credentials from another system.
Jenkins test reporting?
+
Test reporting shows results of automated tests
executed during a build.
Jenkins throttling?
+
Throttling limits the number of concurrent builds on
nodes or jobs.
Jenkins upgrade process?
+
Upgrade process updates Jenkins core and plugins while
preserving jobs and configurations.
Jenkins upstream and downstream project?
+
Upstream triggers downstream builds; downstream runs
after upstream completion.
Jenkins webhook vs polling?
+
Webhook triggers jobs instantly on events; polling
checks periodically for changes.
Jenkins webhook vs scm polling?
+
Webhook pushes events to Jenkins immediately; SCM
polling checks periodically for changes.
Jenkins webhook?
+
Webhook triggers Jenkins jobs automatically when events
like commits or pull requests occur.
Jenkins workspace cleanup?
+
Workspace cleanup deletes files in workspace before or
after a job to avoid conflicts.
Key features of jenkins?
+
Key features include easy installation distributed
builds extensible via plugins and pipeline automation.
Scm polling in jenkins?
+
SCM polling checks source code repositories
periodically to trigger builds when changes are detected.
Some popular jenkins plugins?
+
Popular plugins include Git Maven Pipeline Slack
Notification and Docker plugins.
Use of jenkins master and slave?
+
Master coordinates jobs and manages the Jenkins
environment; slaves (agents) execute jobs for distributed builds.
Use of jenkins workspace?
+
Workspace is a directory where Jenkins checks out
source code and executes jobs.
Kubernet
+
Labels and Selectors?
+
Labels are key-value pairs attached to Kubernetes
objects for identification and grouping. Selectors query objects based on
these labels. They are essential for service discovery and workload
management.
Blue-Green Deployment in Kubernetes?
+
Blue-Green deployment creates two identical
environments, allowing seamless switch-over during releases. It reduces
downtime and rollback risk. Kubernetes services route traffic between
versions.
ConfigMap?
+
ConfigMap stores configuration data separate from
application code. It helps manage environment variables, config files, and
parameters. It avoids rebuilding container images when configuration
changes.
Container Runtime in Kubernetes?
+
Container runtime executes and manages containers.
Supported runtimes include Docker, containerd, and CRI-O. Kubernetes
interacts with runtimes using the Container Runtime Interface (CRI).
Cronjob?
+
CronJob runs jobs on a scheduled time like Unix cron.
DaemonSet?
+
A DaemonSet ensures a copy of a Pod is running on all
or selected nodes. It is ideal for log collectors, monitoring agents, or
networking components. When new nodes are added, DaemonSet automatically
deploys the Pod.
Deployment?
+
A Deployment defines how application Pods should be
created, updated, and scaled. It provides rolling updates, version control,
and rollback capabilities. Deployments ensure the desired number of Pods are
always running.
Pod and a container?
+
Pod can contain one or more containers sharing storage
and network; container is a single runtime instance.
ClusterIP and NodePort?
+
ClusterIP exposes service inside cluster; NodePort
exposes service on a static port on node IP.
Deployment and replicaSet?
+
Deployment manages replicaSets and allows rolling
updates and rollback; replicaSet only ensures the number of pod replicas.
Ephemeral and persistent storage?
+
Ephemeral storage lasts only for pod lifecycle;
persistent storage persists independently.
Labels and annotations?
+
Labels are used for selection and organization;
annotations store metadata for human or tool usage.
Statefulset and deployment?
+
StatefulSet maintains pod identity and order;
Deployment manages stateless apps.
ExternalName service type?
+
ExternalName maps service to an external DNS name.
Headless service?
+
Headless service has no cluster IP and allows direct
pod access.
Helm chart?
+
Helm chart is a package that contains Kubernetes
manifests and templates for deploying apps.
Helm release?
+
Helm release is a deployed instance of a chart in the
cluster.
Helm?
+
Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes applications.
It uses Charts to define, install, upgrade, and manage deployments. Helm
simplifies repetitive configurations and environment consistency.
Job in Kubernetes?
+
Job runs a batch task or process to completion.
Kubeconfig?
+
Kubeconfig is a configuration file that specifies
cluster connection details and credentials.
Kubectl annotate?
+
Kubectl annotate adds or updates annotations on
resources.
Kubectl apply vs create?
+
Apply creates or updates resources idempotently; create
fails if resource exists.
Kubectl delete?
+
Kubectl delete removes resources from the cluster.
Kubectl describe?
+
Kubectl describe shows detailed information about a
resource.
Kubectl exec?
+
Kubectl exec runs commands inside a container in a pod.
Kubectl get?
+
Kubectl get lists resources like pods services or
nodes.
Kubectl label?
+
Kubectl label adds or updates labels on resources.
Kubectl logs?
+
Kubectl logs fetches logs from a container in a pod.
Kubectl port-forward?
+
Port-forward forwards a local port to a pod port for
access.
Kubectl rollout?
+
Kubectl rollout manages deployment updates status undo
and history.
Kubectl scale?
+
Kubectl scale changes the number of replicas in a
deployment or replicaSet.
Kubectl top?
+
Kubectl top shows resource usage of nodes and pods.
Kubectl?
+
Kubectl is the command-line tool used to interact with
Kubernetes clusters. It supports deployment, debugging, scaling, and
configuration management. Administrators use it for operational control.
Kubernetes admission controller?
+
Admission controllers intercept API requests for
validation or mutation.
Kubernetes API aggregation layer?
+
API aggregation layer allows extending Kubernetes API
with additional APIs.
Kubernetes best practices?
+
Best practices include using namespaces resource limits
probes ConfigMaps secrets and monitoring.
Kubernetes cluster auto-scaling?
+
Cluster auto-scaling adjusts the number of nodes based
on resource demand.
Kubernetes coredns?
+
CoreDNS is the default DNS service in Kubernetes for
service discovery.
Kubernetes CRD?
+
Custom Resource Definition allows creating custom
resources in the cluster.
Kubernetes dashboard?
+
Dashboard is a web-based UI to manage and monitor
Kubernetes clusters.
Kubernetes default service account?
+
Default service account is automatically assigned to
pods without explicit service account.
Kubernetes endpoint?
+
Endpoint represents a set of IPs and ports associated
with a service.
Kubernetes ephemeral container?
+
Ephemeral container is used for debugging running pods
without modifying original containers.
Kubernetes etcd cluster?
+
Etcd cluster stores configuration and state of
Kubernetes reliably.
Kubernetes event?
+
Event records state changes or errors in cluster
resources.
Kubernetes Helm?
+
Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes that deploys
applications using charts.
Kubernetes horizontal pod autoscaler metrics?
+
HPA metrics can include CPU memory or custom metrics.
Kubernetes ingress?
+
Ingress exposes HTTP and HTTPS routes from outside the
cluster to services.
Kubernetes kubeadm?
+
Kubeadm is a tool to bootstrap Kubernetes clusters
easily.
Kubernetes kube-state-metrics?
+
Kube-state-metrics exports cluster state metrics for
monitoring.
Kubernetes labels?
+
Labels are key-value pairs used to organize select and
manage resources.
Kubernetes liveness probe?
+
Liveness probe checks if pod is alive and restarts it
if unresponsive.
Kubernetes logging?
+
Logging collects container and cluster logs for
debugging and monitoring.
Kubernetes monitoring?
+
Monitoring tracks cluster health performance and
resource usage using tools like Prometheus.
Kubernetes mutating vs validating webhook?
+
Mutating webhook can change API objects; validating
webhook only approves or rejects.
Kubernetes network policy?
+
Network policy defines rules for pod-to-pod or
pod-to-external traffic communication.
Kubernetes operator vs Helm?
+
Operator manages application lifecycle with automation;
Helm simplifies deployment and upgrades.
Kubernetes operator?
+
Operator extends Kubernetes functionality to manage
complex applications using custom controllers.
Kubernetes persistent volume types?
+
Types include hostPath NFS AWS EBS GCE Persistent Disk
and more.
Kubernetes pod disruption budget?
+
Pod disruption budget ensures minimum available pods
during voluntary disruptions.
Kubernetes proxy?
+
Proxy manages traffic routing to pods or services.
Kubernetes RBAC?
+
Role-Based Access Control manages user and application
permissions in the cluster.
Kubernetes readiness probe?
+
Readiness probe checks if pod is ready to serve
traffic.
Kubernetes resource limits?
+
Resource limits define maximum CPU and memory a
container can use.
Kubernetes resource requests?
+
Resource requests define the minimum CPU and memory
required for scheduling.
Kubernetes role of kube-proxy?
+
Kube-proxy manages networking rules to route traffic to
pods.
Kubernetes scheduler default behavior?
+
Scheduler assigns pods to nodes based on resource
availability affinity and taints.
Kubernetes scheduler extender?
+
Scheduler extender allows custom scheduling decisions
using external policies.
Kubernetes selectors?
+
Selectors are used to query and filter resources based
on labels.
Kubernetes service account?
+
Service account provides identity for pods to access
Kubernetes API.
Kubernetes startup probe?
+
Startup probe checks application startup status before
other probes.
Kubernetes storage class?
+
StorageClass defines storage type provisioner and
parameters for dynamic provisioning.
LoadBalancer service type?
+
LoadBalancer provisions an external load balancer to
distribute traffic to pods.
Node affinity?
+
Node affinity constrains pods to specific nodes based
on labels.
Node?
+
A Node is a physical or virtual machine in a Kubernetes
cluster that runs containers. Each node contains Kubelet, container runtime,
and Kube-proxy. Nodes execute workloads assigned by the control plane.
Persistent Volume (PV)?
+
A PV is a cluster-level storage resource provisioned
independently of pods. It can be cloud storage, NFS, or local disk. PVs
ensure data persists even if pods are recreated.
Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)?
+
A PVC is a request for storage by a pod. It binds to an
available PV dynamically or statically. PVCs decouple storage provisioning
from application deployment.
Pod affinity and anti-affinity?
+
Pod affinity schedules pods close to other pods;
anti-affinity avoids placing pods together.
Pod?
+
A Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes and
can contain one or multiple containers. Containers in a pod share network
and storage resources. Pods are ephemeral, meaning they can be recreated
automatically if they fail.
RBAC in Kubernetes?
+
RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) controls permissions
for users, groups, and service accounts. It defines what actions can be
performed on which Kubernetes objects. RBAC helps secure production
environments.
Role and clusterrole?
+
Role defines permissions in a namespace; ClusterRole
defines permissions cluster-wide.
Rolebinding and clusterrolebinding?
+
RoleBinding assigns Role to users in a namespace;
ClusterRoleBinding assigns ClusterRole cluster-wide.
Secret?
+
Secrets store sensitive information like passwords, API
keys, and tokens in encoded form. They are mounted securely into Pods or
passed as environment variables. Kubernetes helps restrict and encrypt
access to Secrets.
Service?
+
A Service provides stable networking and load balancing
for Pods. Since Pods are dynamic, a service exposes them using DNS names or
IPs. It ensures traffic routing remains consistent even if underlying pods
restart.
Taint and toleration?
+
Taint marks nodes to repel certain pods; toleration
allows pods to be scheduled on tainted nodes.
Types of Kubernetes services?
+
Types include ClusterIP NodePort LoadBalancer and
ExternalName.
Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA)?
+
VPA adjusts CPU and memory resource requests/limits for
pods based on usage patterns. It focuses on optimizing resource allocation
per pod rather than increasing pod count. It is ideal for workloads with
unpredictable resource needs.
Vertical Pod Autoscaler?
+
VPA adjusts resource requests and limits of pods
automatically based on usage.
Volume in Kubernetes?
+
Volume provides a way for containers in a pod to access
storage.
KUBERNETES
+
Use Kubernetes?
+
Kubernetes enables scalability, automation, resilience,
and efficient resource utilization.
Problem does Kubernetes solve?
+
It manages containerized workloads across clusters
reliably.
Kubernetes cluster?
+
A Kubernetes cluster is a set of nodes managed by
Kubernetes to run containers.
Main components of a cluster?
+
Control Plane and Worker Nodes.
Control Plane?
+
Control Plane manages scheduling, scaling, and cluster
state.
Node in Kubernetes?
+
A Node is a worker machine that runs Pods.
Runs on every Node?
+
Kubelet, container runtime, and kube-proxy.
Kubelet?
+
Kubelet ensures containers defined in Pod specs are
running.
Kube-proxy?
+
Kube-proxy manages networking and traffic routing to
Pods.
Container runtime?
+
Software that runs containers like Docker, containerd,
or CRI-O.
Interface connects Kubernetes to runtimes?
+
Container Runtime Interface (CRI).
Etcd?
+
etcd is a distributed key-value store storing cluster
state.
Etcd critical?
+
Loss of etcd means loss of cluster state.
Kubernetes API Server?
+
API Server exposes Kubernetes APIs and handles all
requests.
Kubernetes Scheduler?
+
Scheduler assigns Pods to Nodes based on constraints.
Controller Manager?
+
It ensures desired state matches actual state.
Desired state?
+
The configuration defined by users.
Actual state?
+
Current running state of the cluster.
Kubernetes cloud-agnostic?
+
It runs on cloud, on-prem, and hybrid environments.
Pods used instead of containers directly?
+
Pods provide shared networking and storage for
containers.
Can a Pod have multiple containers?
+
Yes, containers in a Pod share network and volumes.
Single-container Pod?
+
A Pod running one application container.
Multi-container Pod?
+
A Pod running multiple tightly coupled containers.
Sidecar container?
+
A helper container that extends main container
functionality.
Init container?
+
A container that runs before application containers
start.
Pod lifecycle?
+
The sequence of states a Pod goes through from creation
to termination.
Pod states?
+
Pending, Running, Succeeded, Failed, and Unknown.
Pod restart policy?
+
Defines when containers in a Pod should restart.
Restart policy values?
+
Always, OnFailure, and Never.
Pod specification?
+
YAML/JSON definition describing Pod configuration.
Container image in Pod spec?
+
Defines which image the container runs.
Resource request?
+
Minimum CPU and memory required by container.
Resource limit?
+
Maximum CPU and memory a container can use.
Happens when a container exceeds limits?
+
It may be throttled or terminated.
Workload in Kubernetes?
+
A resource managing Pods for applications.
Common workload types?
+
Deployment, ReplicaSet, StatefulSet, DaemonSet, and
Job.
Use workloads instead of standalone Pods?
+
Workloads provide scaling, self-healing, and updates.
Self-healing in Kubernetes?
+
Automatically restarting or rescheduling failed Pods.
Deployment in Kubernetes?
+
A Deployment manages Pod replicas and updates
declaratively.
Deployments used?
+
They provide rolling updates, rollback, and scaling.
ReplicaSet?
+
A controller that ensures a specified number of Pods
are running.
Are Deployments and ReplicaSets related?
+
Deployments manage ReplicaSets automatically.
Desired replica count?
+
Number of Pods defined in Deployment spec.
Scaling in Kubernetes?
+
Increasing or decreasing number of Pod replicas.
Manual scaling?
+
Scaling replicas by changing replica count.
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)?
+
Automatically scales Pods based on metrics.
Metrics does HPA use?
+
CPU, memory, or custom metrics.
Rolling update?
+
Gradual replacement of Pods with new version.
MaxSurge?
+
Maximum Pods created above desired count.
MaxUnavailable?
+
Maximum Pods allowed to be unavailable during update.
Rollback?
+
Reverting Deployment to previous version.
Revision history?
+
Stored history of Deployment versions.
Zero-downtime deployment?
+
Updating applications without service interruption.
Scaling policy?
+
Rules controlling scale behavior.
Scaling important?
+
It ensures performance and cost efficiency.
Services needed?
+
Pod IPs are dynamic and change frequently.
ClusterIP service?
+
Exposes service internally within the cluster.
NodePort service?
+
Exposes service on a static port on each node.
LoadBalancer service?
+
Exposes service externally using cloud load balancer.
ExternalName service?
+
Maps a service to an external DNS name.
Service selector?
+
Labels used to match Pods for traffic routing.
Kube-proxy role in services?
+
Manages service networking and traffic forwarding.
Kubernetes networking model?
+
Every Pod can communicate with every other Pod.
CNI?
+
Container Network Interface for implementing Pod
networking.
Pod-to-Pod communication?
+
Direct communication without NAT.
Pod-to-Service communication?
+
Traffic routed through Service abstraction.
Ingress?
+
An API object managing external HTTP/HTTPS access.
Ingress Controller?
+
A component that implements Ingress rules.
Ingress rule?
+
Routing rules based on host and path.
TLS termination in Ingress?
+
Handling HTTPS at Ingress level.
Path-based routing?
+
Routing traffic based on URL paths.
Host-based routing?
+
Routing traffic based on domain name.
Network policy?
+
Rules controlling Pod network traffic.
Kubernetes networking important?
+
It enables reliable and secure service communication.
ConfigMap in Kubernetes?
+
A ConfigMap stores non-sensitive configuration data
separately from application code.
ConfigMaps used?
+
To externalize configuration and avoid hardcoding
values.
Data formats can ConfigMaps store?
+
Key-value pairs, files, and environment variables.
ConfigMaps be consumed by Pods?
+
As environment variables, command-line arguments, or
mounted files.
Secret in Kubernetes?
+
A Secret stores sensitive information like passwords
and tokens.
Use Secrets instead of ConfigMaps?
+
Secrets provide better security for sensitive data.
Types of Secrets exist?
+
Opaque, TLS, Docker registry, and service account
tokens.
Are Secrets stored in Kubernetes?
+
Base64-encoded and stored in etcd.
Secrets be injected into Pods?
+
As environment variables or mounted volumes.
Environment management?
+
Managing configuration across different environments
like dev and prod.
Immutable configuration?
+
Configuration that does not change at runtime.
Dynamic configuration reload?
+
Updating configuration without restarting Pods.
Config drift?
+
Mismatch between intended and actual configuration.
Config drift prevented?
+
Using declarative manifests and version control.
Separation of config and code?
+
Keeping configuration independent from application
logic.
Secret rotation?
+
Regularly updating sensitive credentials.
Least privilege for secrets?
+
Granting minimal access to secrets.
RBAC role in secret access?
+
Controls who can access Secrets.
External secrets management?
+
Using tools like Vault or cloud secret managers.
Configuration management critical?
+
It ensures security, consistency, and portability.
Kubernetes volume?
+
A volume provides storage accessible to containers in a
Pod.
Volumes needed?
+
Container file systems are ephemeral.
EmptyDir volume?
+
A temporary volume shared between containers in a Pod.
HostPath volume?
+
Mounts a directory from the host node.
Persistent storage?
+
Storage that survives Pod restarts.
PersistentVolume (PV)?
+
A cluster-wide storage resource.
PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC)?
+
A request for storage by a Pod.
Dynamic provisioning?
+
Automatic creation of PVs when PVCs are requested.
StorageClass?
+
Defines storage type and provisioning rules.
Access mode?
+
Defines how volumes can be mounted.
Access modes?
+
ReadWriteOnce, ReadOnlyMany, ReadWriteMany.
Reclaim policy?
+
Defines what happens to PV after PVC deletion.
Reclaim policies?
+
Retain, Delete, Recycle.
StatefulSet?
+
A workload managing stateful applications.
StatefulSet different from Deployment?
+
StatefulSets maintain identity and storage per Pod.
Stable network identity?
+
Persistent hostname for each Pod.
VolumeClaimTemplates?
+
Templates for creating PVCs per Pod.
Workloads need StatefulSets?
+
Databases and stateful services.
Ordered deployment in StatefulSet?
+
Pods start and stop in sequence.
Persistent storage important?
+
It ensures data durability and reliability.
Kubernetes security?
+
Practices to protect clusters, workloads, and data from
threats.
Authentication in Kubernetes?
+
Verifying identity of users and components.
Authorization in Kubernetes?
+
Determining what authenticated users can do.
RBAC?
+
Role-Based Access Control for Kubernetes resources.
Role?
+
Defines permissions within a namespace.
ClusterRole?
+
Defines permissions across the entire cluster.
RoleBinding?
+
Associates a Role with users or service accounts.
ClusterRoleBinding?
+
Associates a ClusterRole with subjects cluster-wide.
ServiceAccount?
+
An identity for Pods to access Kubernetes API.
Pod Security?
+
Controls security settings applied to Pods.
Pod Security Policy?
+
Legacy mechanism for enforcing Pod security.
Replaced Pod Security Policy?
+
Pod Security Admission.
Pod Security Standards?
+
Privileged, Baseline, and Restricted.
Least privilege principle?
+
Granting minimal permissions required.
NetworkPolicy?
+
Controls traffic flow between Pods.
Secrets encryption at rest?
+
Encrypting secrets stored in etcd.
Image security?
+
Ensuring images are trusted and scanned.
Runtime security?
+
Monitoring container behavior during execution.
Security context?
+
Defines privilege and access control for Pods.
Kubernetes security critical?
+
It prevents unauthorized access and breaches.
Observability in Kubernetes?
+
The ability to understand cluster behavior using
metrics, logs, and traces.
Monitoring important in Kubernetes?
+
To ensure cluster health, performance, and reliability.
Kubernetes metrics?
+
Numerical data representing resource usage and
performance.
Metrics Server?
+
A component that collects resource metrics from nodes
and Pods.
Metrics does Metrics Server provide?
+
CPU and memory usage.
Cluster monitoring?
+
Observing node and control plane health.
Application monitoring?
+
Monitoring performance and behavior of workloads.
Logging in Kubernetes?
+
Collecting and storing logs generated by containers and
system components.
Container logs stored?
+
On the node filesystem by container runtime.
Centralized logging needed?
+
Pods are ephemeral and logs are distributed.
Node-level logging agent?
+
An agent that collects logs from nodes.
Tracing in Kubernetes?
+
Tracking requests across services.
Distributed tracing used for?
+
Debugging latency and dependency issues.
Health check in Kubernetes?
+
Mechanism to determine application health.
Liveness probe?
+
Checks if a container is alive.
Readiness probe?
+
Checks if a container is ready to receive traffic.
Startup probe?
+
Checks if application has started successfully.
Observability critical in Kubernetes?
+
It enables proactive issue detection and faster
recovery.
Kubernetes Commands
+
Working with Pods
+
kubectl get pods -> # Lists all pods in the current
namespace
Working with Deployments
+
kubectl get deployments -> # Lists all deployments
Working with Services
+
kubectl get services -> # Lists all services
Working with ConflgMaps and Secrets
+
kubectl create configmap --from-literal=key=value -> #
Creates a ConfigMap
Working with Namespaces
+
kubectl get namespaces -> # Lists all namespaces
Managing Nodes
+
kubectl get nodes -> # Lists all nodes in the cluster
Working with Persistent Volumes (PV) and Claims (PVC)
+
kubectl get pv -> # Lists all persistent volumes
Conflguring and Viewing Contexts
+
kubectl config get-contexts -> # Lists all available
contexts
Debugging Resources
+
kubectl describe -> # Describes any Kubernetes resource
Managing Jobs and CronJobs
+
kubectl get jobs -> # Lists all jobs
Applying and Deleting Manifests
+
kubectl apply -f -> # Applies configuration from a YAML
file
LINQ
+
Advantages & disadvantages of LINQ?
+
Advantages: cleaner code, compile-time errors, less
complexity., Disadvantages: slower than SP sometimes, hidden execution
cost., Good for quick development but requires understanding of performance
implications.
Advantages and disadvantages of LINQ?
+
Benefits: cleaner code, type safety, reusability, and
readability., Drawbacks: may generate complex SQL and performance overhead
in large datasets., LINQ debugging may also require profiling., Still, it
improves overall development speed.
Advantages and disadvantages of PLINQ
+
Advantages: Faster execution on large, CPU-bound
workloads; automatic parallelization., Disadvantages: Overhead for small
collections; thread-safety challenges., Not suitable for queries requiring
ordered results unless specified., Performance depends on hardware and
workload.
Advantages and disadvantages of PLINQ?
+
Advantages: Faster processing, parallel execution,
better CPU utilization., Disadvantages: Overhead on small data,
non-deterministic ordering, thread safety required., Best for heavy
computations., Not suitable for UI-dependent operations.
Best practices for writing LINQ queries?
+
Use meaningful variable names and avoid complex nested
queries., Prefer method syntax when chaining operations., Use deferred
execution carefully to avoid unintended re-execution., Optimize with
.ToList() or caching when needed.
Can LINQ be used for pagination?
+
Yes, pagination is done using Skip() and Take()
methods., Example: var result = data.Skip(10).Take(10);., Useful for loading
data in batches to improve performance., Commonly used in grid and list
paging.
Challenging LINQ optimization example (short):
+
I optimized a nested LINQ query that caused memory
spikes., I replaced multiple loops with a Join and SelectMany combination.,
Execution time dropped significantly., Proper indexing further improved
performance.
Choosing query syntax vs method syntax?
+
Use query syntax for readability with joins or
grouping., Use method syntax for advanced operations like Aggregate, Skip,
Take., Both compile the same way., Choice depends on clarity and complexity.
Collaboration example using LINQ in team development.
+
We built a feature where filtering and sorting logic
was shared across modules., We standardized LINQ patterns and reused
expressions through extension methods., Code reviews ensured consistency and
performance optimization., The collaboration improved code maintainability
across the system.
Compiled queries in LINQ?
+
Compiled queries cache the SQL translation to improve
performance., They avoid reprocessing the query every time., Useful in
frequently executed operations., Supported mainly in LINQ to SQL and EF.
Decide between query syntax and method syntax?
+
Query syntax is used when the expression looks similar
to SQL and improves readability., Method syntax is preferred when using
advanced operations like GroupBy, Skip, or Aggregate., Both produce the same
results, and sometimes a combination is required., Choice often depends on
clarity and complexity of the query.
Deferred vs Immediate Execution?
+
Deferred execution: executed only when needed.,
Immediate execution: query executes instantly using operators like ToList(),
Count()., Deferred helps optimize performance, immediate retrieves fixed
results.
Describe a challenging situation where you optimized a
LINQ query.
+
I once worked on a project where a nested LINQ query
caused slow database performance., I optimized it by applying Join instead
of multiple Where clauses and added Select projections., Execution time
improved drastically by reducing unnecessary data retrieval., This ensured
faster response and improved system scalability.
Aggregate() and Sum()?
+
Aggregate() performs custom aggregation; Sum()
calculates total of numeric values.
All() and Any()?
+
All() checks if all elements satisfy a condition; Any()
checks if at least one element satisfies a condition.
AsEnumerable() and Cast<T>()?
+
AsEnumerable() treats data source as IEnumerable; Cast
<T>() converts elements to specified type.
Cast<T>() and
OfType<T>()?
+
Cast<T>() converts all elements and
may throw exceptions; OfType <T> () filters elements by
type.
Concat() and Union()?
+
Concat() appends sequences including duplicates;
Union() combines sequences and removes duplicates.
Contains() and Any()?
+
Contains() checks for specific value; Any() checks for
elements satisfying a condition.
Contains() and Exists()?
+
Contains() checks for specific value; Exists() checks
if any element satisfies a condition.
DefaultIfEmpty() and FirstOrDefault()?
+
DefaultIfEmpty() returns default value if sequence is
empty; FirstOrDefault() returns first element or default if empty.
Deferred and immediate execution in LINQ?
+
Deferred execution delays evaluation until results are
needed; immediate execution evaluates query immediately using methods like
ToList(), Count().
Deferred and immediate execution methods?
+
Deferred execution methods are evaluated when
enumerated; immediate execution methods evaluate immediately like ToList(),
Count().
Deferred Execution and Immediate Execution in LINQ?
+
Deferred execution delays query evaluation; Immediate
execution evaluates query immediately using methods like ToList(), Count().
Distinct() and GroupBy()?
+
Distinct() removes duplicates; GroupBy() groups
elements into collections.
Expression Trees and Delegates in LINQ?
+
Delegates execute code; Expression Trees represent code
as data, allowing translation to SQL in LINQ to SQL.
First() and Single()?
+
First() returns first matching element; Single()
expects exactly one matching element.
First() returns the first element, throws exception if
none; FirstOrDefault() returns default if none; Single() expects exactly one
element; SingleOrDefault() returns default if none, throws if more than one.
FirstOrDefault() and SingleOrDefault()?
+
FirstOrDefault() returns first or default;
SingleOrDefault() returns single or default and throws if more than one.
GroupBy() and SelectMany()?
+
GroupBy() groups elements; SelectMany() flattens nested
collections.
GroupBy() and ToLookup()?
+
GroupBy() generates groups on-the-fly; ToLookup()
creates a persistent lookup structure.
Intersect() and Except()?
+
Intersect() returns common elements; Except() returns
elements in first sequence not in second.
IQueryable and IEnumerable?
+
IEnumerable works with in-memory collections;
IQueryable works with remote data sources and allows query translation.
IQueryable<T> and
IEnumerable<T> in deferred execution?
+
IQueryable<T> executes queries on
data source with translation; IEnumerable<T> executes
queries in memory.
IQueryable<T> and
IEnumerable<T>?
+
IEnumerable<T> queries in memory;
IQueryable<T> queries remote sources with translation.
Reverse() reverses current order; OrderByDescending()
sorts elements descending.
Select() and SelectMany()?
+
Select() projects each element; SelectMany() flattens
collections of collections into a single sequence.
SequenceEqual() and Equals()?
+
SequenceEqual() compares sequences element by element;
Equals() compares object references or values.
Skip() and SkipWhile()?
+
Skip() skips fixed number of elements; SkipWhile()
skips until condition fails.
Take() and Skip()?
+
Take() selects first N elements; Skip() skips first N
elements.
Take() and TakeWhile()?
+
Take() selects fixed number of elements; TakeWhile()
selects elements until condition fails.
TakeWhile() and SkipWhile()?
+
TakeWhile() selects elements until predicate fails;
SkipWhile() skips elements until predicate fails.
ToDictionary() and ToLookup()?
+
ToDictionary() creates dictionary with unique keys;
ToLookup() allows multiple elements per key.
ToList() and ToArray()?
+
ToList() converts sequence to
List<T>; ToArray() converts sequence to array.
Union() and Concat()?
+
Union() removes duplicates; Concat() includes
duplicates.
Where() and OfType()?
+
Where() filters elements based on a condition; OfType()
filters elements based on type.
XElement and XDocument?
+
XElement represents an element in XML; XDocument
represents the entire XML document.
Zip() and Join() in LINQ?
+
Zip() combines elements by index from two sequences;
Join() combines sequences based on matching keys.
DiffBet deferred and immediate execution?
+
Deferred execution delays running the query until
enumeration., Immediate execution happens as soon as methods like ToList(),
Count() run., Deferred saves resources, immediate captures data snapshot.,
Choice depends on usage scenario.
DiffBet deferred execution and immediate execution in
LINQ?
+
Deferred execution means the query runs only when
iterated (e.g., Where, Select)., Immediate execution runs instantly (e.g.,
ToList(), Count(), First())., Deferred execution improves performance by
delaying processing until needed., Immediate execution forces evaluation and
materializes data immediately.
DiffBet IEnumerable and IQueryable?
+
IEnumerable: In-memory, LINQ to Objects, client-side
evaluation, IQueryable: Provider-based, server-side evaluation, LINQ to
SQL/Entities
DiffBet LINQ and Stored Procedures?
+
Stored procedures execute inside the database and are
often faster., LINQ integrates into application code and provides
compile-time safety., Stored procedures require SQL knowledge, while LINQ is
type-safe and object-oriented., LINQ is easier to maintain in application
logic.
Query syntax looks like SQL and improves readability.,
Method syntax uses lambda expressions and extension methods., Both compile
to the same result., Method syntax supports more complex and advanced
operations.
DiffBet Select & SelectMany?
+
Select returns nested collections., SelectMany flattens
and returns a single sequence., Select = mapping, SelectMany = flattening.,
Used mainly with collections inside collections.
DiffBet Select and SelectMany?
+
Select projects each item into a new form while
maintaining structure., SelectMany flattens nested collections into a single
sequence., Use Select for single-level projections and SelectMany when
working with collections of collections., SelectMany is commonly used in
one-to-many relationships.
DiffBet Skip() and SkipWhile()?
+
Skip() skips a fixed number of elements., SkipWhile()
skips elements until a condition becomes false., Use Skip() for pagination
and SkipWhile() for rule-based skipping., Both return remaining elements.
Differences between Select and SelectMany?
+
Select returns a collection of collections (nested
results)., SelectMany flattens nested collections into a single list.,
Select = 1-to-1 mapping, SelectMany = 1-to-many., Used when dealing with
hierarchical data.
Do LINQ queries support exception handling?
+
Yes, exceptions can be handled using try-catch blocks.,
Errors may occur during execution, not during query construction., When
querying external data sources, runtime exceptions may appear., Proper
handling prevents application failure.
Exception handling in LINQ:
+
Use try-catch around enumeration, not query
definition., Handle database and null reference errors carefully., For
external systems, validate data first., Graceful fallback prevents failure.
Explaining complex LINQ to non-technical person:
+
I visualized the query as step-by-step filters and
transformations., Used table diagrams to show input and output., Simplified
technical terms to business meaning., Stakeholders understood purpose
without code.
Expression trees in LINQ?
+
Expression trees represent LINQ queries as object
models., Used by LINQ providers like Entity Framework for translating
queries into SQL., Allow dynamic query construction at runtime., Useful in
ORM frameworks.
Expression trees?
+
Expression trees represent code as data structures,
enabling dynamic query generation (used in LINQ to Entities).
Filtering in LINQ?
+
Using Where() to return only elements meeting a
condition.
Handling exceptions in LINQ queries?
+
Wrap operations in try-catch when working with external
data sources., Validate null values and input data before applying LINQ
operators., For deferred execution, place exception handling where
enumeration happens., Logging errors ensures traceability and debugging.
Anonymous types be used in LINQ?
+
Anonymous types allow selecting custom lightweight
objects without defining classes., Example: select new { Name = x.Name, Age
= x.Age }., Useful for projections and temporary data shaping., They are
read-only.
Grouping be achieved in LINQ?
+
Grouping is done using the group … by keyword or
GroupBy() method., The result is a collection of grouped key-value pairs.,
It allows aggregation operations on grouped sets., Useful for reporting and
classification tasks.
Grouping be achieved using LINQ?
+
Use the group by clause in query syntax or GroupBy() in
method syntax., Groups items based on keys (like category or date)., Each
group contains key and collection items., Common in reporting and analytics.
LINQ impact performance?
+
Poorly structured queries may generate inefficient
SQL., Deferred execution may repeat processing if misused., Using
projections, indexing, and caching improves efficiency., Profiling tools
help identify bottlenecks.
LINQ queries impact performance?
+
LINQ can improve readability but may generate
inefficient SQL if not optimized., Deferred execution may cause unintended
multiple calls to the database., Improper use of Select, joins, and
projections can affect performance., Using profiling and compiled queries
helps optimize performance.
LINQ work with different databases?
+
Through ORM frameworks like Entity Framework or LINQ to
SQL., LINQ is translated to SQL by providers., Abstracts database-specific
syntax.
Joins work in LINQ?
+
LINQ joins combine sequences based on matching keys.,
Syntax is similar to SQL joins., Both inner and outer joins can be created.,
Useful for relational data scenarios.
Deferred execution work in LINQ?
+
LINQ evaluates a query only when enumerated, not when
defined., This allows modifying the data source before execution., It
reduces memory usage by delaying computation until needed., Methods like
Where() use deferred execution.
Deferred execution work?
+
Deferred execution delays query execution until results
are used., It improves performance by avoiding unnecessary queries., Works
with operators like where, select., Collection is queried only when
iterated.
LINQ handle aggregation operations?
+
LINQ provides built-in aggregate methods like Count,
Sum, Min, Max, and Average., It processes data collections and calculates
aggregated values efficiently., Custom aggregations can be done using
Aggregate() method., Works on in-memory and queryable data sources.
Is it possible to execute stored procedures using
LINQ?
+
Yes, LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework support stored
procedure execution., They can be mapped and called like functions., This is
useful for performance-critical or legacy systems., Supports input/output
parameters.
Lambda expression in LINQ?
+
A lambda expression is an anonymous function used to
create inline expressions for queries and methods.
Lambda expressions in LINQ?
+
Lambda expressions represent inline functions used
inside LINQ queries., They allow concise filtering, mapping, and
transformation operations., Example: x => x.Age > 25., They replace verbose
delegate syntax.
Lambda Expressions?
+
Lambda expressions are short inline functions.,
Example: x => x * 2., They make LINQ queries concise and expressive., Used
heavily in LINQ method syntax.
Lifecycle of a LINQ to SQL query
+
Query is written and stored as an expression tree.,
Execution is deferred until enumeration., The provider translates it to SQL
and sends it to the database., Results are materialized into objects and
returned.
Lifecycle of a LINQ to SQL query?
+
Query is written and mapped to database tables.,
Deferred execution ensures query is not executed until iterated., SQL is
generated and sent to the database., Results are materialized into .NET
objects.
LINQ and why is it important?
+
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) provides a unified way
to query data in C#., It works with collections, XML, SQL, and APIs.,
Improves readability, maintainability, and reduces boilerplate code., It’s
widely used in modern applications for data manipulation.
LINQ and why is it required?
+
LINQ provides a query language within .NET to work with
in-memory objects, databases, XML, and more., It improves productivity by
reducing repetitive query logic., It offers compile-time syntax checking and
IntelliSense support., It makes data access consistent across different
sources.
LINQ query expressions?
+
They are syntactic sugar that allow SQL-like structure
for queries., Expressions get translated into standard query operators.,
They improve readability for filtering and projections., Both query and
method syntax produce the same result.
LINQ vs Stored Procedures?
+
Stored Procedures run on the database server., LINQ is
compiled in .NET code., LINQ improves readability, but SPs provide better
performance and security., SPs are more suitable for heavy DB operations.
LINQ, and why is it important in modern application
development?
+
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) provides a unified way
to query data using C#., It works across collections, databases, XML, and
external sources., It improves readability, reduces boilerplate code, and
ensures compile-time type safety., LINQ helps developers write cleaner and
more maintainable code.
Parallel LINQ (PLINQ)?
+
PLINQ allows parallel execution of LINQ queries for
improved performance on multi-core processors.
PLINQ and when should it be used?
+
PLINQ (Parallel LINQ) executes LINQ queries in parallel
using multiple processor cores., It improves performance for CPU-bound and
large dataset operations., It should be used when order is not important and
operations are independent., Not ideal for small collections due to
overhead.
Purpose of LINQ providers?
+
Providers translate LINQ queries into the correct
backend language., Examples include SQL providers, XML providers, and
in-memory providers., This enables LINQ to work with multiple data formats.,
They act as abstraction layers.
Query syntax vs Method syntax?
+
Query syntax looks like SQL., Method syntax uses
extension methods (Where(), Select())., Both produce the same result, and
can be used together.
Role of DataContext in LINQ?
+
DataContext manages database connections and maps
classes to database tables., It tracks changes to objects and performs CRUD
operations., It acts like a bridge between LINQ queries and the database.,
Used mostly in LINQ to SQL.
Standard Query Operators in LINQ?
+
They are predefined methods like Where(), Select(),
OrderBy(), GroupBy()., They allow filtering, projecting, sorting, and
grouping., Work with both query and method syntax.
Team collaboration example (short):
+
Worked with developers to define common LINQ patterns.,
Created reusable helper methods and documentation., Reviewed code to ensure
consistency and efficiency., Improved maintainability across system.
Tell me about a time you explained a complex LINQ
query to a non-technical person.
+
I simplified the logic by using a flow diagram showing
filtering, sorting, and grouping., Instead of code, I explained the steps as
operations on a list., This helped stakeholders understand the purpose
without technical depth., The explanation improved communication and
decision-making.
Troubleshooting multiple slow LINQ queries?
+
Start by analyzing SQL output using profiling tools or
logs., Optimize expressions by reducing nested loops and using projections.,
Use IQueryable wisely to offload work to the database., Caching results and
compiled queries can significantly improve execution.
Troubleshooting performance bottlenecks:
+
I would profile slow queries, check SQL translation,
reduce repeated enumeration, add indexing., Replace inefficient operators
and apply projection early., Use compiled queries and caching when needed.,
Parallelization or raw SQL may help.
Types of LINQ in .NET?
+
Common types include:, LINQ to Objects, LINQ to SQL,
LINQ to XML, LINQ to Entities, Each targets a different data source
Types of LINQ?
+
LINQ to Objects: Query in-memory collections, LINQ to
SQL: Query SQL Server tables, LINQ to XML: Query XML documents, LINQ to
Entities: Query EF entities
Using LINQ with different databases?
+
LINQ providers like LINQ-to-SQL or Entity Framework
enable database querying., Queries translate into SQL under the hood., They
work with SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and others with supported
providers., Cross-platform support varies by ORM.
LINQ may not be best:
+
performance is critical or query logic is too complex.,
Bulk operations or large SQL joins may perform poorly., Use raw SQL or
stored procedures instead., Also not ideal in high-frequency loops.
LINQ not be the best approach?
+
When extreme performance or low-level database tuning
is required., For large batch operations or highly complex stored
procedures., Also when working with streaming real-time data processing.,
Raw SQL can sometimes outperform LINQ in these cases.
You prefer raw SQL over LINQ?
+
When performance is critical or complex queries are
required., Helpful when using stored procedures or database features
unavailable in LINQ., Useful in reporting, analytics, and huge datasets.,
LINQ may generate inefficient SQL sometimes.
Factors influence LINQ performance most?
+
Deferred execution, collection size, provider type (SQL
vs IEnumerable)., Use projections wisely and avoid unnecessary iteration.,
Use compiled queries for repeated execution., Efficient indexing also
impacts performance.
SELECT appears after FROM in LINQ?
+
LINQ follows C# syntax rules instead of SQL style.,
Putting from first makes query expressions consistent with looping logic.,
It improves readability and supports IntelliSense.
LINQ (Language Integrated Query)
+
LINQ?
+
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a .NET feature that
allows querying data using C# syntax.
LINQ stand for?
+
LINQ stands for Language Integrated Query.
LINQ important?
+
LINQ provides a unified, readable, and type-safe way to
query data.
LINQ required?
+
It reduces boilerplate code and simplifies data
querying across sources.
Types of data can LINQ query?
+
In-memory objects, databases, XML, DataSets, and APIs.
Main advantage of LINQ?
+
Cleaner code with compile-time type checking.
Main components of LINQ?
+
Data source, query, and execution.
LINQ providers?
+
Components that translate LINQ queries to
data-source-specific formats.
Examples of LINQ providers?
+
LINQ to Objects, LINQ to SQL, LINQ to XML, LINQ to
Entities.
LINQ query?
+
An expression written using LINQ syntax to retrieve
data.
Query syntax in LINQ?
+
SQL-like syntax using from, where, select.
Method syntax in LINQ?
+
Chained extension methods using lambda expressions.
Do query syntax and method syntax behave differently?
+
No, both compile to the same IL code.
Lazy evaluation in LINQ?
+
Execution happens only when data is accessed.
Lambda expression?
+
An inline anonymous function used in LINQ queries.
Does SELECT come after FROM in LINQ?
+
Variables must be declared before usage in C# syntax.
Cohesion: how related functions within a service are;
Coupling: how dependent a service is on others.
Service instance and service type?
+
Instance: running copy; Type: service
definition/implementation.
Shared database and database per service?
+
Shared DB couples services and may cause conflicts;
separate DB ensures service independence but may require eventual
consistency.
Stateful and stateless microservices?
+
Stateful maintains session/state; Stateless does not
and is easier to scale.
Stateless and stateful services?
+
Stateless does not store client state; stateful
maintains session data across requests.
Strong consistency and eventual consistency?
+
Strong: immediate; Eventual: delayed consistency across
services.
Synchronous and asynchronous communication?
+
Synchronous waits for response; Asynchronous does not
block the sender and uses messages or events.
Synchronous and asynchronous microservices?
+
Synchronous waits for response; asynchronous uses
queues/events without blocking.
Synchronous API and asynchronous messaging?
+
Synchronous API waits for response; asynchronous
messaging is non-blocking.
Synchronous HTTP and asynchronous messaging?
+
HTTP waits for response; messaging uses queues/events
and processes asynchronously.
Synchronous REST API and asynchronous messaging?
+
Synchronous: client waits for response; asynchronous:
service responds via events or queues later.
Synchronous RPC and asynchronous messaging?
+
RPC waits for response; messaging decouples services
and processes asynchronously.
Tight coupling and loose coupling?
+
Tight coupling: services highly dependent; Loose
coupling: services independent and communicate via contracts.
Vertical and horizontal scaling in microservices?
+
Vertical: add resources to one instance; Horizontal:
add more instances to scale.
Vertical scaling and horizontal scaling?
+
Vertical: add resources to a single server; Horizontal:
add more instances to handle load.
DiffBet API Gateway and Load Balancer?
+
Load balancer distributes traffic to service instances.
API Gateway handles routing, authentication, aggregation, and throttling.
DiffBet API Gateway and Service Mesh?
+
API Gateway manages client-to-service communication.
Service Mesh manages service-to-service communication, often handling
traffic, security, and observability between services.
DiffBet Containers and VMs?
+
VMs virtualize hardware and are heavier. Containers
virtualize OS and are lightweight, fast, and easier to scale.
DiffBet Docker and Kubernetes?
+
Docker is for containerization. Kubernetes orchestrates
containers across clusters for deployment, scaling, and management.
DiffBet Microservices and Serverless?
+
Microservices run in containers/VMs and need
infrastructure management. Serverless abstracts infrastructure; functions
run on-demand with auto-scaling.
DiffBet Microservices and SOA?
+
SOA is enterprise-focused with shared resources and
ESB. Microservices are decentralized, independently deployable, and
lightweight.
DiffBet Monolith DB and Microservices DB?
+
Monolith uses a single shared database. Microservices
use independent databases per service to ensure decoupling and autonomy.
DiffBet Stateful and Stateless Microservices?
+
Stateless services do not maintain client state, making
scaling easier. Stateful services store session or transactional data.
DiffBet synchronous and asynchronous microservices?
+
Synchronous calls block and wait for response (REST).
Asynchronous uses events/messages (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for decoupling.
Distributed log?
+
Distributed log records events/messages across services
for audit analytics and replay.
Distributed transaction?
+
A distributed transaction spans multiple services and
databases with atomicity ensured via patterns like Saga.
Drawbacks of Microservices?
+
Complex service management, network latency,
distributed transactions, debugging challenges, and operational overhead are
primary challenges.
Eureka or Consul?
+
Eureka (Netflix) and Consul are service discovery tools
that maintain registry of microservices for dynamic lookup and load
balancing.
Fallback in Microservices?
+
Fallback provides alternative responses when a service
fails.
Feature toggle in microservices?
+
Feature toggle enables/disables features dynamically
without deploying new code.
Handle data consistency in Microservices?
+
Use patterns like Saga, Event Sourcing, or eventual
consistency mechanisms.
Handle logging in Microservices?
+
Centralized logging using ELK Stack (Elasticsearch,
Logstash, Kibana) or Splunk for aggregated logs and analysis.
Handle Service Failure?
+
Use retry policies, circuit breakers, fallbacks,
bulkheads, and proper monitoring to manage failures gracefully.
Handle Versioning in Microservices APIs?
+
Use URI versioning (/v1/service), request header
versioning, or content negotiation to support backward compatibility.
Health check in Microservices?
+
Health check verifies the status of a service allowing
orchestrators to restart or replace failing instances.
Idempotency in Microservices?
+
Idempotent operations produce the same result if
executed multiple times. Ensures reliability in retries and distributed
systems.
Idempotent REST API?
+
Repeated calls produce the same result without side
effects. Important for retries in distributed systems.
Implement authentication in Microservices?
+
Centralized auth service (OAuth2, Keycloak) issues
tokens (JWT) verified by each service.
Implement communication between Microservices?
+
Via REST APIs, gRPC, message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ),
or event streaming for asynchronous interactions.
JWT and how is it used?
+
JWT (JSON Web Token) is a compact, URL-safe token used
for authentication and authorization between services and clients.
Kubernetes?
+
Kubernetes is a platform for automating container
deployment scaling and operations.
Load Balancing in Microservices?
+
Distributes incoming requests among service instances
to ensure availability, scalability, and efficient resource utilization.
Message queue?
+
Message queue stores and delivers messages
asynchronously between services.
Microservice anti-pattern?
+
Anti-patterns include shared database tight coupling
chatty services and lack of monitoring.
Microservice boundary?
+
Boundary defines the scope and responsibility of a
service.
Microservice dashboard?
+
Dashboard visualizes service metrics logs and health
status.
Microservice registry?
+
Registry keeps track of service instances and locations
for discovery and routing.
Microservices communicate?
+
They communicate via lightweight protocols like
HTTP/REST, gRPC, or message queues for asynchronous communication.
Microservices Testing Strategy?
+
Unit testing, integration testing, contract testing,
end-to-end testing, and performance testing are required for reliability.
Microservices?
+
Microservices is an architectural style where an
application is composed of small independently deployable services that
communicate over APIs.
Monitor Microservices?
+
Use centralized logging, metrics (Prometheus), tracing
(Jaeger, Zipkin), and dashboards (Grafana) to monitor health and
performance.
OAuth2 in microservices?
+
OAuth2 is an authorization framework that provides
access tokens for secure API access.
Pod in Kubernetes?
+
Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes
containing one or more containers.
Role of a database per service in Microservices?
+
Each microservice can have its own database to ensure
loose coupling and independence.
Role of a message broker?
+
Message brokers (Kafka RabbitMQ) enable asynchronous
communication and decouple producers and consumers.
Role of caching in microservices?
+
Caching improves performance by reducing repeated calls
to services or databases.
Role of Consul or Eureka in Microservices?
+
They provide service discovery registration and health
checking.
Role of containers in Microservices?
+
Containers (Docker) provide isolated environments for
each microservice and simplify deployment and scaling.
Role of DevOps in microservices?
+
DevOps automates CI/CD monitoring scaling and
deployments of microservices.
Role of Docker Compose?
+
Docker Compose defines multi-container services and
networks for development.
Role of Docker in Microservices?
+
Docker containerizes each microservice for consistency,
portability, and scalable deployment.
Role of JWT in microservices?
+
JWT provides stateless authentication and authorization
between services and clients.
Role of load balancing in Microservices?
+
Load balancing distributes incoming requests across
service instances to ensure high availability and scalability.
Role of service mesh?
+
Service mesh manages service-to-service communication
with features like load balancing retries and security.
Role of service monitoring?
+
Monitoring tracks health performance errors and usage
of services.
Saga in Microservices?
+
Saga is a pattern to manage distributed transactions
with compensating actions across multiple services.
Saga orchestrator?
+
Saga orchestrator coordinates steps and compensations
in a distributed transaction.
Saga participant?
+
Saga participant executes local transaction and
triggers events for orchestration.
Saga Pattern?
+
Saga manages distributed transactions by breaking them
into a sequence of local transactions, coordinated using events or
orchestrators.
Secure Microservices?
+
Use authentication (OAuth2, JWT), API Gateway security,
TLS, and service-to-service mutual TLS for secure communication.
Service coupling?
+
Service coupling measures how dependent services are on
each other; low coupling is preferred.
Service in Microservices?
+
A service is a self-contained unit that performs a
specific business function and can be deployed independently.
Service Mesh?
+
A dedicated infrastructure layer (Istio, Linkerd)
managing service-to-service communication, security, and observability
without changing code.
Sidecar pattern?
+
Sidecar runs auxiliary services alongside the main
service often for logging proxy or monitoring.
Strangler pattern?
+
Strangler pattern incrementally replaces parts of a
monolith with microservices.
Microsoft Azure
+
Types of cloud services does Azure provide?
+
Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, and
Software as a Service.
Resource Groups used?
+
They simplify deployment, access control, monitoring,
and lifecycle management.
ARM template?
+
A JSON file defining infrastructure and configuration
declaratively.
Azure subscription?
+
A logical billing and access boundary for Azure
resources.
Azure region?
+
A geographical area containing one or more Azure
datacenters.
Availability Zone?
+
Physically separate datacenters within a region for
high availability.
High availability in Azure?
+
Designing systems to minimize downtime using redundancy
and failover.
Scalability in Azure?
+
Ability to scale resources up or out based on demand.
Elasticity in Azure?
+
Automatic scaling of resources according to workload
changes.
Azure Compute Services?
+
Azure Compute Services provide processing power to run
applications and workloads.
Azure Virtual Machine (VM)?
+
Azure VM is an IaaS service that provides scalable
virtual servers.
Azure VMs be used?
+
When full control over OS and infrastructure is
required.
Benefits of Azure App Service?
+
Auto-scaling, built-in security, CI/CD integration, and
managed infrastructure.
Azure Functions be used?
+
For short-lived, event-triggered workloads.
Benefits of AKS?
+
Automated scaling, updates, and simplified cluster
management.
Difference between VM and App Service?
+
VM offers full control; App Service offers managed
hosting.
Difference between App Service and Functions?
+
App Service hosts long-running apps; Functions run
event-based code.
Difference between AKS and App Service?
+
AKS manages containers; App Service hosts applications
directly.
Auto-scaling in Azure compute?
+
Automatically adjusting resources based on demand.
Availability zone for compute services?
+
Using physically separate datacenters to improve
reliability.
Azure Networking?
+
Azure Networking provides connectivity, security, and
traffic management for Azure resources.
Subnets used?
+
To isolate resources and apply network security
controls.
Azure Application Gateway?
+
A Layer 7 load balancer with web application firewall
support.
Difference between Load Balancer and Application
Gateway?
+
Load Balancer works at Layer 4; Application Gateway
works at Layer 7.
Azure VPN Gateway?
+
A service that connects on-premises networks to Azure
via VPN.
Azure DNS?
+
A service for hosting DNS domains using Azure
infrastructure.
Peering in Azure VNets?
+
Connecting VNets to enable private communication.
Private endpoint?
+
A private IP address that securely accesses Azure
services.
Azure Storage Services?
+
Azure Storage Services provide scalable, durable cloud
storage solutions.
Blob Storage be used?
+
For large amounts of unstructured object data.
Azure File Storage be used?
+
For shared file systems accessible via SMB or NFS.
Queue Storage be used?
+
To decouple application components and enable
background processing.
Table Storage be used?
+
For large-scale structured data with simple queries.
Data redundancy in Azure Storage?
+
Replication of data to ensure durability and
availability.
Redundancy options in Azure Storage?
+
LRS, ZRS, GRS, and GZRS.
LRS?
+
Locally Redundant Storage replicates data within a
datacenter.
GRS?
+
Geo-Redundant Storage replicates data to a secondary
region.
Azure database services?
+
Azure database services provide managed relational and
non-relational databases.
Azure SQL Database be used?
+
For modern cloud applications requiring managed SQL
databases.
Data models does Cosmos DB support?
+
Core (SQL), MongoDB, Cassandra, Table, and Gremlin
APIs.
Azure Database for MySQL?
+
A managed MySQL database service in Azure.
Azure Database for PostgreSQL?
+
A managed PostgreSQL database service in Azure.
Azure Data Lake Storage?
+
A scalable storage optimized for big data analytics.
Data replication in Azure databases?
+
Copying data across regions for availability and
disaster recovery.
Backup and restore in Azure databases?
+
Automated backup and recovery capabilities provided by
Azure.
High availability in Azure databases?
+
Ensuring database uptime through replication and
failover.
Azure security?
+
Azure security protects cloud resources using identity,
network, data, and governance controls.
Azure Active Directory (Azure AD)?
+
Azure AD is a cloud-based identity and access
management service.
Authentication in Azure AD?
+
Authentication verifies the identity of users and
applications.
Authorization in Azure?
+
Authorization determines what authenticated identities
can access.
Azure RBAC?
+
Role-Based Access Control manages permissions for Azure
resources.
Difference between Azure RBAC and Azure AD roles?
+
RBAC controls resource access, while Azure AD roles
manage directory features.
Managed identity?
+
An automatically managed identity for Azure services to
access resources securely.
Azure Blueprint?
+
A service for defining repeatable governance and
compliance configurations.
Azure Security Center (Defender for Cloud)?
+
A service that monitors security posture and threats.
Network security in Azure?
+
Protecting networks using NSGs, firewalls, and private
endpoints.
Encryption at rest in Azure?
+
Encrypting stored data using Microsoft-managed or
customer-managed keys.
Encryption in transit in Azure?
+
Encrypting data moving across networks using TLS.
Compliance in Azure?
+
Meeting regulatory and organizational standards using
built-in tools.
Monitoring in Azure?
+
Monitoring tracks performance, availability, and health
of Azure resources.
Azure metrics?
+
Numerical performance data such as CPU usage, memory,
and latency.
Azure logs?
+
Detailed records of events and operations in Azure
resources.
Log Analytics?
+
A service to query and analyze logs using KQL.
Application Insights?
+
An APM service for monitoring application performance
and failures.
Distributed tracing in Azure?
+
Tracking requests across components using Application
Insights.
Azure alerting?
+
Triggering notifications based on metric or log
conditions.
Azure dashboard?
+
A customizable view of Azure metrics and resources.
Azure integrate with CI/CD?
+
Through Azure DevOps pipelines and GitHub Actions.
Azure Pipeline?
+
A CI/CD service for building and deploying
applications.
Infrastructure as code in Azure?
+
Managing infrastructure using ARM templates, Bicep, or
Terraform.
Continuous monitoring?
+
Ongoing monitoring to detect issues and optimize
performance.
Monitoring critical in Azure?
+
It ensures reliability, performance optimization, and
faster incident response.
Azure Resource Groups?
+
Resource Groups are logical containers for resources
like VMs, storage, and databases. They allow unified deployment, management,
and access control.
Azure Active Directory (AAD)?
+
Cloud identity and access management service for
authenticating users, enabling SSO, and securing applications in Azure.
Azure Advisor?
+
Analyzes resource configuration and usage, providing
recommendations for performance, security, reliability, and cost.
Azure API Management?
+
Manages APIs with authentication, rate limiting,
caching, and monitoring. Simplifies publishing APIs to internal or external
consumers.
Azure App Service Plan?
+
App Service Plan defines compute resources for hosting
App Service apps.
Azure App Service?
+
Azure App Service is a PaaS offering for hosting web
apps, APIs, and mobile backends. It provides scaling, patching, and
integration with DevOps pipelines.
Azure Arc?
+
Azure Arc extends Azure management to on-premises
multi-cloud and edge environments.
Azure Automation?
+
Automation automates repetitive cloud management tasks
using runbooks and scripts.
Azure Backup vault?
+
Backup vault stores recovery points and backup data
securely in Azure.
Azure Backup?
+
Cloud backup service for VMs, SQL databases, and file
shares. Provides encryption, retention policies, and automated recovery.
Azure Bastion?
+
Managed service for secure RDP/SSH access to VMs
without exposing public IPs. Protects against brute-force attacks.
Azure Blob Storage?
+
Blob storage stores unstructured data like images,
videos, and backups. It supports hot, cool, and archive access tiers for
cost optimization.
Azure Blueprints?
+
Enables deployment of repeatable environments with
predefined resources, policies, and templates for governance.
Azure Bot Service?
+
Bot Service provides tools to build connect and deploy
intelligent chatbots.
Azure Cognitive Services?
+
AI APIs for vision, speech, language, and
decision-making. Allows developers to integrate AI capabilities without
machine learning expertise.
Azure Confidential Computing?
+
Confidential Computing protects data in use with
hardware-based security features.
Azure Container Registry?
+
Private registry to store, manage, and deploy container
images for Docker and Kubernetes workloads.
Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN)?
+
A global caching service to deliver content with low
latency. Improves performance by serving data from edge locations.
Azure Cosmos DB?
+
A globally distributed, multi-model NoSQL database with
low latency and automatic scaling. Supports SQL, MongoDB, Cassandra APIs.
Azure Cost Analysis?
+
Cost Analysis provides visualization and reporting of
Azure resource usage and costs.
Azure Cost Management?
+
Helps track, allocate, and optimize cloud spending.
Provides budgets, recommendations, and reports for cost efficiency.
Azure Data Factory?
+
ETL/ELT service to orchestrate and automate data
movement and transformation across on-premises and cloud sources.
Azure Data Lake?
+
Data Lake stores large amounts of structured and
unstructured data for analytics and big data workloads.
Azure Databricks?
+
Databricks is an analytics platform for big data and AI
workloads using Apache Spark.
Azure DDoS Protection?
+
Protects Azure applications from distributed
denial-of-service attacks. Offers basic and standard plans with monitoring
and mitigation.
Azure DevOps?
+
A suite for CI/CD pipelines, version control, and
project tracking. Supports Agile planning, automated testing, and deployment
to Azure.
Azure DevTest Labs?
+
DevTest Labs provides environments to create manage and
test applications efficiently in Azure.
Azure Durable Functions?
+
Durable Functions extend Functions to support
long-running workflows with state persistence.
Azure Event Grid?
+
Event routing service that enables reactive programming
and event-driven architecture. Integrates with Azure Functions and Logic
Apps.
Azure Event Hub?
+
Real-time data ingestion service for big data
pipelines. Supports millions of events per second for analytics.
Azure Event Hubs?
+
Event Hubs is a real-time event ingestion service for
telemetry and streaming data.
Azure ExpressRoute?
+
Provides private dedicated connection between
on-premises networks and Azure, bypassing the public internet.
Managed cloud-based firewall to protect resources.
Provides application and network-level filtering, logging, and threat
intelligence.
Azure Functions consumption plan?
+
Consumption plan scales resources automatically and
charges only for execution time.
Azure Functions Premium Plan?
+
Plan for serverless functions with VNET integration,
unlimited execution duration, and pre-warmed instances.
Azure Functions?
+
Serverless compute for running event-driven code
without managing infrastructure. Billing is based on execution time and
resources used.
Azure Governance?
+
Governance defines policies access controls and
compliance rules to manage Azure resources effectively.
Azure HDInsight?
+
HDInsight is a fully managed cloud Hadoop and Spark
service for big data processing.
Azure Key Metrics Monitoring?
+
Provides dashboards, alerts, and analytics for
performance, usage, and SLA compliance.
Azure Key Vault certificates?
+
Certificates are SSL/TLS or PKI certificates managed
within Key Vault.
Azure Key Vault keys?
+
Keys are cryptographic keys used for encryption signing
or key management.
Azure Key Vault secrets?
+
Secrets are secure strings stored in Key Vault for
credentials passwords or API keys.
Azure Key Vault?
+
Securely stores secrets, keys, and certificates.
Integrates with applications to manage access and encryption safely.
Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)?
+
Managed Kubernetes service that simplifies container
orchestration, scaling, and updates for microservices and containerized
applications.
Azure Lighthouse?
+
Lighthouse enables service providers to manage multiple
customer tenants securely from a single portal.
Azure Log Analytics?
+
A tool in Azure Monitor that queries and analyzes logs
from multiple resources. Uses Kusto Query Language (KQL).
Azure Logic Apps connector?
+
Connector is a prebuilt integration with external
systems SaaS apps or services used in Logic Apps workflows.
Azure Logic Apps?
+
Visual workflow automation for integrating apps,
services, and data. Supports connectors for SaaS and on-premises systems.
Azure Machine Learning?
+
Platform for building, training, and deploying machine
learning models. Supports Python SDK, automated ML, and MLOps.
Azure Managed Identity?
+
Automatically manages service principal for Azure
resources, simplifying authentication without storing credentials.
Azure Notification Hubs?
+
Notification Hubs provide push notifications to mobile
devices across platforms.
Azure Policy initiative?
+
Policy initiative groups multiple policies for
simplified compliance management.
Azure Policy vs Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?
+
Policy enforces rules and compliance, RBAC controls
access permissions for users and roles.
Azure Policy?
+
Service to enforce organizational standards and
compliance rules on Azure resources. Policies can deny, audit, or modify
resource creation.
Azure Private Link?
+
Provides private connectivity to Azure services from a
VNet, avoiding public internet exposure.
Azure Queue Storage?
+
Queue Storage provides message queuing for
communication between application components.
Azure Recovery Services vault?
+
Recovery Services vault provides disaster recovery and
backup solutions for Azure and on-premises workloads.
Azure Redis Cache?
+
Managed in-memory caching service to improve app
performance and reduce database load.
Azure Reserved Instances?
+
Reserved Instances allow discounted pricing for
long-term VM usage in exchange for upfront commitment.
Azure Resource Locks?
+
Prevents accidental deletion or modification of
critical resources by applying ReadOnly or CanNotDelete locks.
Azure Resource Manager (ARM)?
+
ARM is the deployment and management service in Azure.
It organizes resources in resource groups and provides declarative templates
for automation.
Azure Resource Manager template?
+
ARM template is a JSON file defining infrastructure and
configuration for automated deployments.
Azure Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?
+
RBAC controls access to Azure resources based on roles
assigned to users or groups.
Azure Scheduler?
+
Scheduler allows scheduling jobs tasks or workflows to
run at specific times.
Azure Security Center?
+
Security Center provides unified security management
and advanced threat protection for Azure resources.
Azure Sentinel?
+
Sentinel is a cloud-native SIEM for intelligent
security analytics and threat detection.
Azure Service Bus?
+
Managed messaging service for decoupled communication
between applications. Supports queues, topics, and publish-subscribe
patterns.
Azure Service Fabric?
+
Service Fabric is a distributed systems platform for
building microservices and containers at scale.
Azure Service Health?
+
Monitors Azure service issues affecting your resources
and provides alerts and guidance for mitigations.
Azure Site Recovery?
+
Disaster recovery service that replicates workloads to
secondary regions. Supports failover and business continuity.
Azure Spot VM?
+
Spot VM provides unused Azure capacity at discounted
rates with the possibility of eviction.
Azure SQL Database?
+
A managed relational database service that handles
backups, scaling, and high availability automatically. Supports T-SQL and
integrates with other Azure services.
Azure SQL Managed Instance?
+
Managed Instance is a fully managed SQL Server instance
in Azure with near 100% compatibility with on-prem SQL Server.
Azure Storage Account?
+
A container for all Azure storage services including
Blobs, Files, Queues, and Tables. Provides access keys, redundancy, and
encryption.
Azure Storage Encryption?
+
Encryption protects data at rest using Azure-managed or
customer-managed keys.
Azure Synapse Analytics?
+
Analytics service for big data and data warehousing.
Integrates data from multiple sources for reporting and insights.
Azure Table Storage?
+
Table Storage is a NoSQL key-value store for structured
data.
Azure Traffic Manager?
+
Traffic Manager is a DNS-based load balancing service
for routing traffic across regions for performance, availability, or
disaster recovery.
Azure Trusted Launch?
+
Trusted Launch ensures secure boot and runtime
protection for Azure VMs.
Azure Virtual Desktop?
+
Desktop-as-a-Service solution for running Windows
desktops in the cloud with remote access and secure environment.
Azure Virtual Machine?
+
A VM is a scalable compute resource that runs Windows
or Linux in Azure. Users can control the OS, software, and configurations as
needed.
Azure Virtual Network (VNet)?
+
VNet is the private network in Azure, allowing secure
communication between VMs, on-premises systems, and other cloud resources.
Azure Virtual WAN?
+
Virtual WAN is a networking service to connect branch
offices and users globally with a hub-and-spoke topology.
ACR and Docker Hub?
+
ACR is private registry integrated with Azure; Docker
Hub is public/private registry for container images.
Azure AD and on-premises AD?
+
Azure AD is cloud-based and designed for web
applications; on-premises AD is for network resources and Windows domain
authentication.
Azure API Management and Logic Apps?
+
API Management: API gateway and analytics; Logic Apps:
workflow automation and integration.
Azure App Service and Azure Functions?
+
App Service hosts web apps APIs and mobile backends;
Functions is a serverless compute service that executes code on-demand.
Azure ARM template and Terraform?
+
ARM template is Azure-specific; Terraform is
multi-cloud infrastructure as code tool.
Azure Container Instances and AKS?
+
ACI provides serverless containers; AKS provides
orchestrated container clusters with Kubernetes.
Azure Cosmos DB and Azure SQL Database?
+
Cosmos DB is NoSQL and horizontally scalable; SQL
Database is relational and vertically scalable.
Azure Data Lake and Blob Storage?
+
Data Lake is optimized for analytics workloads; Blob
Storage is general-purpose object storage.
Azure DevOps and GitHub Actions?
+
Azure DevOps provides pipelines boards repos and
artifacts; GitHub Actions is CI/CD integrated with GitHub repositories.
Azure Front Door and Azure Application Gateway?
+
Front Door is global layer 7 load balancer; Application
Gateway is regional layer 7 load balancer.
Azure Functions and Logic Apps?
+
Functions runs code triggered by events; Logic Apps
provides a visual workflow designer for integrating services without coding.
Azure Load Balancer and Azure Application Gateway?
+
Load Balancer works at layer 4 (TCP/UDP); Application
Gateway works at layer 7 (HTTP/HTTPS) with features like SSL termination and
WAF.
Azure SQL Database and SQL Server?
+
Azure SQL Database is fully managed with automated
patching backups and scaling; SQL Server is installed on VMs or on-premises.
Azure VM and Azure App Service?
+
VM: full control over OS and applications; App Service:
managed platform for web apps without managing infrastructure.
Event Hubs and Service Bus?
+
Event Hubs: high-throughput event streaming; Service
Bus: enterprise messaging and queues.
Free
+
Shared and Standard App Service Plans? Plans differ in
scaling options features and pricing.
RBAC and Azure AD roles?
+
RBAC is for Azure resources; Azure AD roles manage
directory-level permissions.
System-assigned and user-assigned managed identity?
+
System-assigned is tied to one resource; user-assigned
can be shared across multiple resources.
VPN Gateway and ExpressRoute?
+
VPN Gateway uses public Internet; ExpressRoute uses
private dedicated connections.
Main types of cloud services in Azure?
+
IaaS (infrastructure as a service), PaaS (platform as a
service), and SaaS (software as a service). Each allows different levels of
control over infrastructure and software deployment.
Microsoft Azure?
+
Azure is a cloud computing platform by Microsoft
offering IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS services. It provides computing, storage,
networking, and analytics capabilities for scalable applications.
Network Security Group (NSG)?
+
NSG contains rules to allow or deny network traffic to
Azure resources.
Resource group in Azure?
+
A resource group is a container that holds related
Azure resources for management and deployment.
Subnet in Azure VNet?
+
Subnet is a range of IP addresses within a VNet used to
segment the network and allocate resources.
Yypes of cloud computing in Azure?
+
Azure provides IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS
(Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service).
MongoDB
+
Access Control & Authentication
+
Authentication is implemented using SCRAM, LDAP, or
x.509 certificates. Role-based access control (RBAC) grants users
permissions like read, readWrite, or admin.
Use replica sets, write concerns, transactions, and
validation rules to maintain consistency.
Full-Text Search
+
MongoDB supports text indexes with features like
stemming, scoring, and language-based stop words using $text queries.
Geospatial Indexes
+
Used for location-based queries like $near, $geoWithin.
Supports 2D and 2D sphere indexing for coordinates and mapping applications.
GridFS?
+
GridFS stores large files by splitting them into
chunks. Used for files exceeding 16MB BSON limit.
Handling Transactions
+
MongoDB supports ACID multi-document transactions since
version 4.0. Transactions are used with replica sets or sharded clusters and
executed using session.startTransaction() and commitTransaction().
Hashed Sharding Keys
+
Hashing distributes documents evenly across shards to
avoid hotspots. Useful when values are sequential like IDs or timestamps.
High Availability & Scalability
+
MongoDB uses replication (replica sets) and sharding
for horizontal scaling and redundancy.
MongoDB supports horizontal scaling through sharding
where data is partitioned across multiple servers for high availability and
performance.
Import/Export
+
Tools include mongoimport and mongoexport for JSON,
CSV, and BSON formats.
Index
+
Index improves query performance:,
db.users.createIndex({name:1})
Indexes in MongoDB?
+
Indexes improve query performance. Common types:
single-field, compound, text, hashed, and geospatial.
Indexing different in MongoDB vs SQL?
+
MongoDB indexes are created on fields in JSON
documents, support multikey and text indexes. SQL indexes are table-column
based.
Insert Data
+
Use:, db.collection.insertOne({name: "John"})
Internal Storage
+
MongoDB stores data in BSON format on disk, allowing
rich structured data and binary types.
Journaling
+
Journaling ensures durability by writing operations to
a journal file before applying to storage. It protects against crashes but
slightly adds write overhead.
Map-Reduce
+
Map-reduce processes large data with map (process) and
reduce (aggregate) stages. Used for complex analytics but now mostly
replaced by aggregation pipeline.
Migrating from RDBMS
+
Identify schema, flatten relationships, choose like
embedding or referencing, migrate using tools like MongoMirror or custom
ETL.
MongoDB Atlas vs Self-Hosted
+
MongoDB Atlas is a fully managed cloud database with
automated backups, scaling, monitoring. Self-hosted requires manual setup,
maintenance, and scaling.
MongoDB Atlas?
+
Atlas is a cloud-hosted MongoDB service with automated
backup, scaling, and monitoring.
MongoDB Compass
+
Compass is a GUI tool to visualize, query, index,
analyze schema, and manage data. It helps understand document structure,
performance insights, and index efficiency.
MongoDB transactions?
+
MongoDB supports multi-document ACID transactions in
replica sets and sharded clusters from version 4.0+.
Monitoring & Troubleshooting
+
Use MongoDB Cloud Manager, Atlas Monitoring, Compass,
and commands like db.currentOp() and serverStatus().
ObjectId?
+
ObjectId is a unique identifier for documents,
containing timestamp, machine ID, and counter.
Perform CRUD operations in MongoDB?
+
Use insertOne, insertMany, find, updateOne, updateMany,
deleteOne, and deleteMany methods.
Use proper indexes, avoid full scans, analyze queries
with explain(), and denormalize or restructure schema where needed.
Querying
+
Use find() with filters:, db.users.find({age:{$gt:30}})
Replica Sets
+
Replica sets maintain redundant copies of data for
failover and reliability.
Role of _id
+
_id uniquely identifies each document and acts like a
primary key.
Schema Design in MongoDB
+
MongoDB uses flexible schema design based on
application needs. Use embedding for related data (1-to-few) and referencing
for large or shared data. Proper indexing and avoiding unnecessary nesting
helps performance.
Sharding
+
Distributes large datasets across multiple machines
using shard keys.
TTL (Time-To-Live) indexes automatically delete expired
documents after a specified time. They are commonly used for logs, sessions,
or temporary data. TTL works only on Date fields and runs cleanup every 60
seconds.
Upgrade by checking compatibility matrix, backing up
data, rolling update replica nodes, and testing with latest drivers.
WiredTiger vs MMAPv1
+
WiredTiger is MongoDB’s default engine offering
compression, concurrency, and better performance. MMAPv1 is older with
limited concurrency and no compression. WiredTiger is recommended for
production.
Write Concern
+
Write Concern defines acknowledgment level required
from MongoDB before confirming a write. It ensures durability and safety.
Node.js
+
Advantages of Node.js?
+
Asynchronous, event-driven, high performance, scalable,
uses JavaScript on both client and server, large ecosystem of npm packages.
Async/await in Node.js?
+
Syntactic sugar over Promises to write asynchronous
code in a synchronous style.
Body-parser in Express?
+
Middleware to parse incoming request bodies in JSON,
URL-encoded, or raw format.
Callback in Node.js?
+
A function passed as an argument to another function to
execute after an asynchronous operation completes.
Cluster module in Node.js?
+
Cluster module allows creating multiple worker
processes sharing the same port to utilize multiple CPU cores.
Clustering in Node.js?
+
Cluster module allows running multiple Node processes
to use multi-core CPU, improving scalability and performance.
Cookie in Node.js?
+
Cookie is data stored in client browser sent with HTTP
requests.
Core modules in Node.js?
+
Built-in modules like fs, http, path, os, events,
stream.
CORS in Node.js?
+
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing allows server to control
which domains can access its resources.
__dirname and __filename?
+
__dirname returns the directory of the current module;
__filename returns the full path of the current module.
App.listen() and server.listen()?
+
app.listen() is shorthand for creating HTTP server and
listening; server.listen() is low-level HTTP server.
App.use() and app.get() in Express?
+
app.use() applies middleware to all requests; app.get()
handles HTTP GET requests to specific path.
App.use() and router.use() in Express?
+
app.use() applies middleware globally; router.use()
applies middleware to specific router.
SOLID is a set of five design principles for
maintainable object-oriented software.
SOLID stand for?
+
Single Responsibility, Open-Closed, Liskov
Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion.
Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)?
+
A class should have only one reason to change.
SRP important?
+
It improves readability, testability, and
maintainability.
Open-Closed Principle (OCP)?
+
Software entities should be open for extension but
closed for modification.
OCP achieved?
+
Using abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)?
+
Derived classes must be substitutable for their base
classes.
Happens when LSP is violated?
+
Unexpected behavior and runtime errors occur.
Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)?
+
Clients should not be forced to depend on unused
interfaces.
ISP important?
+
It avoids bloated interfaces and unnecessary
dependencies.
Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)?
+
High-level modules should depend on abstractions, not
concrete classes.
DIP reduce coupling?
+
By introducing interfaces between components.
Design best practices?
+
Guidelines to write clean, reusable, and maintainable
code.
DRY principle?
+
Don’t Repeat Yourself avoids code duplication.
KISS principle?
+
Keep It Simple, Stupid promotes simplicity.
YAGNI principle?
+
You Aren’t Gonna Need It avoids premature optimization.
Separation of concerns?
+
Dividing a program into distinct responsibilities.
Code refactoring?
+
Improving code structure without changing behavior.
Design smell?
+
Indicators of poor design choices.
SOLID principles important?
+
They make systems scalable, flexible, and maintainable.
Design patterns important?
+
They provide proven solutions and improve code quality.
Main categories of design patterns?
+
Creational, Structural, and Behavioral patterns.
Abstract Factory pattern?
+
Creates families of related objects without specifying
concrete classes.
Builder pattern?
+
Constructs complex objects step by step.
Real-world OOP scenario?
+
Modeling real entities like User, Order, or Payment as
objects.
OOP used in real-world systems?
+
It models real-world relationships naturally.
OOP pitfall?
+
A common mistake in object-oriented design.
Over-engineering?
+
Adding unnecessary complexity and abstractions.
Tight coupling pitfall?
+
Classes being overly dependent on each other.
Improper inheritance pitfall?
+
Using inheritance where composition is better.
Best practice to avoid OOP pitfalls?
+
Follow SOLID principles and prefer composition.
Abstract class must have only abstract methods —
True/False?
+
False — it can include concrete, static, and abstract
methods.
Abstract Class?
+
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and may
include abstract and non-abstract members.
Abstract method?
+
Method without implementation.
Abstraction?
+
Abstraction focuses on essential features while hiding
unnecessary details using abstract classes or interfaces.
Access modifiers?
+
Keywords like public, private, protected, internal
controlling access to members.
Access Specifiers?
+
Access specifiers define the accessibility of classes
and members: public, private, protected, internal, protected internal,
private protected.
Accessors?
+
Accessors are get and set blocks of a property used to
read or modify data. get returns the value, set assigns it.
Adapter pattern?
+
Converts interface of a class to another interface.
Aggregation?
+
Weak relationship; child can exist without parent.
Are private members inherited?
+
Private members are inherited but cannot be accessed
directly by derived classes.
Base keyword?
+
base is used to access base class members and
constructors from the derived class.
Benefits of Design Patterns:
+
Improve maintainability, reusability, scalability, and
readability.
Benefits of Three-Tier Architecture?
+
It improves scalability, separation of concerns,
maintainability, and allows independent updates to layers (UI, Business,
Data).
Call base class constructor?
+
Use the : base() keyword in the derived constructor:,
public Child() : base() { }
Can “this” be used in static method?
+
No, because static methods do not belong to an object.
Can a method return multiple values?
+
Yes, using out parameters, tuples, or classes.
Can Abstract class be sealed?
+
No, because sealed prevents inheritance, while abstract
requires inheritance.
Can abstract classes have Constructors?
+
Yes, abstract classes can have constructors to
initialize base data.
Can abstract classes have static methods?
+
Yes, abstract classes may contain static methods.
Can abstract methods be private?
+
No, because private methods cannot be overridden.
Can object creation be restricted?
+
Yes, by using private constructors or factory patterns.
Can you create an object of a class with a private
constructor?
+
No, you cannot create its object from outside the
class. However, you can create it from inside the same class.
Can you inherit Enum in C#?
+
No, enums cannot inherit or be inherited.
Can you serialize Hashtable?
+
Yes, Hashtable can be serialized but only if the
objects stored inside it are serializable. It uses the [Serializable]
attribute to participate in serialization.
Cass inheritance?
+
Class inherits fields/methods.
Catch multiple exceptions at once?
+
C# allows multiple exceptions in a single catch using:,
catch (Exception ex) when (ex is ArgumentException || ex is
NullReferenceException)
Class diagram?
+
Diagram showing classes and their relationships.
Class?
+
Blueprint for creating objects.
Cohesion?
+
How related the responsibilities of a class are.
Command pattern?
+
Encapsulates a request as an object.
Compile-time polymorphism?
+
Method overloading determined at compile time.
Composition?
+
Strong ownership between objects; parent controls child
lifecycle.
Concrete method?
+
Method with implementation.
Constant object?
+
Object whose state cannot change.
Constant?
+
A value assigned at compile-time and cannot be changed.
Constructor Chaining?
+
Calling one constructor from another in the same class
using this()or from base class using base(). It reduces code duplication.
Constructor injection?
+
Dependencies passed through constructor.
Constructor overloading?
+
Defining multiple constructors with different
parameters.
Constructor?
+
A constructor is a special method invoked automatically
when an object is created. It initializes class members and has the same
name as the class. It does not return a value.
Copy constructor?
+
Constructor that creates an object by copying another
object.
Decorator pattern?
+
Adds responsibilities dynamically.
Dependency inversion principle?
+
High-level modules depend on abstractions, not concrete
types.
Describe Abstract class:
+
It provides partial implementation and defines a
blueprint for derived classes. It may have fields, constructors, and
methods.
Design Pattern?
+
Reusable solution to common programming problems.
Destructor?
+
A destructor cleans up unmanaged resources before an
object is removed from memory. It is invoked automatically by the Garbage
Collector.
Shallow copies references; deep copy duplicates data.
DiffBet Abstraction and Encapsulation:
+
Abstraction hides complexity while showing essential
features. Encapsulation protects data using access modifiers.
DiffBet Static class and Singleton?
+
A static class cannot be instantiated and all members
must be static, while a singleton allows only one instance created using a
private constructor. Singleton supports interfaces and inheritance, static
class does not. Singleton allows lazy loading and object lifecycle control.
DiffBet Struct and Class:
+
Structs are value types, stored in the stack, and do
not support inheritance. Classes are reference types, stored in the heap,
and support inheritance.
DiffBet this and base?
+
this refers to the current class instance, while base
refers to the parent class and is used to access overridden members.
Difference: Design Patterns vs Architectural Patterns?
No, it supports only single inheritance like other
classes.
Dynamic binding?
+
Runtime binding of method calls.
Early binding?
+
Compile-time binding.
Encapsulated field?
+
Field private with public getter/setter.
Encapsulation and Data Hiding?
+
Encapsulation bundles data and methods in a class. Data
hiding restricts access using private/protected keywords to protect object
integrity and allow controlled access via properties.
Encapsulation?
+
Encapsulation hides internal implementation and exposes
only needed functionality using access modifiers.
Explain SOLID principles.
+
Five design principles improving OOP software design.
Explicit Interface Implementation?
+
Methods are implemented with interface name and
accessed only via interface reference, not through class object.
Facade pattern?
+
Simplifies complex subsystem with unified interface.
An object whose state cannot change after creation.
Implicit Interface Implementation?
+
The implemented methods remain public and directly
accessible through the class instance.
Inheritance?
+
Inheritance allows a class to reuse or extend another
class’s functionality, enabling code reuse and hierarchy.
Interface Inheritance?
+
Class inherits interface's contract only.
Interface segregation principle?
+
Clients should not depend on unnecessary interfaces.
Interface?
+
An interface contains method signatures without
implementation. Classes must implement its members.
Interface-based programming?
+
Coding to interfaces instead of concrete classes.
Internal access modifier?
+
Accessible within same assembly.
IS-A relationship?
+
Inheritance relationship.
Key points regarding Constructor:
+
Constructors cannot have a return type, run
automatically, and may be overloaded. They are used to initialize objects.
If not defined, a default constructor is provided.
Late binding?
+
Runtime binding.
Loose coupling?
+
Objects interact through interfaces or abstractions.
Low cohesion?
+
Class handles multiple unrelated tasks.
Members allowed in abstract class:
+
Fields, methods, properties, abstract methods,
constructors, and static members.
Memory leak in OOP?
+
Memory not released after object is no longer needed.
Method extension using Interface?
+
Yes, using extension methods defined in static classes.
Method hiding?
+
Using new keyword to hide base member.
Method injection?
+
Dependencies passed as parameters.
Method overloading?
+
Method overloading allows multiple methods with the
same name but different parameters within a class.
Method Overriding?
+
Method overriding allows a derived class to redefine a
base class method with the same signature. It enables runtime polymorphism
and dynamic method binding. The base method must be marked virtual, and the
overriding method must use the override keyword.
Method signature?
+
Parameters and method name.
Multiple inheritance in C#
+
C# does not support multiple inheritance via classes
but supports it through interfaces.
Multiple inheritance?
+
Class inheriting from more than one class (not
supported in C#).
Namespace?
+
Container for classes and types.
Namespaces?
+
Namespaces organize classes, interfaces, and structures
logically. They prevent name conflicts and help maintain large projects.
Nested class?
+
A class defined inside another class.
Object coupling?
+
Degree of interdependence between objects.
Object?
+
An object is an instance of a class representing
real-world data with properties and behaviors.
Observer pattern?
+
Defines dependency between objects for event
notification.
OCP (Open Closed Principle)?
+
Classes should be open for extension but closed for
modification.
OOP?
+
Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm based on
objects containing data and behavior.
Operator Overloading?
+
It allows redefining how operators behave for custom
types.
Overloading rules?
+
Same name, different parameters.
Override method?
+
Method that replaces base implementation.
Overriding rules?
+
Same signature, virtual/override modifiers.
Partial Class?
+
Partial class allows a class definition to be split
across multiple files. Useful for auto-generated and developer-written code
separation.
Polymorphic behavior?
+
Same method name but different functionalities.
Polymorphic collection?
+
Collection of base type holding objects of derived
types.
Polymorphism?
+
Polymorphism allows one interface to behave differently
depending on implementation—through method overloading and overriding.
Private access modifier?
+
Accessible only within the same class.
Private Constructor?
+
A private constructor restricts object creation from
outside the class. It is mostly used in singleton patterns or static-only
classes.
Property in C#?
+
A property provides controlled access to class fields.
It uses get and set accessors and supports validation and encapsulation.
Property injection?
+
Dependencies assigned via property.
Protected access modifier?
+
Accessible within class and derived classes.
Protected internal?
+
Accessible in same assembly or derived classes in other
assemblies.
Prototype pattern?
+
Cloning existing objects.
Public access modifier?
+
Accessible everywhere.
Pure virtual function?
+
Abstract method with no implementation (C++).
Readonly?
+
A value assigned at runtime or in constructor and
cannot be modified afterward.
Runtime polymorphism?
+
Method overriding determined at runtime.
Sealed Class?
+
A sealed class prevents inheritance. It is used when
extension or modification is not desired — e.g., String class is sealed.
Sealed Methods and Properties?
+
A sealed method prevents overriding in derived classes.
It can only be used inside an overridden method.
Sequence diagram?
+
Diagram showing object interactions over time.
Singleton pattern?
+
Ensures only one instance of a class exists.
State pattern?
+
Object changes behavior depending on its state.
Static class?
+
A class containing only static members and cannot be
instantiated.
Static polymorphism?
+
Compile-time resolution of overloaded methods.
Static ReadOnly?
+
A value assigned once and remains constant during
runtime, useful for configuration.
Static?
+
Static members belong to the class, not object
instances.
Strategy pattern?
+
Encapsulates interchangeable algorithms.
Subclass?
+
Child class that inherits from parent class.
Super class?
+
Parent class from which other classes inherit.
This keyword?
+
Refers to the current object instance.
Tight coupling?
+
Objects are highly dependent on specific
implementations.
Types of Design Patterns:
+
Creational, Structural, and Behavioral.
UML?
+
Unified Modeling Language for object-oriented design
diagrams.
Use case diagram?
+
Diagram describing interactions between users and
system.
Use of a static constructor?
+
A static constructor initializes static data and
executes only once. It runs automatically before any static member is
accessed.
Use of IDisposable interface?
+
IDisposable is used to release unmanaged resources like
files, DB connections. It defines the Dispose() method and often works with
the using statement.
Use of private constructor in C#:
+
It is used to prevent instantiation and enforce
controlled object creation. It is common in Singleton and Factory patterns.
Use of yield keyword?
+
yield enables lazy iteration by returning elements one
at a time without storing the full collection. It is used to create iterator
blocks using yield return and yield break.
Virtual method?
+
Method that can be overridden in derived classes.
Virtual, Override, New keywords in C#:
+
virtual: allows a method to be overridden., override:
replaces base class virtual implementation., new: hides base class method
without overriding.
And use method overloading?
+
Use overloading for improved readability and
flexibility similar operations require different parameter sets.
Use Abstract Class?
+
Use when shared logic exists but some methods must be
implemented by derived classes.
Abstract class cannot be instantiated?
+
Because it contains incomplete definitions requiring
subclass implementation.
Singleton considered an Anti-pattern?
+
Singleton is often misused and introduces global state
which makes testing and dependency control harder. It leads to tight
coupling and can affect scalability and maintainability.
Use Interfaces in C#?
+
Interfaces support abstraction, loose coupling, and
multiple inheritance. They improve testability and design flexibility.
Payment Gateways
+
3d secure authentication?
+
An extra layer of cardholder authentication during
payment (e.g., OTP) to reduce fraud.
3d secure?
+
3D Secure is an authentication protocol that adds an
extra security layer for online card transactions.
Advanced & best practices
+
Implement versioned webhook endpoints for backward
compatibility., Use async queue workers to handle heavy webhook loads., Test
webhook failures and retries in the sandbox., Validate currency, amount, and
order IDs in payload., Secure API keys and secrets in environment
variables., For microservices, use message queues for webhook events.,
Reconciliation ensures all payments are matched with orders., Webhooks can
notify external systems (CRM, ERP)., Always log errors and successes for
auditing., Monitor webhooks for missed events to maintain system integrity.
Authorization hold?
+
Authorization hold temporarily reserves funds on a card
before final settlement.
Avs?
+
Address Verification System (AVS) checks the billing
address against card issuer records to prevent fraud.
Card authentication?
+
Process of verifying cardholder’s identity using CVV
OTP or 3D Secure.
Card bin?
+
Bank Identification Number is the first 6 digits of a
card number identifying the issuing bank.
Card-on-file?
+
Card-on-file stores customer card details securely for
future payments with tokenization.
Chargeback ratio?
+
Chargeback ratio is the percentage of transactions
disputed by customers over total transactions.
Chargeback representment?
+
Merchant disputes a chargeback by providing evidence to
reverse the transaction.
Chargeback?
+
Chargeback occurs when a customer disputes a
transaction and funds are returned to the customer by the bank.
Common webhook & gateway questions
+
Webhooks ensure real-time updates without polling.,
HMAC or secret tokens secure payloads., Payment gateway supports multiple
methods (cards, wallets, UPI)., API endpoints require HTTPS and proper error
handling., Webhooks should respond with 200 OK to acknowledge., Retry logic
handles network issues., Use logging for debugging events., Idempotency
ensures single transaction updates., Refunds are often asynchronous; handled
via webhook., Versioning of webhook endpoints avoids breaking integrations
Contactless payment?
+
Contactless payment allows transactions via NFC or RFID
without inserting the card.
Cross-border payment?
+
Cross-border payment is a transaction between payer and
payee in different countries and currencies.
Cvv?
+
Card Verification Value (CVV) is a security code on
cards used to verify possession.
Delayed capture?
+
Capture performed after authorization typically within
a predefined window.
Diffbet 3d secure 1.0 and 2.0?
+
3D Secure 2.0 improves user experience supports mobile
devices and reduces friction in authentication.
Diffbet a payment gateway and a payment processor?
+
Gateway is the interface for online payments; processor
handles the actual transaction with the bank networks.
Diffbet ach and card payments?
+
ACH is bank-to-bank transfer; card payments are
processed through card networks.
Diffbet aggregator and gateway?
+
Aggregator provides merchant account + gateway; gateway
only processes payments for existing accounts.
Diffbet authorization and capture?
+
Authorization approves the transaction; capture
completes the payment and transfers funds.
Diffbet credit, debit, and net banking transactions?
+
Credit: borrowed funds; Debit: direct from account; Net
banking: online banking transfer. Gateways handle all securely.
Diffbet debit authorization and capture?
+
Debit authorization holds funds; capture deducts funds
from customer account.
Diffbet debit card and credit card transactions?
+
Debit card deducts funds immediately; credit card uses
a line of credit and requires monthly repayment.
Diffbet hosted and api-based payment gateway?
+
Hosted redirects customers to a provider page for
payment. API-based allows payments directly on merchant site while ensuring
PCI compliance.
Diffbet hosted and integrated payment gateways?
+
Hosted redirects users to the gateway page; integrated
processes payments within the merchant’s site using API.
Diffbet online and offline payment processing?
+
Online requires real-time authorization; offline may
batch and process later.
Diffbet payment gateway and acquiring bank?
+
Gateway facilitates the transaction; acquiring bank
receives funds on behalf of the merchant.
Diffbet payment gateway and payment facilitator?
+
Gateway processes payments; facilitator onboard
merchants and manage payments under their license.
Diffbet payment gateway and payment processor?
+
Gateway handles the authorization interface for
payments. Processor moves the funds between banks. Gateway is the “front
door,” processor is the “backend.”
Gateway processes card/bank payments; wallet stores
funds digitally for transactions.
Diffbet payment token and card number?
+
Token is a substitute for card number to prevent
exposure of sensitive data.
Diffbet refund and chargeback?
+
Refund is initiated by the merchant; chargeback is
initiated by the customer through the bank.
Diffbet sca and 3d secure?
+
SCA: regulatory requirement; 3D Secure: technical
implementation for customer authentication.
Diffbet void and refund?
+
Void cancels before settlement; refund returns funds
after settlement.
Diffbet white-label and off-the-shelf payment gateway?
+
White-label allows branding by the merchant;
off-the-shelf is standard and prebuilt by the provider.
Does a payment gateway work?
+
It encrypts payment information authorizes transactions
through banks and sends approval or decline responses to the merchant.
Does payment gateway integration work?
+
The customer enters payment info → Gateway encrypts and
forwards → Bank authorizes → Gateway returns status → Server updates
order/payment.
Dynamic currency conversion?
+
Dynamic currency conversion allows customers to pay in
their preferred currency with automatic exchange rate calculation.
Emv chip?
+
EMV chip is a secure microprocessor on cards that
reduces fraud compared to magnetic stripe.
Encryption in payment gateways?
+
Encryption protects cardholder data during transmission
between the customer merchant and bank.
End-to-end encryption in payments?
+
Encrypting sensitive payment data from customer entry
point to payment processor.
Fraud detection in payment gateways?
+
Fraud detection identifies suspicious transactions
using rules AI or machine learning.
Fraud prevention tool?
+
Tools or algorithms to detect and prevent unauthorized
or high-risk transactions.
Fraud scoring?
+
Fraud scoring assigns risk scores to transactions based
on patterns to prevent fraud.
Gateway fee?
+
Fee charged by the payment gateway for transaction
handling separate from bank fees.
Gateway response code?
+
Gateway response code indicates transaction success
failure or reason for decline.
Hosted checkout page?
+
A checkout page hosted by the gateway to handle payment
securely without passing card data through merchant servers.
Instant payment notification (ipn)?
+
IPN is a notification sent by the gateway to inform
merchant about payment status in real-time.
Integration & security
+
Always validate payload signature before processing.,
Store minimal sensitive information; rely on tokens., Use SSL/TLS for all
endpoints., Webhook logging aids in troubleshooting failed events., Payment
gateway returns transaction IDs for reconciliation., For refunds, partial or
full amounts can be specified., Implement error handling for invalid
payloads., Idempotent endpoints prevent double-processing., Integrate
webhook events into your database or ERP system., Keep webhook URLs hidden
to prevent abuse.
Interchange fee?
+
Fee paid by the acquiring bank to card issuing bank for
processing a transaction.
Live api key?
+
Production credentials used for processing real
payments.
Live environment?
+
Live environment is the production system where real
transactions occur.
Major components of a payment gateway?
+
Components include merchant account payment gateway
software payment processor and secure communication protocols.
Merchant account?
+
A merchant account is a bank account that allows
businesses to accept card payments.
Merchant callback url?
+
URL where the gateway sends transaction status updates
to notify the merchant system.
Merchant fee?
+
Fee charged by the payment gateway or acquiring bank
for processing transactions.
Merchant identification number (mid)?
+
MID uniquely identifies a merchant account for
processing transactions.
Merchant onboarding?
+
Process of registering and verifying a merchant with
the payment gateway to start accepting payments.
Merchant portal?
+
Web interface provided by gateways to manage
transactions reports refunds and settlements.
Mobile payment integration?
+
Integration of payment gateways into mobile apps for
in-app or mobile web payments.
Mobile wallet payment?
+
Payment made using a digital wallet app like Apple Pay
Google Pay or PayPal.
Multi-currency support in payment gateways?
+
Ability to accept payments in multiple currencies and
handle conversion automatically.
Online payment fraud?
+
Unauthorized or fraudulent transaction performed online
using stolen or fake card information.
Payment aggregator?
+
Payment aggregator allows multiple merchants to accept
payments under a single merchant account.
Payment gateway api?
+
A payment gateway API allows merchants to integrate
payment processing into their website or application.
Payment gateway response code?
+
Response code indicates success decline or error reason
for a transaction.
Payment gateway sdk?
+
SDK allows integration of gateway features into mobile
or web applications with prebuilt functions.
Payment gateway?
+
A payment gateway is a service that authorizes and
processes online payments securely between merchants, banks, and customers.
Payment link?
+
A secure URL generated by merchants to receive payment
from customers.
Payment reconciliation?
+
Payment reconciliation ensures transactions recorded by
the merchant match bank/gateway records.
Payment token vault?
+
Vault securely stores payment tokens or card details to
simplify recurring payments.
Payment token?
+
Payment token is a secure representation of card or
bank details used for processing without exposing actual data.
Payment transaction lifecycle?
+
Lifecycle includes authorization capture settlement and
potential refund or chargeback.
Payout in payment gateways?
+
Payout transfers money from merchant to vendors
suppliers or customers.
Pci dss compliance?
+
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
ensures secure handling of cardholder data.
Pci dss level 1?
+
Highest compliance level for merchants processing over
6 million transactions per year.
Pci dss saq?
+
Self-Assessment Questionnaire used by merchants to
verify PCI compliance level.
Pci scope?
+
PCI scope is the environment and systems that handle
cardholder data and need compliance.
Pci tokenization?
+
PCI tokenization replaces sensitive card details with
non-sensitive tokens to minimize PCI scope.
Pci-dss compliance?
+
A set of security standards ensuring safe handling of
cardholder data. Compliance is mandatory for merchants accepting payments.
Real-time payment?
+
Real-time payment is processed immediately and funds
are available instantly.
Recurring billing api?
+
API for managing subscription payments programmatically
including renewals cancellations and updates.
Recurring billing cycle?
+
Recurring billing cycle defines the time interval for
subscription charges (weekly monthly annually).
Recurring billing failure?
+
When an automatic subscription payment fails due to
insufficient funds card expiry or network issues.
Recurring billing model?
+
A billing model that charges customers automatically at
predefined intervals commonly used for subscriptions.
Recurring payment retry?
+
Automatic attempt to process failed recurring payments
in subscription systems.
Recurring payment schedule?
+
Predefined dates and frequency for automatic
subscription payments.
Recurring payment token?
+
Token stored to process subsequent recurring payments
without storing card details.
Recurring payment?
+
Recurring payment is an automatic transaction at
regular intervals for subscriptions or services.
Recurring subscription?
+
A subscription with automatic payments at regular
intervals.
Refund api?
+
A refund API allows merchants to initiate refunds
programmatically through the gateway.
Refund policy?
+
Rules defined by merchants to handle partial or full
refunds for transactions.
Risk management in payment gateways?
+
Risk management evaluates transaction risk and prevents
fraudulent or high-risk payments.
Sandbox api key?
+
Test credentials provided to integrate and simulate
payments in a sandbox environment.
Sandbox environment?
+
A test environment provided by payment gateways to
simulate transactions without using real money.
Sca?
+
Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) is a regulatory
requirement in Europe to verify customer identity for online payments.
Settlement batching?
+
Settlement batching groups multiple transactions for
processing at once to reduce costs and simplify reconciliation.
Settlement in payment processing?
+
Settlement is the process where authorized funds are
transferred from the customer's bank to the merchant's account.
Settlement period?
+
Settlement period is the time taken for funds to be
transferred from the customer’s bank to the merchant account.
Settlement reconciliation?
+
Ensuring all settled transactions match with funds
received in merchant account.
Split payment?
+
Split payment distributes a single transaction amount
between multiple parties or accounts.
Ssl/tls in payment gateways?
+
SSL/TLS encrypts communication between the customer and
gateway to secure sensitive information.
Technical questions
+
Payment gateways use JSON or form-encoded requests.,
Webhooks payloads include event type and timestamp., Test using sandbox keys
and dummy cards., Webhooks can be signed to verify authenticity., API rate
limits must be handled., Payment gateway errors must be mapped to
human-readable messages., Webhook URLs should not be public., Use retry
headers to implement exponential backoff., For recurring payments,
tokenization reduces PCI scope., Implement async processing to handle high
traffic webhook events.
To handle asynchronous payment events?
+
Use Webhooks for real-time notification of events like
successful payment, refunds, or chargebacks.
Token lifecycle management?
+
Managing creation storage expiration and deletion of
payment tokens.
Tokenization in payment gateways?
+
Converts sensitive card details into a secure, unique
token for processing transactions without storing card data.
Velocity check?
+
Velocity check limits transactions based on frequency
or volume to prevent abuse.
Void transaction?
+
Void cancels a transaction before it is settled usually
within the same day.
useReducer is better for complex state logic; useState
is simpler for basic state.
UseRef and createRef?
+
useRef maintains ref across renders in functional
components; createRef creates new ref on each render, used in class
components.
UseRef and useState for storing values?
+
useRef stores mutable value without triggering
re-render; useState triggers re-render on change.
DiffBet class and functional components?
+
Class components have lifecycle methods and state.
Functional components use hooks for state and effects, are simpler and more
reusable.
DiffBet state and props?
+
Props are immutable and passed by parent. State is
mutable and managed inside the component.
Docker + Node.js:
+
Node apps are containerized for consistent
environments.
Error Boundaries:
+
Catch JavaScript errors in child components and display
fallback UI.
Error boundary in React?
+
Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript
errors in their child components and display fallback UI.
Higher-Order Components (HOC):
+
Functions that take a component and return enhanced
component.
Hooks in React?
+
Hooks are functions that let you use state and other
React features in functional components.
JSX in React?
+
JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that allows
writing HTML-like code in React components.
JSX?
+
JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that looks
like HTML. It allows defining UI in a declarative way inside JS.
Node.js Callback Hell:
+
Nested callbacks; solved using Promises or async/await.
Node.js EventEmitter:
+
Implements events and listeners for async handling.
Node.js Package.json:
+
Manages project dependencies, scripts, and metadata.
Props in React?
+
Props are read-only data passed from parent to child
components. They help in component reusability and dynamic rendering.
PureComponent:
+
Optimizes performance by preventing unnecessary
re-renders.
React Fragments:
+
Used to group elements without adding extra nodes to
DOM.
React Hooks?
+
Hooks are functions like useState, useEffect that allow
functional components to use state and lifecycle features.
React keys:
+
Unique identifiers for list items to optimize
rendering.
React Memo:
+
Prevents re-rendering of functional components if props
do not change
React Profiler:
+
Measures rendering performance of React components.
React Router:
+
Handles navigation between views in a single-page app.
React useEffect:
+
Handles side effects like fetching data or
subscriptions in functional components.
React?
+
React is a JavaScript library for building
component-based UI. Uses virtual DOM for efficient updates and supports
single-page applications.
Reconciliation in React?
+
Reconciliation is React's process of updating the DOM
efficiently by diffing the Virtual DOM.
Reducer in Redux?
+
A reducer is a pure function that takes previous state
and an action, returns new state.
Redux in React?
+
Redux is a state management library to manage global
application state in a predictable way.
Redux?
+
Redux is a predictable state container for React apps.
It centralizes app state and provides unidirectional data flow.
State in React?
+
State is local data of a component. Changes to state
trigger re-rendering of the component and its children.
Uncontrolled Components:
+
Form elements manage their own state, accessed via
refs.
UseEffect hook in React?
+
useEffect lets you perform side effects like data
fetching or DOM manipulation in functional components.
UseState hook in React?
+
useState allows functional components to have state
variables.
Virtual DOM in React?
+
Virtual DOM is an in-memory representation of the real
DOM for fast updates.
Virtual DOM?
+
A lightweight copy of the actual DOM. React updates the
virtual DOM first and then efficiently updates the real DOM using diffing.
WCF Hosting Options:
+
IIS, Self-host, Windows Service, WAS.
WCF Transport Security:
+
Provides message encryption, authentication, and
integrity.
WPF Data Binding Modes:
+
OneWay, TwoWay, OneTime, OneWayToSource.
WPF Styles vs Templates:
+
Styles modify appearance; templates define the control
structure.
RESTful APIs
+
Api versioning?
+
API versioning allows changes without breaking existing
clients. Versions may appear in headers, URLs, or query parameters. It helps
manage updates and backward compatibility.
Authentication in rest?
+
Authentication verifies user identity before accessing
protected resources. Methods include OAuth, JWT, and Basic Authentication.
It ensures only authorized users access the API.
Authorization in rest?
+
Authorization determines what resources an
authenticated user can access. it controls permissions and roles. it works
after successful authentication.
Crud?
+
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These
operations map to HTTP methods in REST. CRUD is fundamental for resource
management in APIs.
Endpoint?
+
An endpoint is a specific URL where a resource can be
accessed. Each endpoint corresponds to an operation on a resource. It
defines how the client interacts with the server.
Http status code 200?
+
HTTP 200 means the request was successful. It typically
accompanies GET requests. The response usually contains the requested
resource.
Http status code 201?
+
201 means a resource has been successfully created. it
is commonly returned after post requests. the response may include the newly
created resource or a location header.
Http status code 404?
+
404 means the requested resource is not found. it
indicates an invalid endpoint or missing data. it is part of rest error
handling.
Http status code 500?
+
500 indicates a server error. it means the server
failed to process the request due to an internal issue. it signals the need
for debugging and error handling.
Idempotency?
+
Idempotency means repeated requests produce the same
result. HTTP methods like GET, PUT, and DELETE are idempotent, while POST is
not. It prevents unintended duplicate operations.
J
+
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight
format for data exchange. It is human-readable and easy for machines to
parse. REST APIs commonly use JSON due to simplicity and speed.
Jwt?
+
JSON Web Token (JWT) is a secure token used for
authentication and authorization. It contains encoded claims digitally
signed using a secret or certificate. The server does not store session
state.
Main http methods used in rest?
+
REST commonly uses GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE.
GET retrieves data, POST creates, PUT updates fully, PATCH updates
partially, and DELETE removes a resource. These methods align with CRUD
operations.
Oauth2?
+
OAuth2 is an authorization framework that allows
delegated access. It enables third-party apps to access APIs securely
without sharing passwords. It is widely used by Google, Facebook, and
Microsoft services.
Pagination?
+
Pagination splits large datasets into smaller chunks.
REST APIs use parameters like limit and page to fetch data efficiently. It
improves performance and user experience.
Rate limiting in rest apis?
+
Rate limiting restricts the number of requests allowed
within a time window. It prevents abuse, protects servers, and ensures fair
usage. Often implemented with tokens or throttling rules.
Resource in rest?
+
A resource represents data or an entity exposed via an
endpoint. Each resource is identified by a unique URI. Resources are usually
represented in formats like JSON or XML.
Rest api?
+
A REST API is an architectural style that uses HTTP
methods to perform CRUD operations. It follows stateless communication and
represents resources using URIs. REST relies on representations like JSON or
XML. It is widely used for web and mobile services.
Stateless mean in rest?
+
Stateless means each request contains all necessary
information to process it. The server does not store client session data
between requests. This improves scalability and simplifies server
architecture.
Xml in rest?
+
XML is a markup language used for structured data
representation. It was widely used before JSON gained popularity. REST can
still support XML when needed for legacy systems.
Scalable & Maintainable Design Patterns
+
Api throttling?
+
Limits API usage to maintain performance and avoid
abuse.
Diffbet monolithic and microservices?
+
Monolith is a single deployable unit; microservices are
independently deployable services focusing on single business capabilities.
Hateoas?
+
Hypermedia as the engine of application state; REST
responses contain links to navigate API dynamically.
Rate limiting?
+
Controls the number of requests a client can make in a
time window to prevent overload.
Retry mechanism?
+
Automatically retries failed operations to handle
transient errors in distributed systems.
Service discovery?
+
Allows services to find each other dynamically in
distributed architecture without hardcoding endpoints.
Solid, ddd, and clean architecture work together?
+
SOLID ensures clean OOP design, DDD aligns domain with
business rules, Clean Architecture isolates layers; together they build
scalable, maintainable, testable solutions.
Swagger ui?
+
Interactive documentation interface for REST APIs,
allowing developers to test endpoints.
Scalable Solution Design
+
Caching in scalable design?
+
Stores frequently accessed data closer to users to
reduce database load and improve performance.
Cqrs?
+
Command Query Responsibility Segregation separates read
and write operations to optimize performance and scalability.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous communication?
+
Synchronous waits for response, can block. Asynchronous
allows parallel processing, improving throughput.
Scalable solution design?
+
Designing software that can handle increasing load
efficiently by scaling horizontally (more machines) or vertically (stronger
machines).
Stateless vs stateful design?
+
Stateless services don’t store client state, aiding
scaling; stateful services retain state and require careful replication.
To design database for scalability?
+
Use sharding, replication, indexing, and read/write
separation to handle large data volumes efficiently.
To scale microservices?
+
Deploy multiple instances, use service discovery, load
balancing, and container orchestration.
SOLID Principles
+
Benefits of solid principles?
+
Enhances code maintainability, testability,
scalability, and reduces bugs. Supports clean, modular, and extensible
architecture.
Diffbet oop and solid?
+
OOP provides structure using objects and classes. SOLID
defines principles for better object-oriented design.
Dip (dependency inversion principle)?
+
High-level modules should not depend on low-level
modules; both should depend on abstractions. Reduces coupling and improves
flexibility.
Does srp help testing?
+
By isolating responsibilities, classes are easier to
test individually, enabling simpler unit tests.
Example of dip in c#
+
Use interfaces for dependencies:, public class Service
{ private IRepository repo; public Service(IRepository r) { repo = r; } }
Isp (interface segregation principle)?
+
Clients should not be forced to depend on methods they
do not use. Promotes small, specific interfaces rather than large
general-purpose ones.
Lsp (liskov substitution principle)?
+
Derived classes should be substitutable for their base
classes without breaking behavior. Supports polymorphism safely.
Ocp (open/closed principle)?
+
Software entities should be open for extension but
closed for modification. Enables adding new features without changing
existing code.
Solid?
+
SOLID is a set of five object-oriented design
principles (SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP) that improve maintainability,
flexibility, and scalability of software.
Srp (single responsibility principle)?
+
A class should have only one reason to change. It
focuses on doing one task well, improving readability and maintainability.
SQL
+
Table in SQL?
+
A table is a collection of rows and columns storing
related data.
Row in SQL?
+
A row represents a single record in a table.
Column in SQL?
+
A column represents a specific attribute of data in a
table.
Main types of SQL statements?
+
DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL.
DDL?
+
DDL defines database structure using CREATE, ALTER, and
DROP.
DML?
+
DML manipulates data using INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and
SELECT.
DCL?
+
DCL controls access using GRANT and REVOKE.
TCL?
+
TCL manages transactions using COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
Key in SQL?
+
A key uniquely identifies records in a table.
Can a table have multiple primary keys?
+
No, a table can have only one primary key.
Composite primary key?
+
A primary key made of two or more columns.
Foreign key reference?
+
It references the primary key of another table.
Referential integrity?
+
Ensuring relationships between tables remain
consistent.
ON DELETE CASCADE?
+
Automatically deletes child records when parent is
deleted.
ON UPDATE CASCADE?
+
Automatically updates foreign key values when primary
key changes.
Can a table have multiple unique keys?
+
Yes, a table can have multiple unique constraints.
Difference between primary key and unique key?
+
Primary key cannot be NULL; unique key can allow NULL.
Check constraint?
+
Ensures column values meet a specific condition.
NOT NULL constraint?
+
Prevents NULL values in a column.
Default constraint?
+
Assigns a default value when none is provided.
SELECT * used for?
+
It retrieves all columns from a table.
Clause?
+
filters rows based on specified conditions.
Operators are used in WHERE clause?
+
Comparison, logical, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and IS NULL.
ORDER BY used for?
+
ORDER BY sorts query results in ascending or descending
order.
Default sort order in ORDER BY?
+
Ascending order.
GROUP BY?
+
GROUP BY groups rows having the same values.
GROUP BY used?
+
To apply aggregate functions on grouped data.
Aggregate functions in SQL?
+
COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX.
HAVING clause?
+
HAVING filters grouped records after aggregation.
Difference between WHERE and HAVING?
+
WHERE filters rows; HAVING filters groups.
Can HAVING be used without GROUP BY?
+
Yes, but it applies to the entire result set.
DISTINCT keyword?
+
DISTINCT removes duplicate rows from results.
LIMIT clause?
+
LIMIT restricts the number of rows returned.
OFFSET clause?
+
OFFSET skips a specified number of rows.
SQL JOIN?
+
A JOIN combines rows from two or more tables based on a
related column.
INNER JOIN?
+
INNER JOIN returns only matching rows from both tables.
LEFT JOIN?
+
LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and
matching rows from the right table.
RIGHT JOIN?
+
RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table and
matching rows from the left table.
FULL JOIN?
+
FULL JOIN returns all rows when there is a match in
either table.
SELF JOIN?
+
SELF JOIN joins a table with itself using aliases.
Difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN?
+
INNER JOIN returns only matches; LEFT JOIN returns all
left table rows.
LEFT JOIN be used?
+
When all records from the left table must be included.
CROSS JOIN?
+
CROSS JOIN returns the Cartesian product of two tables.
Default JOIN type?
+
INNER JOIN is the default JOIN type.
JOIN condition?
+
A condition that specifies how tables are related.
Can multiple JOINs be used in one query?
+
Yes, multiple JOINs can be chained in a single query.
Happens if JOIN condition is missing?
+
It results in a Cartesian product.
Equi join?
+
A JOIN using equality condition between columns.
Non-equi join?
+
A JOIN using non-equality conditions.
Subquery in SQL?
+
A subquery is a query nested inside another SQL query.
Subqueries be used?
+
In SELECT, WHERE, FROM, and HAVING clauses.
Scalar subquery?
+
A subquery that returns a single value.
Correlated subquery?
+
A subquery that depends on values from the outer query.
Difference between correlated and non-correlated
subquery?
+
Correlated subquery executes per row; non-correlated
executes once.
IN operator with subquery?
+
IN checks if a value exists in subquery results.
EXISTS in subquery?
+
EXISTS checks whether a subquery returns any rows.
Difference between IN and EXISTS?
+
IN compares values; EXISTS checks row existence.
Common Table Expression (CTE)?
+
A temporary named result set defined using WITH clause.
CTEs used?
+
To improve readability and simplify complex queries.
Recursive CTE?
+
A CTE that references itself for hierarchical data.
SQL View?
+
A virtual table based on a stored SELECT query.
Views used?
+
To simplify queries and enhance security.
Difference between view and table?
+
View stores query definition; table stores actual data.
Materialized view?
+
A view that stores query results physically.
An index work?
+
It creates a data structure that allows quick lookup of
rows.
Types of indexes?
+
Clustered, non-clustered, unique, and composite
indexes.
Composite index?
+
An index created on multiple columns.
Index scanning vs index seeking?
+
Seek directly locates data; scan reads the entire
index.
Causes slow SQL queries?
+
Missing indexes, large data scans, and inefficient
joins.
Indexes be avoided?
+
On frequently updated columns due to overhead.
Transaction control statements?
+
BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
COMMIT do?
+
COMMIT permanently saves transaction changes.
ROLLBACK do?
+
ROLLBACK reverts changes made during a transaction.
SAVEPOINT?
+
SAVEPOINT allows partial rollback within a transaction.
ACID property?
+
ACID ensures reliable database transactions.
Atomicity?
+
Atomicity ensures all operations in a transaction
complete or none do.
Consistency?
+
Consistency ensures data integrity rules are
maintained.
Isolation?
+
Isolation ensures concurrent transactions do not
interfere.
Durability?
+
Durability ensures committed data persists after
failures.
Concurrency in SQL?
+
Concurrency allows multiple transactions to execute
simultaneously.
Concurrency problems?
+
Dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantom reads.
Aggregate: Operate on multiple rows (SUM, AVG, COUNT).,
Scalar: Operate on single value, return single result (UPPER, ROUND).
Alias command
+
Alias is a temporary name for a table or column in a
query., Example: SELECT emp_name AS Name FROM Employees., Helps in
readability and formatting.
Alias in SQL
+
An alias is a temporary name for a table or column.,
Example: SELECT emp_name AS Name FROM Employee;, Used to simplify queries
and improve readability.
Architecture of PostgreSQL
+
Client-server architecture:, Client: Sends SQL
queries., Server: Processes requests, manages storage, handles
transactions., Includes background processes for WAL, vacuuming, and
replication.
Auto Increment?
+
Auto Increment automatically generates a unique numeric
value for a column., Commonly used for primary keys., Example in SQL: ID INT
AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY.
Backup of a PostgreSQL database
+
Use pg_dump for logical backup: pg_dump dbname >
backup.sql., For full cluster backup, use pg_basebackup., Backups can be
restored using psql or pg_restore.
Capacity of a table in PostgreSQL
+
Theoretically, a table can store unlimited rows,
limited by disk space., Maximum table size is 32 TB per table in practice
(depends on system).
Case-insensitive searches using regex in PostgreSQL
+
Use the ~* operator instead of ~., Example: SELECT *
FROM table WHERE column ~* 'pattern';, This matches text regardless of case.
Change the datatype of a column
+
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name TYPE
new_datatype;, Used to modify existing column data types safely.
Check rows affected in previous transactions
+
Use the SQL command GET DIAGNOSTICS variable =
ROW_COUNT; after executing a DML statement., It returns the number of rows
affected by the last INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE., Useful for transaction
auditing and validation.
Clause
+
A Clause is a component of SQL statement that performs
a specific task., Examples: SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY.
Collation
+
Collation defines rules for storing, comparing, and
sorting strings in a database., It handles case sensitivity, accent
sensitivity, and character set.
Collation? Types of Collation Sensitivity
+
Collation defines rules for sorting and comparing
text., Types of sensitivity:, Case-sensitive (CS), Accent-sensitive (AS),
Kana-sensitive (KS), Width-sensitive (WS)
Command enable-debug
+
enable-debug is used to turn on debugging mode in
PostgreSQL or related tools., It logs detailed information about query
execution and server operations., Useful for troubleshooting and performance
tuning., It should be disabled in production for security and performance
reasons.
Command to create a database in PostgreSQL
+
CREATE DATABASE dbname;, Creates a new database with
default settings.
Command to fetch first 5 characters of a string
+
Use the LEFT() function:, SELECT LEFT(column_name, 5)
FROM table_name;, It extracts the first 5 characters from the specified
column.
Common clauses used with SELECT query in SQL
+
SELECT retrieves data from tables. Common clauses:,
WHERE (filter rows), GROUP BY (aggregate data), ORDER BY (sort results),
HAVING (filter aggregated data)
Composite key in SQL?
+
A composite key is a primary key made up of two or more
columns.
Constraint?
+
Constraints enforce rules on table columns to maintain
data integrity., Examples: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, NOT
NULL., Prevents invalid data entry into the table.
Constraints in SQL?
+
Constraints enforce rules on table columns., Examples:
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK., Used to maintain data
integrity.
Create an empty table from an existing table
+
Use: SELECT * INTO NewTable FROM ExistingTable WHERE
1=0;, Copies the structure but no data.
Create empty tables with the same structure as another
table?
+
Use:, CREATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT * FROM
existing_table WHERE 1=0;, It copies the structure but not the data.
Cross join in SQL?
+
A cross join returns Cartesian product of two tables.
Cross-Join
+
Cross-Join returns Cartesian product of two tables.,
Every row from the first table combines with every row from the second.,
Used when all combinations are needed.
Cross-Join?
+
Returns Cartesian product of two tables., All rows from
Table A are combined with all rows from Table B., No join condition is used.
Cursor and its usage
+
A cursor allows row-by-row processing of query
results., Used in stored procedures for iterative operations., Steps:
DECLARE cursor, OPEN cursor, FETCH row, CLOSE cursor.
Cursor in SQL?
+
A cursor allows row-by-row processing of query result.
Cursor?
+
A cursor allows row-by-row processing of query
results., Useful for operations that cannot be done in a single SQL
statement., Types include Forward-Only, Static, Dynamic, and Keyset-driven
cursors.
Data Integrity?
+
Ensures accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data
in a database., Enforced using constraints like PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY,
UNIQUE, and CHECK., Prevents invalid or duplicate data entry.
Data Warehouse
+
A Data Warehouse is a central repository for integrated
data from multiple sources., Used for reporting, analysis, and
decision-making., Data is structured, cleaned, and optimized for querying.
Database?
+
A database is a structured collection of data stored
electronically., Supports easy access, manipulation, and management of
data., Used to store information for applications.
DBMS?
+
DBMS is software for storing, retrieving, and managing
data., Examples: MS Access, Oracle, MySQL., Provides basic CRUD operations
but may lack advanced relational features.
Deadlock in SQL?
+
A deadlock occurs when two or more transactions block
each other, waiting for resources.
Define Indexes in PostgreSQL
+
Indexes improve query performance., CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON table_name(column_name);, Supports B-tree, Hash, GIN, GiST
types.
Define sequence
+
A sequence generates unique numeric values
automatically., Used for primary keys or auto-increment fields., Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_name START 1;
Define tokens in PostgreSQL
+
Tokens are basic language elements: keywords,
identifiers, literals, operators., Used by the parser to understand SQL
statements.
Delete a database in PostgreSQL
+
DROP DATABASE dbname;, Removes the database and all its
contents permanently.
Denormalization
+
Process of combining tables to improve query
performance., It may introduce redundancy but speeds up read-heavy
operations., Used when normalization causes too many joins.
Denormalization in SQL?
+
Denormalization combines tables or adds redundant data
for performance improvement.
Candidate key and alternate key?
+
Candidate key is a potential primary key; alternate key
is a candidate key not selected as primary.
Composite key and a compound key?
+
Composite key is primary key with multiple columns;
compound key usually refers to multiple foreign keys together.
Database and schema?
+
Database is a container of schemas and data; schema is
a namespace inside the database.
Natural key and surrogate key?
+
Natural key is derived from business data; surrogate
key is system-generated unique identifier.
Primary key and candidate key?
+
Primary key uniquely identifies rows; candidate key is
a column that can be a primary key but is not chosen.
Primary key and unique constraint?
+
Primary key cannot be NULL and uniquely identifies
rows; unique constraint ensures uniqueness but can have one NULL.
Temporary table and a table variable?
+
Temporary table persists for the session or procedure;
table variable is limited to scope and memory.
Temporary table and permanent table?
+
Temporary table exists for session/procedure; permanent
table persists in database.
AFTER and INSTEAD OF trigger?
+
AFTER trigger executes after the event; INSTEAD OF
trigger executes instead of the event.
VARCHAR is for smaller strings with length limit; TEXT
stores large variable-length strings.
WHERE and HAVING?
+
WHERE filters rows before aggregation; HAVING filters
groups after aggregation.
DiffBet Cluster and Non-Cluster Index
+
Clustered Index: Sorts and stores the actual data rows
based on key values; only one per table., Non-Clustered Index: Creates a
separate structure pointing to data rows; multiple per table., Clustered is
faster for range queries; Non-clustered is good for quick lookups.
DiffBet Clustered and Non-clustered index
+
Clustered index: Sorts and stores data physically in
the table., Non-clustered index: Separate structure pointing to table rows.,
Clustered = 1 per table; Non-clustered = multiple per table.
DiffBet Commit and Checkpoint
+
Commit: Saves changes of a transaction permanently to
the database., Checkpoint: Forces all changes from WAL to be flushed to
disk., Commit is transaction-specific, checkpoint is system-level for
durability.
DiffBet DELETE and TRUNCATE
+
DELETE: Row-by-row deletion, can use WHERE, slower.,
TRUNCATE: Deletes all rows, resets identity, faster, cannot use WHERE.
DiffBet DROP and TRUNCATE
+
DROP: Removes table structure permanently., TRUNCATE:
Removes all data but keeps structure intact.
DiffBet SQL and MySQL
+
SQL: Language used for querying databases., MySQL:
Database management system using SQL language., SQL is standard; MySQL is an
implementation.
DiffBet TRUNCATE and DROP
+
TRUNCATE: Deletes all data but keeps table structure.,
DROP: Deletes the table and its structure completely., TRUNCATE is faster;
DROP is permanent.
Clustered Index: Sorts and stores data physically in
order., Non-Clustered Index: Stores pointers to data, not physical order.,
Unique Index: Ensures all indexed values are unique., Composite Index: Index
on multiple columns.
Different types of Normalization
+
1NF (First Normal Form): No duplicate columns, atomic
values., 2NF (Second Normal Form): 1NF + no partial dependency., 3NF (Third
Normal Form): 2NF + no transitive dependency., BCNF, 4NF, 5NF: Higher forms
for complex dependencies.
Different types of SQL statements?
+
Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation
Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control
Language (TCL).
Disadvantage of DROP TABLE
+
DROP TABLE permanently deletes table structure and all
data., Cannot be undone unless a backup exists., Caution is needed in
production environments to prevent data loss.
Does PostgreSQL support full-text search?
+
Yes, PostgreSQL has built-in full-text search
capabilities., It uses tsvector and tsquery for indexing and querying text.,
Supports ranking, stemming, and language-specific dictionaries.
Entities and Relationships
+
Entity: Object or concept with stored data (e.g.,
Student)., Relationship: Association between entities (e.g., Student
enrolled in Course)., They form the basis of ER modeling in databases.
Fetch alternate records from a table
+
Use ROW_NUMBER() with modulo:, SELECT * FROM (, SELECT
*, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) AS rn FROM Table1, ) t WHERE rn % 2 = 1;
Fetch common records from two tables
+
Use INNER JOIN or INTERSECT:, SELECT * FROM Table1
INTERSECT SELECT * FROM Table2;
Foreign key in SQL?
+
A foreign key is a column or set of columns in one
table that refers to the primary key of another table.
Foreign Key?
+
A Foreign Key links a column in one table to the
Primary Key of another table., Ensures referential integrity between
tables., Prevents orphan records.
Forms of Normalization
+
1NF: Remove repeating groups., 2NF: Remove partial
dependencies., 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies., BCNF, 4NF, 5NF:
Advanced forms for complex designs.
Function in SQL?
+
A function is a reusable set of SQL statements that
returns a single value or table.
Importance of TRUNCATE statement
+
Efficiently deletes all rows from a table., Faster than
DELETE because it bypasses row-by-row processing., Resets identity columns
and frees storage space.
Index in SQL?
+
An index is a database object that improves query
performance by allowing faster data retrieval.
Index?
+
An index improves the speed of data retrieval from a
table., It works like an index in a book, pointing to row locations.,
Reduces query execution time but may slow inserts/updates.
Index? Different types
+
An index improves query performance by providing fast
lookup., Types:, Clustered, Non-clustered, Unique, Composite, Full-text
Isolation level in SQL?
+
Isolation level controls how and when the changes made
by one transaction are visible to others.
Join?
+
A join combines rows from two or more tables based on a
related column., It helps retrieve meaningful data spread across multiple
tables., Joins use keys like primary and foreign keys to match records.
Join? Types
+
Join combines rows from two or more tables., Types:,
INNER JOIN, LEFT (OUTER) JOIN, RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, CROSS
JOIN, SELF JOIN
List all databases in PostgreSQL
+
\l -- or \list, Displays all existing databases on the
server.
Local and Global Variables and differences
+
Local Variable: Declared inside a procedure or
function, accessible only there., Global Variable: Declared outside,
accessible across procedures., Local variables have limited scope; global
variables persist across sessions.
Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC)
+
MVCC allows multiple transactions to access the
database without locking., Each transaction sees a snapshot of the
database., Improves concurrency, reduces conflicts, and ensures
consistency., PostgreSQL & Database Questions
Normal forms in SQL?
+
1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF.
Normalization
+
Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.,
Ensures data integrity and avoids anomalies., Involves dividing tables and
establishing relationships using keys.
Normalization in SQL?
+
Normalization is the process of organizing database to
reduce redundancy and improve integrity.
OLTP?
+
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) handles real-time
transactional operations., Examples: Banking transactions, e-commerce
orders., It focuses on speed, reliability, and consistency.
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
+
OLTP systems handle day-to-day transactions like
banking or booking systems., Supports multiple concurrent users with fast
query processing., Data is normalized for efficiency.
Operator used in query for pattern matching
+
The LIKE operator is used., Example: WHERE column_name
LIKE 'A%' matches all values starting with 'A'., Supports % for multiple
characters and _ for a single character.
Parallel queries in PostgreSQL
+
Parallel queries use multiple CPU cores to execute a
single query faster., Useful for large datasets and complex aggregations.,
Controlled via max_parallel_workers_per_gather and planner settings.
Partitioned tables in PostgreSQL
+
Called partitioned tables, divided into child tables
based on ranges, lists, or hashes., Improves query performance on large
datasets.
Pattern Matching in SQL?
+
Pattern matching is used to search data based on
specific patterns., The LIKE operator is commonly used., It helps filter
results with partial matches or wildcard characters.
PostgreSQL?
+
PostgreSQL is an open-source, object-relational
database., Supports SQL, JSON, and advanced data types., Known for
stability, scalability, and ACID compliance.
Primary key in SQL?
+
A primary key is a column or set of columns that
uniquely identifies each row in a table.
Primary Key?
+
A column (or set of columns) that uniquely identifies
each row in a table., Cannot be NULL and ensures data integrity., Only one
primary key allowed per table.
A query is a request to retrieve or manipulate data
from a database., Written in SQL using SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.,
Queries can include filters, joins, and aggregation.
RDBMS?
+
RDBMS (Relational DBMS) stores data in tables with
relationships., Supports SQL for querying., Enforces constraints like
primary key, foreign key, and unique key., Examples: SQL Server, MySQL,
Oracle.
RDBMS? Difference from DBMS
+
RDBMS stores data in tables with relationships.,
Supports SQL, keys, constraints, and normalization., DBMS may not support
relationships or constraints.
Recursive Stored Procedure
+
A stored procedure that calls itself directly or
indirectly., Useful for hierarchical or repetitive tasks like calculating
factorial., Needs proper termination condition to avoid infinite loop.
Recursive Stored Procedure?
+
A stored procedure that calls itself to solve
repetitive tasks., Used in hierarchical or iterative operations., Care must
be taken to include a termination condition.
Relationship and types
+
A relationship defines how tables are linked via keys.,
Types:, One-to-One: One row in a table matches one row in another.,
One-to-Many: One row matches multiple rows., Many-to-Many: Multiple rows in
one table match multiple rows in another.
Schema in SQL?
+
A schema is a logical collection of database objects
like tables, views, indexes, and procedures.
SELECT statement?
+
SELECT is used to retrieve data from one or more
tables., Example: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;, It can include
filters, joins, and aggregation.
Select unique records from a table
+
Use DISTINCT keyword:, SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM
Table1;, Removes duplicate rows from the result set.
Self join in SQL?
+
A self join joins a table to itself using aliases.
Self-Join
+
Self-Join is a join of a table with itself., Useful to
compare rows within the same table., Example: Finding employees and their
managers in the same table.
Self-Join?
+
A table joins with itself., Used to compare rows within
the same table., Requires aliases for clarity.
SQL?
+
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and
manipulate relational databases., Supports querying, inserting, updating,
and deleting data., Used in DBMS and RDBMS.
Start, restart, and stop PostgreSQL server
+
Start: pg_ctl start or service command., Stop: pg_ctl
stop., Restart: pg_ctl restart., Commands vary slightly with OS
(Linux/Windows).
String constants in PostgreSQL
+
Strings enclosed in single quotes ('text')., Used in
queries, comparisons, and data insertion.
Subquery?
+
A subquery is a query nested inside another query., It
can return a single value or a set of values for the main query., Used in
WHERE, FROM, or SELECT clauses.
Subquery? Types
+
A subquery is a query within another query., Types:,
Single-row subquery, Multiple-row subquery, Correlated subquery
Surrogate key in SQL?
+
A surrogate key is an artificial key, usually
auto-incremented, used as the primary key.
Tables and Fields?
+
Table: Collection of related data organized in rows and
columns., Field (Column): Defines a single type of data within a table.,
Rows represent records.
Transaction in SQL?
+
A transaction is a unit of work that is executed
completely or not at all.
Trigger in SQL?
+
A trigger is a set of SQL statements that automatically
executes in response to certain events (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
Trigger?
+
A trigger is a special procedure that automatically
executes on INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE., Used for enforcing business rules or
auditing changes., Cannot be called directly like a stored procedure.
TRUNCATE, DELETE, and DROP statements
+
DELETE: Removes specific rows, supports WHERE, slower.,
TRUNCATE: Removes all rows, faster, cannot use WHERE., DROP: Deletes entire
table or database structure.
Types of Collation Sensitivity
+
1. Case-Sensitive (CS/CI) – A ≠ a, 2. Accent-Sensitive
(AS/AI) – é ≠ e, 3. Kana-Sensitive – Japanese Kana differences, 4.
Width-Sensitive – Full-width ≠ Half-width characters
INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows from both tables.,
LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from left table and matched rows from right
table., RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from right table and matched rows from
left table., FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from both tables, with NULLs
for unmatched rows.
Types of relationships in SQL
+
One-to-One (1:1), One-to-Many (1:N), Many-to-Many
(M:N), These define how tables relate to each other using keys.
Types of Subquery
+
Single-row subquery: Returns one row., Multiple-row
subquery: Returns multiple rows., Correlated subquery: References columns
from the outer query., Non-correlated subquery: Independent of outer query.
Types of User Defined Functions
+
1. Scalar Functions: Return a single value., 2. Inline
Table-Valued Functions: Return a table via a single SELECT., 3.
Multi-Statement Table-Valued Functions: Return a table using multiple
statements.
UNION, MINUS, and INTERSECT commands
+
UNION: Combines results of two queries, removing
duplicates., MINUS (EXCEPT in some DBs): Returns rows in first query not in
second., INTERSECT: Returns rows common to both queries.
UNIQUE constraint?
+
Ensures that all values in a column are distinct.,
Helps maintain data integrity., Multiple UNIQUE constraints can exist in a
table.
Unique key?
+
A unique key ensures all values in a column are
distinct., Can have one NULL value (unlike primary key)., Used to enforce
uniqueness constraints on data.
User Defined Functions (UDFs)
+
UDFs are custom functions created by users in SQL.,
They return a value or table based on input parameters., Used to encapsulate
reusable logic.
User-defined Function (UDF) and its types?
+
UDF is a custom function created by users in SQL.,
Types:, Scalar Function: Returns a single value., Table-valued Function:
Returns a table.
View in SQL?
+
A view is a virtual table based on the result of a
SELECT query.
WAL (Write Ahead Logging)
+
WAL ensures data integrity in PostgreSQL., Before
changes are written to the main database, they are recorded in a log file.,
This allows recovery after crashes and supports replication.
SQL Server
+
Clustered index?
+
A clustered index determines the physical order of data
in a table. Each table can have only one clustered index.
CTE (Common Table Expression)?
+
CTE is a temporary result set used within a query.
Defined using WITH keyword and improves query readability.
Denormalization?
+
Denormalization introduces redundancy to improve query
performance for read-heavy operations.
DiffBet CHAR and VARCHAR?
+
CHAR has fixed length, padding unused spaces. VARCHAR
is variable-length and saves storage space.
DiffBet DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?
+
DELETE removes selected rows and logs changes. TRUNCATE
removes all rows without logging individual deletions. DROP removes the
table entirely.
DiffBet INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN?
+
INNER JOIN returns matching rows from both tables. LEFT
JOIN returns all left table rows and matching right rows. RIGHT JOIN returns
all right table rows and matching left rows.
DiffBet SQL and T-SQL?
+
SQL is the standard language for relational databases.
T-SQL is Microsoft’s extension with procedural programming, error handling,
and built-in functions.
DiffBet UNION and UNION ALL?
+
UNION removes duplicate rows. UNION ALL keeps all rows
including duplicates.
Indexing?
+
Indexing improves query performance by creating
pointers to data. Examples: clustered, non-clustered, full-text.
Isolation level?
+
Isolation levels control concurrency effects in
transactions. Examples: Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read,
Serializable.
Non-clustered index?
+
Non-clustered indexes create a separate structure
pointing to table rows. A table can have multiple non-clustered indexes.
Normalization?
+
Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy.
Includes normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF).
Primary and foreign keys?
+
Primary key uniquely identifies each row. Foreign key
establishes a relationship between tables to maintain referential integrity.
SQL Server Agent?
+
SQL Server Agent automates scheduled tasks like jobs,
alerts, and backups.
SQL Server?
+
SQL Server is a relational database management system
(RDBMS) by Microsoft. It supports T-SQL, stored procedures, triggers, views,
and ACID-compliant transactions.
Stored procedure?
+
A stored procedure is a precompiled set of SQL
statements executed on demand. It improves performance and ensures code
reusability.
Temporary tables?
+
Temporary tables store intermediate results. They exist
for the session or procedure and are prefixed with # (local) or ## (global).
Transaction?
+
A transaction is a set of SQL operations executed as a
single unit. It follows ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability).
Triggers?
+
Triggers are special stored procedures that
automatically execute in response to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations on
a table.
View?
+
A view is a virtual table based on the result of a
SELECT query. It does not store data physically but simplifies complex
queries.
TeamCity
+
Artifact dependency in teamcity?
+
Artifact dependency allows a build to use output files
(artifacts) from another build configuration.
Artifact in teamcity?
+
Build outputs stored for deployment or sharing between
build configurations.
Auto deploy after successful build
+
Use a Jenkinsfile with deployment stages triggered only
after success and optionally use plugins like Kubernetes or AWS deployment
tools.
Automating kubernetes deployment
+
Use kubectl, Helm, or ArgoCD via Jenkins pipeline
integrated with Kubernetes credentials.
Blue ocean in jenkins?
+
A modern UI for Jenkins that visualizes pipelines,
logs, and stages more clearly.
Blue-green deployment in jenkins
+
Create two identical environments (Blue & Green).
Jenkins deploys to the idle environment, performs testing, and then switches
traffic using a load balancer. It reduces downtime and supports rollback.
Build agent in teamcity?
+
A build agent is a machine that executes build
configurations on behalf of the TeamCity server.
Build agent requirement?
+
Requirement defines conditions that an agent must meet
to run a build like OS tools or environment variables.
Build agents in teamcity?
+
Workers that execute build configurations. Can be
cloud-based or on-premises.
Build artifact in teamcity?
+
Build artifact is an output of a build like binaries
JAR/WAR files or reports stored for reuse or deployment.
Build chain?
+
Build chain is a sequence of builds connected via
snapshot or artifact dependencies forming a pipeline.
Build configuration in teamcity?
+
A build configuration defines a set of steps triggers
and settings to execute a build.
Build failure condition?
+
A build failure condition defines criteria under which
a build is marked as failed like test failures or compilation errors.
Build feature in teamcity?
+
Build features add extra functionality to builds such
as notifications versioning or build failure conditions.
Build snapshot?
+
Snapshot preserves the state of source code and
settings for a build at a specific point in time.
Build step in teamcity?
+
A build step is a single task in a build configuration
such as compiling code running tests or deploying artifacts.
Build step type?
+
Step type determines the execution method such as
Command Line Ant Maven Gradle or Docker.
Build step?
+
A single operation inside a build, like compiling code
or running tests.
Build templates?
+
Reusable configurations to standardize steps across
multiple projects.
Build trigger in teamcity?
+
A build trigger automatically starts a build based on
events like VCS changes or schedule.
Built-in tools vs custom tools
+
Built-in tools are quick to configure; custom tools
offer better control and versioning.
Ci/cd pipeline for kubernetes
+
Plan steps: Checkout → Build Image → Push to Registry →
Deploy to Kubernetes using Helm, kubectl, or ArgoCD via Jenkins pipeline.
Common jenkins plugins
+
Git, Email Ext, Pipeline, Docker, Kubernetes,
SonarQube, Slack, Maven, and Blue Ocean are commonly used.
Complex pipeline example
+
A complex pipeline may include stages for build, test,
quality scan, approvals, and deployment using multi-branch and container
orchestration. Challenges include failures, dependency management, and
scalability.
Continuous delivery vs continuous deployment
+
CD requires manual approval before release; Continuous
Deployment pushes changes automatically without human intervention.
Continuous delivery vs deployment
+
Continuous Delivery prepares software for release
manually. Continuous Deployment automatically deploys every successful build
to production.
Declarative vs scripted pipelines
+
Declarative is structured, simple, YAML-like DSL;
scripted allows full Groovy flexibility.
Default jenkins password path?
+
The password is stored in:,
/var/lib/jenkins/secrets/initialAdminPassword (Linux), or the same path
inside Jenkins installation directory on Windows.
Default port number?
+
Jenkins runs on 8080 by default.
Deploying to multiple environments in jenkins
+
Use a pipeline with stages like Dev, QA, UAT, and Prod,
along with environment variables and credentials. Deployment steps can use
conditionals or approvals before proceeding to production.
Develop jenkins plugins
+
Plugins are written in Java/Groovy using Jenkins Plugin
SDK and Maven.
Diffbet configuration and system parameters?
+
Configuration parameters are set per build
configuration; system parameters are global to the agent or server.
Diffbet declarative and scripted pipeline?
+
Declarative is structured, easier to read, and enforces
syntax. Scripted is Groovy-based, flexible, and procedural.
Diffbet personal and regular builds?
+
Personal builds are triggered by a user for testing
changes; regular builds are triggered automatically via triggers.
Diffbet teamcity server and build agent?
+
The server manages projects build configurations and
history; the agent executes build tasks.
Does teamcity support version control?
+
Integrates with Git, SVN, Mercurial, and supports
multiple branches and pull requests.
Finish build trigger?
+
Finish build trigger starts a build when a dependent
build finishes successfully.
Fixing a broken build
+
Check console logs, branch changes, dependency updates,
infrastructure issues, and verify configuration. Roll back recent changes if
needed.
Freestyle project
+
Basic project that supports UI-based build
configuration without scripting.
Git commit not triggering
+
Check webhook config, Jenkins URL, branch filters, job
permissions, and credentials. Ensure polling or webhook triggering is
enabled.
Global tool configuration
+
Allows central configuration of tools like Maven, JDK,
Git, Gradle, and NodeJS for reuse across jobs.
Using multiple nodes/agents to run builds in parallel
for faster execution and scalability.
Jenkins enterprise vs open source
+
Enterprise offers security, scalability, analytics,
enterprise support, and governance features not in open-source Jenkins.
Jenkins for automated testing
+
Configure a build step to run automation scripts
(JUnit, Selenium, TestNG) and publish test results.
Jenkins home directory path?
+
Usually: /var/lib/jenkins on Linux or inside the
Windows installation folder.
Jenkins job?
+
A task configuration that defines steps to build, test,
or deploy an application. Jobs can be freestyle or pipeline.
Jenkins master vs agent
+
Master controls jobs and UI; agent executes builds.
Jenkins pipeline vs aws codepipeline
+
Jenkins pipeline is self-hosted and highly customizable
using plugins. AWS CodePipeline is managed, scalable, and integrates deeply
with AWS services.
Jenkins pipeline?
+
A pipeline defines stages and steps for automated
builds, tests, and deployments. It can be scripted (Jenkinsfile) or
declarative.
Jenkins plugins?
+
Plugins extend Jenkins features, integrating with SCM,
build tools, notification services, and testing frameworks.
Jenkins shared library
+
Reusable functions stored in version control and shared
across multiple pipelines to avoid code duplication.
Jenkins used for?
+
Jenkins is a CI/CD automation server used to build,
test, and deploy software automatically. It supports pipelines, plugins, and
integration with DevOps tools.
Jenkins vs aws codepipeline
+
Jenkins is customizable and self-hosted, CodePipeline
is managed and integrates tightly with AWS.
Jenkins vs github
+
Jenkins is CI/CD automation software, while GitHub is a
code hosting and version control platform with integrations.
Jenkins vs jenkins x
+
Jenkins is plugin-based and works everywhere; Jenkins X
automates cloud-native CI/CD for Kubernetes and GitOps workflows.
Jenkins with aws services
+
Use AWS plugins to integrate S3, EC2 agents,
CodeDeploy, EKS, and CloudFormation automation.
Jenkins x?
+
A cloud-native CI/CD automation system for Kubernetes
using GitOps and automation pipelines.
Jenkins?
+
Jenkins is an open-source automation server for
building, testing, and deploying applications. It supports pipelines,
plugins, and integration with multiple tools.
Jenkinsfile?
+
A text file that defines the pipeline as code. It
allows versioning of build and deployment logic in the repository.
Key features of teamcity?
+
Key features include build management build history
distributed builds CI/CD pipelines extensive plugin support and integration
with VCS.
Language used for jenkins pipelines?
+
Pipelines use Groovy-based DSL scripting.
Maintain ci/cd pipeline in github
+
Store Jenkinsfile in the repository and configure
Jenkins to use it through Multibranch or Pipeline job.
Master-slave configuration
+
Master controls scheduling and configuration, while
slave agents execute builds to scale performance and workload.
Mention tools in pipeline
+
Use:, tool 'Maven', Inside Jenkinsfile to reference
configured build tools.
Missing dependency fix
+
Install dependency in agent environment, update
Dockerfile, or configure tools via Jenkins plugins.
Missing notifications
+
Check SMTP/slack setup, job config, plugin status, and
post-build actions.
Multibranch pipeline
+
Automatically creates separate pipelines for each
branch using a shared Jenkinsfile.
Multi-configuration project
+
Runs builds with multiple configurations (OS, browser,
JVM) mainly for matrix testing.
No available nodes
+
Scale by adding agents, increasing executors, or using
dynamic cloud agents like Kubernetes.
Node step in pipeline
+
Defines where the build runs (master or agent) and
allocates workspace.
Pipeline as code
+
It uses a Jenkinsfile stored in the repo to define
CI/CD as versioned code. It improves automation, collaboration, consistency,
and repeatability.
Pipeline in jenkins
+
Automated workflow defined in a Jenkinsfile using
Groovy syntax.
Pipeline vs freestyle
+
Pipeline supports coding CI/CD workflows using
Jenkinsfile; Freestyle is UI-based and limited in automation.
Poll scm mean?
+
It checks the repository at scheduled intervals for new
commits and triggers a build if changes exist.
Poll scm vs webhook
+
Poll SCM checks the source repo at scheduled intervals
for changes, which may cause delay. Webhook instantly notifies Jenkins when
code is pushed, triggering an immediate build. Webhooks are faster and more
efficient.
Project in teamcity?
+
A project is a container for one or more build
configurations in TeamCity.
Queued build?
+
Queued build is a build waiting in the queue for an
available agent or dependencies to complete.
Rbac in jenkins
+
Role-Based Access Control restricts user permissions.
Configured using the "Role Strategy" plugin.
Restart jenkins?
+
Use:, http://localhost:8080/restart, or run service
command like systemctl restart jenkins.
Rolling deployment
+
Deploy gradually to subsets of instances while
monitoring performance before full rollout.
Add more agents, use Kubernetes dynamic agents,
increase executor count, or move to master-agent architecture.
Schedule jenkins build (cron format)?
+
Jenkins uses a CRON-based syntax like:, · Every hour: H
* * * *, · Daily: H H * * *, · Weekly: H H * * 1
Schedule trigger?
+
Schedule trigger runs builds at predefined times using
cron-like syntax.
Scm polling vs webhook
+
Polling checks periodically while webhook triggers
instantly — webhook is faster and more efficient.
Securing jenkins
+
Use RBAC, disable anonymous access, enforce HTTPS,
integrate SSO/OAuth, rotate credentials, and restrict plugin installations.
Slow build due to dependencies
+
Use caching, parallel stages, mock services, or
increase node capacity.
Snapshot dependency in teamcity?
+
Snapshot dependency ensures one build configuration
waits for another to complete before starting maintaining the same sources.
Some popular teamcity plugins?
+
Popular plugins include GitHub Slack Maven NUnit Docker
and SonarQube integrations.
Stash and unstash steps
+
Used to temporarily store build artifacts between
stages in the same pipeline.
Stash vs unstash vs persistent workspace
+
Stash temporarily stores small files between stages;
persistent workspace keeps files on the node across jobs.
Teamcity agent authorization?
+
Agent authorization controls which projects or build
configurations an agent can execute.
Teamcity agent pool vs project?
+
Agent pool is a group of agents; projects are assigned
to pools to run builds.
Teamcity agent pool?
+
Agent pool is a group of build agents assigned to
specific projects or configurations.
Teamcity artifact dependencies usage?
+
Artifact dependencies allow reusing outputs from
previous builds in subsequent builds.
Teamcity artifact dependency rules?
+
Rules specify which files or directories are used from
another build configuration.
Teamcity artifact paths?
+
Artifact paths define which files or directories are
collected and stored as build artifacts.
Teamcity audit trail?
+
Audit trail tracks changes user actions and build
modifications for compliance.
Teamcity backup?
+
Backup stores server configuration projects and build
data to restore in case of failure.
Teamcity best practices?
+
Best practices include using templates agent pools
artifact dependencies build parameters and monitoring.
Teamcity build artifacts download?
+
Artifacts download allows users or other builds to
retrieve output files.
Teamcity build artifacts publishing?
+
Artifacts publishing saves build outputs for use in
other builds or deployments.
Teamcity build configuration template?
+
Template defines reusable build steps triggers and
settings across multiple configurations.
Teamcity build failure notification?
+
Failure notification alerts users when a build fails to
take corrective actions.
Teamcity build history retention?
+
Retention policy controls how long builds artifacts and
logs are stored on the server.
Teamcity build history?
+
Build history tracks previous builds including status
duration changes and artifacts.
Teamcity build log?
+
Build log contains detailed output of build steps tests
and errors.
Teamcity build optimization?
+
Build optimization reduces build time using caching
parallelization and efficient dependencies.
Teamcity build parameter?
+
Build parameter is a variable used to customize build
steps triggers or environment settings.
Teamcity build performance monitoring?
+
Build performance monitoring tracks build duration
agent utilization and bottlenecks.
Teamcity build performance optimization?
+
Optimization includes parallel builds agent scaling
caching and dependency management.
Teamcity build priority?
+
Build priority defines execution order when multiple
builds compete for agents.
Teamcity build promotion process?
+
Promotion marks builds suitable for deployment to
staging or production.
Teamcity build promotion?
+
Build promotion marks a build ready for deployment to
production or higher environments.
Teamcity build queue management?
+
Queue management schedules builds based on agent
availability priorities and dependencies.
Teamcity build queue?
+
Build queue is a list of pending builds waiting for
available agents.
Teamcity build report?
+
Build report provides detailed information on build
status test results and artifacts.
Teamcity build rollback?
+
Build rollback reverts to a previous stable build or
artifact in case of issues.
Teamcity build script?
+
Build script automates tasks like compilation testing
or deployment executed as a build step.
Teamcity build snapshot?
+
Snapshot preserves exact source code state for
reproducible builds.
Teamcity build tagging?
+
Build tagging labels builds for easier identification
filtering and release management.
Teamcity build template inheritance?
+
Templates allow multiple configurations to inherit
build steps and settings.
Teamcity build triggers types?
+
Types include VCS trigger schedule trigger finish build
trigger and manual trigger.
Teamcity cloud agent?
+
Cloud agent dynamically provisions build agents in
cloud environments for scaling.
Teamcity cloud integration?
+
Cloud integration provisions build agents dynamically
on cloud platforms like AWS Azure or GCP.
Teamcity code coverage integration?
+
Code coverage plugins like dotCover or JaCoCo show code
coverage metrics in build reports.
Teamcity code coverage?
+
Code coverage measures the percentage of code executed
during tests integrated via plugins.
Teamcity code inspection?
+
Code inspection analyzes code for style violations
errors or best practices using integrated tools.
Teamcity configuration inheritance?
+
Configurations can inherit settings from templates or
parent projects to avoid duplication.
Teamcity configuration parameter types?
+
Types include text password checkbox select and
environment variables.
Teamcity console output?
+
Console output shows real-time messages during build
execution.
Teamcity docker integration?
+
Docker integration allows building running and
deploying Docker containers in builds.
Teamcity email notification?
+
Email notification sends build results failures or
approvals to recipients.
Teamcity environment variable?
+
Environment variable stores runtime values accessible
to build steps and agents.
Teamcity failure condition?
+
Failure conditions define rules for marking a build
failed e.g. exit codes test failures or compilation errors.
Teamcity kubernetes integration?
+
Kubernetes integration deploys or tests applications on
Kubernetes clusters using build steps or pipelines.
Teamcity ldap integration?
+
LDAP integration authenticates users against an LDAP
server like Active Directory.
Teamcity monitoring?
+
Monitoring tracks build performance agent health queue
and pipeline status.
Teamcity multi-branch build?
+
Multi-branch build automatically detects branches in
VCS and runs separate builds for each.
Teamcity multi-step build?
+
Multi-step build executes multiple build steps
sequentially or in parallel.
Teamcity notification?
+
Notification informs users about build status via email
Slack or other channels.
Teamcity parameterized build?
+
Parameterized build allows passing dynamic values to
customize build execution.
Teamcity personal build?
+
Personal build allows a developer to test changes
before committing to VCS.
Teamcity pipeline visualization?
+
Pipeline visualization shows build chains and
dependencies graphically.
Teamcity pipeline?
+
Pipeline represents build chain with multiple
configurations and dependencies forming CI/CD workflow.
Teamcity plugin manager?
+
Plugin manager installs updates or removes TeamCity
plugins.
Teamcity plugin?
+
Plugin extends TeamCity functionality e.g. integrating
new VCSs tools or notifications.
Teamcity project hierarchy?
+
Projects can contain subprojects and multiple build
configurations forming a hierarchical structure.
Teamcity remote run?
+
Remote run executes personal builds with uncommitted
changes to test before committing.
Teamcity rest api usage?
+
REST API triggers builds retrieves statuses or manages
configurations programmatically.
Teamcity rest api?
+
REST API allows programmatic interaction with TeamCity
for build triggering status and artifact retrieval.
Teamcity restore?
+
Restore recovers server configuration build history and
artifacts from backup.
Teamcity role-based security?
+
Role-based security assigns permissions to users or
groups based on roles.
Teamcity security?
+
Security manages user authentication authorization and
permissions.
Teamcity server vs agent resource usage?
+
Server manages builds and history; agents execute
builds and require CPU memory and disk resources.
Teamcity slack integration?
+
Slack integration sends notifications about build or
deployment status to channels.
Teamcity snapshot vs artifact dependency?
+
Snapshot dependency ensures synchronized sources;
artifact dependency uses output files from another build.
Teamcity sso?
+
Single Sign-On allows users to log in using credentials
from an external identity provider.
Teamcity template?
+
Template defines a reusable set of build steps and
settings for multiple build configurations.
Teamcity test failure handling?
+
Test failure handling can mark build unstable fail
build or trigger notifications.
Teamcity test reporting plugin?
+
Plugins like NUnit or JUnit integrate test results with
TeamCity build status.
Teamcity test reporting?
+
Test reporting integrates results of unit integration
or functional tests into the build status.
Teamcity upgrade process?
+
Upgrade updates TeamCity server and plugins while
preserving configurations and data.
Teamcity webhook?
+
Webhook notifies external systems when build events
occur.
Teamcity?
+
TeamCity is a Java-based Continuous Integration (CI)
and Continuous Deployment (CD) server developed by JetBrains.
Trigger jenkins build manually?
+
Click the Build Now button on the job dashboard. Users
can also trigger via REST API or using parameters if configured.
Triggering builds on branch change
+
Configure webhook or Branch Specifier (e.g.,
*/feature-branch) under SCM settings.
Types of build triggers
+
Manual, Poll SCM, Webhooks, Scheduled CRON jobs, Remote
trigger via API, and Upstream/Downstream triggers.
Types of jenkins jobs
+
Freestyle, Pipeline, Multibranch Pipeline, Maven, and
External jobs.
Vcs labeling in teamcity?
+
VCS labeling tags a version in the VCS to mark builds
releases or milestones.
Vcs root in teamcity?
+
VCS root connects TeamCity to a version control system
like Git SVN or Mercurial.
Vcs trigger?
+
VCS trigger starts a build automatically when changes
are detected in the connected version control system.
Vcs triggers?
+
Triggers that start a build when code changes are
pushed to a repository.
You manage dependencies in teamcity?
+
Using snapshot dependencies and artifact dependencies
between build configurations.
You trigger builds in teamcity?
+
Via VCS changes, schedule triggers, or manual builds.
You trigger jenkins builds?
+
Manual trigger, SCM webhooks, scheduled cron jobs, or
triggered by other jobs.
TECHNICAL LEADERSHIP & MENTORING
+
Cross-functional leadership?
+
Leading teams from different functional areas toward
shared goals.
Leadership styles important?
+
They determine how teams are guided, motivated, and
managed.
Leadership qualities?
+
Leadership qualities are traits that enable effective
guidance and influence.
Integrity in leadership?
+
Acting honestly and consistently with values and
principles.
Integrity important for leaders?
+
It builds trust and credibility with teams.
Decision-making skill?
+
Ability to choose effective solutions based on
information and judgment.
Accountability culture?
+
An environment where ownership and responsibility are
encouraged.
Ethics important in leadership?
+
They ensure fairness, trust, and long-term success.
Conflict of interest?
+
A situation where personal interests interfere with
professional duties.
Transparency in leadership?
+
Open and honest communication with stakeholders.
Fairness in leadership?
+
Treating all team members equally and justly.
Empathy?
+
Understanding and sharing others’ feelings.
Emotional intelligence (EI)?
+
Ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.
Components of emotional intelligence?
+
Self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy,
and social skills.
Self-awareness?
+
Understanding one’s emotions, strengths, and
weaknesses.
Self-regulation?
+
Managing emotions and impulses effectively.
Social awareness?
+
Recognizing emotions and needs of others.
Relationship management?
+
Building and maintaining positive interactions.
Emotional intelligence help leaders?
+
It improves communication, trust, and team performance.
Primary responsibility of a technical leader?
+
Ensuring technical excellence while enabling team
productivity.
Architectural decision-making?
+
Choosing system designs that meet current and future
needs.
Architectural decisions critical?
+
They impact scalability, performance, and
maintainability.
Technology roadmap?
+
A plan outlining technology evolution over time.
Should technical debt be managed?
+
By tracking, prioritizing, and paying it down
strategically.
Trade-off analysis?
+
Evaluating pros and cons of technical options.
Risk assessment in technical decisions?
+
Identifying and mitigating potential technical risks.
Proof of concept (PoC)?
+
A small experiment validating a technical approach.
A PoC be used?
+
When feasibility or uncertainty exists.
Decision ownership?
+
Taking responsibility for technical decisions made.
Data-driven decision-making?
+
Using metrics and evidence to guide decisions.
Prioritization in technical leadership?
+
Ordering work based on impact and urgency.
Balancing speed vs quality?
+
Delivering fast without compromising long-term quality.
Escalation management?
+
Handling critical technical issues promptly.
Cross-team collaboration?
+
Coordinating technical efforts across multiple teams.
Decision transparency important?
+
It builds trust and understanding across teams.
Coaching?
+
Coaching is helping individuals improve performance
through feedback and questioning.
Difference between mentoring and coaching?
+
Mentoring focuses on long-term growth; coaching focuses
on short-term performance.
Mentoring important in technical teams?
+
It accelerates learning and builds strong future
leaders.
Mentor’s role?
+
To share experience, provide guidance, and support
development.
Mentee’s responsibility?
+
To actively learn, ask questions, and apply guidance.
Effective coaching behavior?
+
Listening, asking open questions, and giving
constructive feedback.
Knowledge sharing?
+
Distributing expertise and information across a team.
Knowledge sharing important?
+
It reduces dependency on individuals and improves team
resilience.
Common knowledge sharing methods?
+
Documentation, code reviews, workshops, and pair
programming.
Pair programming?
+
Two developers working together on the same code.
Code review mentoring?
+
Using reviews to teach best practices and design
thinking.
Brown bag session?
+
An informal learning session during work hours.
Technical documentation?
+
Written explanations of systems, designs, and
processes.
Onboarding mentoring?
+
Guiding new team members into systems and culture.
Continuous learning culture?
+
An environment encouraging constant skill improvement.
Feedback loop in mentoring?
+
Regular two-way feedback for improvement.
Psychological safety in mentoring?
+
Creating a safe space for learning and mistakes.
Mentoring critical for leadership success?
+
It builds strong, self-sustaining teams.
Effective communication in leadership?
+
Clear, concise, and purposeful exchange of information.
Communication critical for technical leaders?
+
It ensures alignment, clarity, and trust across teams.
Communication channels in teams?
+
Meetings, emails, chats, documents, and dashboards.
Active listening?
+
Fully focusing, understanding, and responding
thoughtfully.
Active listening important?
+
It builds trust and prevents misunderstandings.
Feedback in leadership?
+
Providing constructive input to improve performance.
Constructive feedback?
+
Feedback focused on improvement, not blame.
Collaboration?
+
Working together toward shared goals.
Collaboration important in technical teams?
+
It improves innovation, quality, and speed.
Cross-functional collaboration?
+
Working with teams from different disciplines.
Stakeholder communication?
+
Sharing progress and risks with business stakeholders.
Transparency in communication?
+
Open sharing of information and decisions.
Conflict in teams?
+
Disagreements arising from differing opinions or
interests.
Common causes of conflict?
+
Miscommunication, priorities, personality differences,
and stress.
Conflict resolution?
+
Addressing and resolving disagreements constructively.
Collaborative conflict resolution?
+
Finding solutions acceptable to all parties.
Mediation?
+
A neutral party helping resolve conflicts.
Escalation in conflict resolution?
+
Involving higher authority when needed.
Emotional control during conflict?
+
Managing emotions to keep discussions productive.
Conflict resolution important for leaders?
+
It maintains team morale and productivity.
Performance management?
+
Performance management is the process of setting goals,
tracking progress, and evaluating outcomes.
Performance management important?
+
It ensures individuals and teams meet expectations and
grow continuously.
Performance goals?
+
Clearly defined objectives aligned with organizational
priorities.
Goal setting in leadership?
+
Defining clear, measurable, and achievable targets.
SMART goals?
+
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and
Time-bound goals.
Performance feedback?
+
Regular input provided to improve skills and outcomes.
Continuous feedback?
+
Ongoing feedback rather than annual reviews.
Performance review?
+
Formal evaluation of employee performance.
Motivation?
+
The drive that inspires individuals to perform.
Intrinsic motivators?
+
Internal drivers like growth, purpose, and autonomy.
Extrinsic motivators?
+
External rewards like bonuses, promotions, and
recognition.
Recognition in leadership?
+
Acknowledging and appreciating good performance.
Recognition important?
+
It boosts morale and engagement.
Employee engagement?
+
Emotional commitment of employees to their work.
Career development?
+
Helping individuals grow skills and progress
professionally.
Skill development?
+
Improving technical and soft skills.
Team growth?
+
Collective improvement in capability and maturity.
Succession planning?
+
Preparing future leaders within the team.
Talent retention?
+
Keeping skilled team members long-term.
Team growth critical for leaders?
+
It ensures sustainable success and scalability.
Strategic thinking?
+
Strategic thinking is the ability to plan for the
future with a long-term perspective.
Strategic thinking important for leaders?
+
It helps leaders anticipate challenges and guide
sustainable growth.
Vision important in leadership?
+
It provides direction, purpose, and motivation.
Business alignment?
+
Ensuring technical efforts support business goals.
Technical leaders align with business?
+
By understanding business objectives and constraints.
Strategic roadmap?
+
A high-level plan outlining future initiatives.
Long-term planning?
+
Planning initiatives beyond immediate needs.
Short-term execution?
+
Delivering immediate priorities effectively.
Value-driven development?
+
Focusing work on delivering business value.
ROI in technical decisions?
+
Return on Investment measuring value vs cost.
Prioritization in strategy?
+
Choosing initiatives with highest impact.
Trade-off management?
+
Balancing cost, quality, speed, and scope.
Stakeholder alignment?
+
Ensuring stakeholders agree on direction and
priorities.
Risk-based strategy?
+
Planning that accounts for uncertainty and risk.
Competitive advantage?
+
Unique strengths that differentiate the organization.
Technical leaders create competitive advantage?
+
Through innovation, scalability, and reliability.
Metrics-driven strategy?
+
Using data to guide strategic decisions.
Continuous strategy refinement?
+
Adapting strategy based on feedback and results.
Business alignment critical for leaders?
+
It ensures technology investments deliver real value.
Common leadership challenges?
+
Balancing people, technology, time, and business
priorities.
Decision pressure in leadership?
+
Making high-impact decisions with limited information.
Handling underperforming team members?
+
Addressing performance issues through feedback and
support.
Managing high performers?
+
Keeping top talent challenged and engaged.
Ethical dilemma in leadership?
+
A situation where moral principles conflict.
Should leaders handle ethical dilemmas?
+
By following values, policies, and fairness.
Favoritism in leadership?
+
Unfairly preferring certain individuals.
Favoritism harmful?
+
It erodes trust and team morale.
Managing conflict of interest?
+
Ensuring personal interests do not influence decisions.
Handling failure as a leader?
+
Taking responsibility and learning from mistakes.
Leading during crisis?
+
Providing clarity, calmness, and direction under
pressure.
Change management challenge?
+
Helping teams adapt to new processes or technologies.
Resistance to change?
+
Pushback from individuals uncomfortable with change.
Should leaders manage resistance?
+
Through communication, empathy, and involvement.
Real-world leadership scenario?
+
Leading teams through delivery delays or outages.
Stakeholder pressure scenario?
+
Balancing business demands with technical constraints.
Leadership accountability scenario?
+
Owning outcomes even when delegation occurs.
Burnout management?
+
Preventing and addressing team exhaustion.
Ethical leadership in real world?
+
Making fair decisions even when difficult.
Real-world leadership questions important?
+
They assess judgment, ethics, and practical experience.
Accountability in leadership?
+
Accountability means taking responsibility for actions
decisions and outcomes.
Adaptive leadership?
+
Adjusting leadership style to meet the demands of
changing situations or teams.
Autocratic leadership?
+
Autocratic leaders make decisions independently with
little input from the team.
Benefits of team mentoring?
+
Improves collaboration knowledge sharing team cohesion
communication and overall performance.
Change leadership?
+
Change leadership is guiding individuals and
organizations through transitions effectively.
Charismatic leadership?
+
Charismatic leaders use personal charm and inspiration
to influence and motivate others.
Coaching in leadership?
+
Coaching involves helping individuals improve
performance solve problems and reach their potential.
Coaching in mentoring?
+
Guiding mentees to develop skills solve problems and
achieve goals.
Coaching vs mentoring?
+
Coaching focuses on performance; mentoring focuses on
overall development and career growth.
Conflict management in leadership?
+
Resolving disagreements constructively to maintain team
cohesion.
Conflict resolution style in leadership?
+
Styles include avoidance accommodation compromise
collaboration and competition.
Continuous learning in leadership and mentoring?
+
Ongoing development of skills knowledge and personal
growth.
Continuous learning in technical leadership?
+
Keeping up-to-date with new technologies frameworks and
methodologies to guide teams effectively.
Crisis leadership?
+
Guiding teams effectively through high-pressure or
emergency situations.
Cross-cultural leadership?
+
Cross-cultural leadership effectively manages and
motivates teams from diverse backgrounds.
Cross-cultural mentoring?
+
Guiding mentees from different cultural backgrounds
with awareness of diversity and inclusion.
Cross-functional team leadership?
+
Leading teams composed of members from different
functional areas to achieve shared goals.
Cross-functional team mentoring?
+
Mentoring teams composed of members from different
functions to enhance collaboration and knowledge sharing.
Decision-making in leadership?
+
Making informed choices by analyzing data, trade-offs,
risks, and team input while aligning with business goals.
Delegation in leadership?
+
Assigning tasks to team members with proper guidance
and authority.
Democratic leadership?
+
Democratic leaders involve the team in decision-making
and encourage participation.
Diffbet authoritative and democratic leadership?
+
Authoritative sets direction and expects compliance;
democratic involves team in decisions.
Diffbet coaching and supervising?
+
Coaching develops skills and potential; supervising
oversees tasks and ensures compliance.
Diffbet hands-on and hands-off technical leadership?
+
Hands-on actively codes and guides implementation;
hands-off focuses on strategy and oversight.
Diffbet individual and team mentoring?
+
Individual mentoring focuses on one-on-one guidance;
team mentoring focuses on group development and collaboration.
Diffbet leader and manager?
+
Leaders inspire and motivate; managers plan organize
and monitor.
Diffbet leadership and authority?
+
Leadership is based on influence and respect; authority
is based on formal position or power.
Diffbet leadership and followership?
+
Leadership involves guiding and influencing;
followership involves supporting and executing directives.
Diffbet leadership and management?
+
Leadership focuses on vision inspiration and change;
management focuses on planning organizing and execution.
Diffbet leadership and mentoring?
+
Leadership focuses on guiding teams toward goals;
mentoring focuses on individual development and knowledge sharing.
Diffbet leadership and power?
+
Leadership relies on influence and motivation; power
relies on control and coercion.
Diffbet mentoring and coaching?
+
Mentoring focuses on long-term career guidance and
skill development. Coaching is short-term, task-focused, and aimed at
immediate performance improvement.
Diffbet team mentoring and team coaching?
+
Team mentoring focuses on knowledge sharing and
development; team coaching focuses on performance improvement and results.
Diffbet technical lead and project manager?
+
Technical leads focus on technical decisions,
mentoring, and code quality; project managers focus on timelines, budgets,
and stakeholder management.
Diffbet technical leadership and engineering
management?
+
Technical leadership focuses on technical direction and
mentoring; engineering management focuses on team performance hiring and
operational efficiency.
Diffbet technical leadership and project management?
+
Technical leadership focuses on technical direction and
mentoring; project management focuses on planning execution and delivery.
Distributed leadership?
+
Distributed leadership shares responsibilities among
multiple team members to maximize collaboration.
Emotional intelligence (ei) in leadership and
mentoring?
+
The ability to understand and manage one’s own and
others’ emotions effectively.
Emotional intelligence (ei) in leadership?
+
EI is the ability to recognize understand and manage
your own and others’ emotions effectively.
Empowerment in mentoring?
+
Encouraging mentees to take ownership of decisions and
actions.
Ethical leadership?
+
Ethical leadership emphasizes honesty fairness and
integrity in decision-making and actions.
Feedback in mentoring?
+
Providing constructive guidance to help the mentee
improve performance or skills.
Feedback loop in leadership and mentoring?
+
Continuous process of giving and receiving feedback to
drive improvement.
Group coaching in team mentoring?
+
Helping teams develop skills solve problems and improve
performance collectively.
Importance of documentation in technical leadership?
+
Ensures knowledge transfer maintainability and
onboarding efficiency.
Importance of mentoring in leadership?
+
Mentoring develops future leaders improves engagement
and transfers organizational knowledge.
Importance of mentorship in technical leadership?
+
Mentorship helps team members grow skills improves
productivity and prepares future technical leaders.
Inclusive leadership impact?
+
It enhances team diversity engagement innovation and
retention.
Inclusive leadership?
+
Ensuring all team members feel valued respected and
included.
Inclusive mentoring?
+
Providing equitable guidance and support regardless of
mentee background or identity.
Inclusive team mentoring?
+
Ensuring all team members feel valued heard and
included in mentoring activities.
Key leadership styles?
+
Styles include transformational transactional servant
autocratic democratic laissez-faire and situational.
Key qualities of a good leader?
+
Communication empathy integrity vision decisiveness
adaptability and accountability.
Key qualities of a good mentor?
+
Patience active listening empathy guidance feedback and
encouragement.
Key qualities of a team mentor?
+
Communication empathy adaptability patience leadership
and facilitation skills.
Key qualities of a technical leader?
+
Strong technical knowledge communication
problem-solving decision-making mentorship and strategic thinking.
Knowledge transfer in leadership?
+
Sharing skills, architecture knowledge, and best
practices with team members to prevent silos.
Laissez-faire leadership?
+
Laissez-faire leaders provide minimal guidance and
allow team members autonomy.
Leadership accountability culture?
+
A culture where leaders and team members take
responsibility for outcomes and follow through.
Leadership accountability framework?
+
A framework that defines responsibilities expectations
and metrics for leader performance.
Leadership accountability measurement?
+
Using metrics feedback and evaluations to assess
responsibility and performance.
Leadership accountability metrics?
+
Measurable indicators to track responsibility
performance and results.
Leadership accountability vs responsibility?
+
Accountability is answerability for outcomes;
responsibility is the duty to perform tasks.
Leadership accountability?
+
Taking responsibility for decisions actions and
outcomes.
Leadership adaptability?
+
The ability to adjust style strategy and behavior in
response to changing circumstances.
Leadership alignment?
+
Leadership alignment ensures team goals values and
actions support organizational objectives.
Leadership change management?
+
Leading individuals and teams through organizational
change smoothly and effectively.
Leadership coaching techniques?
+
Techniques include active listening asking powerful
questions giving feedback and goal setting.
Leadership collaboration?
+
Working effectively with teams peers and stakeholders
toward shared objectives.
Leadership communication styles?
+
Styles include assertive empathetic persuasive and
participative.
Leadership communication?
+
Effective exchange of information active listening
clarity and motivation.
Estimate tasks provide technical input ensure
feasibility and identify dependencies.
Role of feedback in team mentoring?
+
Providing insights guidance and constructive
suggestions to help the team improve collectively.
Role of leadership in agile teams?
+
Guide, remove impediments, facilitate collaboration,
ensure alignment with goals, and support continuous improvement.
Role of metrics in leadership?
+
Track productivity, quality, cycle time, and team
health to make informed decisions.
Role of technical leaders in architecture reviews?
+
Evaluate design decisions ensure best practices and
guide improvements.
Role of technical leaders in system scalability?
+
Design scalable architectures plan capacity and guide
implementation for growth.
Servant leadership impact?
+
It improves team morale collaboration and employee
development.
Servant leadership philosophy?
+
Servant leadership prioritizes the needs and growth of
team members over the leader’s personal gain.
Servant leadership?
+
Leaders support, remove blockers, and empower teams
rather than controlling them.
Servant vs autocratic leadership?
+
Servant focuses on team growth; autocratic emphasizes
control and top-down decisions.
Servant vs transformational leadership?
+
Servant prioritizes team growth; transformational
focuses on inspiring change and vision.
Should a technical leader manage technical debt?
+
By prioritizing planning refactoring enforcing best
practices and balancing short-term and long-term goals.
Situational leadership?
+
Adapting leadership style based on team skills maturity
and situation.
Situational mentoring?
+
Adapting mentoring style to mentee’s experience
confidence and needs.
Situational vs adaptive leadership?
+
Situational adapts style to team maturity; adaptive
responds to changing environments and challenges.
Stakeholder management?
+
Identifying stakeholders, understanding expectations,
communicating progress, and managing concerns.
Strategic leadership?
+
Aligning organizational goals resources and team
efforts to achieve long-term objectives.
Strategic technical planning?
+
Long-term planning of architecture technology stack and
system evolution aligned with business goals.
Strategic thinking in leadership?
+
Strategic thinking involves analyzing trends
anticipating challenges and planning for long-term success.
Team leadership?
+
Team leadership is guiding a group to achieve goals
fostering collaboration and resolving conflicts.
Team mentoring best practice?
+
Establish trust communicate clearly encourage
participation provide feedback and celebrate achievements.
Team mentoring evaluation?
+
Assessing the team’s growth collaboration skill
improvement and goal achievement.
Team mentoring feedback process?
+
Collecting discussing and implementing feedback from
all team members to improve performance.
Team mentoring for career development?
+
Helping team members develop skills knowledge and
confidence to grow in their careers.
Team mentoring for cross-training?
+
Helping team members develop skills in multiple areas
to enhance flexibility and knowledge sharing.
Team mentoring for onboarding?
+
Supporting new team members to integrate quickly and
understand processes culture and expectations.
Team mentoring in agile environments?
+
Guiding agile teams on collaboration iterative
improvement and self-organization.
Team mentoring in leadership?
+
Supporting team members’ growth via guidance, knowledge
sharing, code reviews, and training.
Team mentoring session structure?
+
Introduction goal review group discussion activities
feedback and action planning.
Team mentoring?
+
Team mentoring is guiding and supporting team members
to enhance their skills, productivity, and career growth. It involves
coaching, knowledge sharing, and providing constructive feedback.
Tech spike?
+
A time-boxed research task to explore technologies,
assess feasibility, or mitigate risks before implementation.
Technical debt prioritization?
+
Deciding which technical debts to address first based
on risk impact and resources.
Technical debt?
+
Technical debt refers to shortcuts or suboptimal
solutions in code that may cause future maintenance challenges.
Technical decision-making?
+
Making informed choices about architecture frameworks
tools and processes considering trade-offs.
Technical leaders align technical decisions with
business goals?
+
By understanding business priorities evaluating
trade-offs and ensuring technology supports objectives.
Technical leaders balance innovation and stability?
+
Assess risk plan incremental changes and maintain
system reliability.
Technical leaders balance short-term vs long-term
goals?
+
Assess priorities manage technical debt and align with
strategic objectives.
Technical leaders balance technical innovation with
business needs?
+
Evaluate ROI risk and strategic alignment before
implementing new technologies.
Technical leaders build high-performing teams?
+
Hire skilled members mentor foster collaboration and
recognize contributions.
Technical leaders drive innovation?
+
Encourage experimentation research new technologies and
create an environment that allows creative problem-solving.
Technical leaders encourage code quality?
+
Enforce best practices conduct code reviews provide
training and use automated tools.
Technical leaders ensure software security?
+
Implement best practices code reviews security audits
and monitoring.
Technical leaders evaluate new technologies?
+
Analyze business needs technical feasibility
scalability security and integration potential.
Technical leaders evaluate team skill gaps?
+
Assess current skills project needs and plan training
or mentorship programs.
Technical leaders facilitate knowledge sharing?
+
Organize sessions documentation mentorship and
collaborative tools.
Technical leaders foster a culture of accountability?
+
Set clear expectations track outcomes and provide
constructive feedback.
Technical leaders foster a culture of innovation?
+
Encourage experimentation reward creative solutions and
remove fear of failure.
Technical leaders foster a learning culture?
+
Encourage experimentation continuous learning and
knowledge sharing.
Technical leaders foster collaboration?
+
Promote open communication knowledge sharing and
cross-functional teamwork.
Technical leaders handle conflicting priorities?
+
Evaluate impact negotiate resources and make informed
trade-offs.
Technical leaders handle cross-team dependencies?
+
Communicate clearly coordinate schedules and align
priorities.
Technical leaders handle emerging technologies?
+
Evaluate relevance pilot new tools and guide team
adoption responsibly.
Assess pros and cons facilitate discussions and make
evidence-based decisions.
Technical leaders support career growth of team
members?
+
Provide mentorship learning opportunities challenging
projects and feedback.
Technical leaders support cross-team mentoring?
+
Encourage knowledge sharing pair programming and
collaborative learning across teams.
Technical leaders support remote collaboration?
+
Use communication tools document processes and maintain
visibility and engagement.
Technical leadership in ai/ml projects?
+
Guiding model design data pipelines team skills and
deployment strategies.
Technical leadership in cloud adoption?
+
Guide architecture cost optimization security and team
skill development in cloud environments.
Technical leadership in cross-functional teams?
+
Guiding technical aspects while collaborating with
design product and business teams.
Technical leadership in devops pipelines?
+
Ensuring smooth automation monitoring and integration
across development and operations.
Technical leadership in open-source contributions?
+
Guiding teams to contribute review and collaborate
effectively on open-source projects.
Technical leadership?
+
Technical leadership involves guiding a team in
architecture, design, code quality, best practices, and problem-solving
while aligning with business goals.
Technical mentorship?
+
Guiding team members on coding standards architecture
best practices and problem-solving.
Technical vision?
+
A technical leader’s plan or direction for technology
adoption architecture and system evolution.
To balance technical debt vs feature delivery?
+
Assess business impact, plan refactoring iteratively,
and prioritize critical fixes while delivering features.
To conduct an effective mentoring session?
+
Set clear objectives, encourage questions, demonstrate
practical examples, provide constructive feedback, and follow up on
progress.
To encourage continuous learning in teams?
+
Provide training, certifications, knowledge sharing
sessions, and time for experimentation.
To ensure scalability in a team?
+
Train team members, document practices, delegate
responsibilities, and adopt modular processes.
To foster innovation in teams?
+
Encourage experimentation, knowledge sharing,
hackathons, and a safe environment for trying new ideas.
To handle legacy systems while leading modernization?
+
Analyze current system, define upgrade strategy,
prioritize critical components, and ensure minimal disruption.
To maintain architecture consistency across projects?
+
Define standards, reusable components, reference
architectures, and conduct regular reviews.
Transactional leadership focuses on structure rules
rewards and penalties to manage performance.
Transformational leadership impact?
+
It increases engagement innovation motivation and
organizational performance.
Transformational leadership?
+
Leadership that inspires and motivates others to
achieve higher performance and personal growth.
Transformational vs transactional leadership?
+
Transformational inspires change and growth;
transactional manages through rules and rewards.
Visionary leadership?
+
Visionary leadership focuses on setting a long-term
direction and inspiring others to follow it.
Visionary vs strategic leadership?
+
Visionary focuses on long-term inspiration; strategic
focuses on practical planning and execution.
You address low engagement in team mentoring?
+
Identify causes adjust approach provide incentives and
encourage open communication.
You address mentoring fatigue in a team?
+
Rotate responsibilities vary activities provide breaks
and recognize efforts.
You address team mentoring challenges?
+
Identify issues facilitate discussion adjust approach
and provide guidance tailored to the team’s needs.
You align mentoring activities with team kpis?
+
Integrate mentoring goals with performance metrics and
business objectives.
You approach architecture refactoring?
+
Assess current pain points, plan incremental
refactoring, ensure backward compatibility, and communicate changes to the
team.
You balance feature delivery with technical
excellence?
+
Prioritize tasks, communicate trade-offs to
stakeholders, and allocate time for refactoring or improvements.
You balance mentoring and hands-on coding?
+
Allocate time for mentoring, delegate tasks, lead
architecture discussions, and participate in critical coding tasks
selectively.
You balance mentoring individual needs within a team?
+
Provide tailored support while maintaining group
objectives and cohesion.
You balance mentoring with project deadlines?
+
Schedule mentoring in manageable chunks, delegate
appropriately, and integrate mentoring into daily stand-ups or code reviews
without delaying project timelines.
You balance multiple projects as a technical lead?
+
Prioritize based on impact, delegate effectively, track
progress in tools like Jira, and communicate status to stakeholders.
Be consistent transparent respectful and supportive
encouraging team participation.
You capture lessons learned from team mentoring?
+
Document experiences outcomes and recommendations for
future mentoring initiatives.
You develop leadership potential in a team?
+
Assign responsibilities provide guidance give feedback
and create growth opportunities.
You encourage accountability in team mentoring?
+
Set clear expectations track progress and provide
constructive feedback.
You encourage cross-functional collaboration in team
mentoring?
+
Promote shared projects knowledge exchange and open
communication.
You encourage innovation in your team?
+
Support experimentation, allocate time for R&D, reward
creative solutions, and celebrate successful innovations.
You encourage participation in team mentoring
sessions?
+
Use interactive activities discussions polls and
recognize contributions.
You encourage peer learning in a team?
+
Promote knowledge sharing pair members for tasks and
facilitate collaborative activities.
You encourage team engagement in mentoring?
+
Foster open communication provide recognition involve
all members and make sessions interactive.
You ensure high code quality across the team?
+
Use coding standards, code reviews, automated testing,
CI/CD pipelines, and enforce best practices.
You ensure quality in deliverables?
+
Implement code reviews, automated testing, architecture
standards, and continuous monitoring.
You ensure security best practices in code?
+
Enforce code review checks, automated security scans,
input validation, and regular training on vulnerabilities.
You ensure team mentoring sustainability?
+
Integrate into culture provide resources and train
internal mentors.
You ensure your team stays updated with best
practices?
+
Organize training, share articles, enforce coding
standards, review external case studies, and encourage certifications.
You establish team mentoring objectives?
+
Collaborate with the team to define clear measurable
and realistic goals.
You evaluate a developer’s technical performance?
+
Assess code quality, problem-solving skills, adherence
to standards, contribution in reviews, and ability to mentor others.
You evaluate team mentoring effectiveness?
+
Through performance metrics feedback surveys goal
achievement and behavioral changes.
You facilitate knowledge sharing in a team?
+
Use discussions workshops collaborative tools and
mentorship sessions to exchange expertise.
You facilitate team brainstorming sessions?
+
Set clear objectives encourage participation and manage
discussion flow.
You facilitate team learning from failures?
+
Promote reflection discussion and actionable lessons
for improvement.
You facilitate team reflection in mentoring?
+
Encourage discussions on lessons learned successes
failures and improvements.
You facilitate virtual team mentoring?
+
Use video conferencing shared collaboration tools
regular check-ins and clear documentation.
You foster a collaborative team environment?
+
Encourage knowledge sharing, transparent communication,
peer reviews, pair programming, and recognition of contributions.
You foster a culture of accountability?
+
Set clear expectations, monitor progress, provide
feedback, recognize ownership, and address lapses promptly.
You foster creativity in team mentoring?
+
Encourage idea sharing brainstorming sessions safe
experimentation and recognition of contributions.
You handle a junior struggling with tasks?
+
Break tasks into smaller steps, provide guidance
without doing the work, offer code examples, and gradually increase
responsibility to build confidence.
You handle a tight deadline with quality expectations?
+
Prioritize critical features, apply risk-based testing,
maintain code reviews, and communicate trade-offs to stakeholders.
You handle conflicts in a technical team?
+
Listen to all parties, identify root causes, facilitate
constructive discussion, and guide towards consensus.
You handle conflicts in team mentoring?
+
By facilitating discussions promoting understanding
finding common ground and encouraging constructive solutions.
You handle conflicts in technical decisions?
+
Facilitate discussions, present data-driven arguments,
consider team input, and align decisions with project goals.
You handle disagreements on technical design?
+
Encourage open discussion, provide pros/cons, consider
data, involve neutral stakeholders, and align on business goals.
You handle diverse skill levels in a team mentoring
program?
+
Assign tasks based on strengths encourage peer learning
and provide tailored support.
You handle emergency production issues?
+
Prioritize fixing critical issues, assemble a focused
team, implement hotfixes, and document root cause and preventive actions.
You handle inter-team dependencies?
+
Coordinate with other leads, document dependencies,
schedule joint meetings, and track progress via tools like Jira or
Confluence.
You handle knowledge silos in teams?
+
Encourage documentation, cross-training, pair
programming, and rotating responsibilities across modules.
You handle mentor overload in team mentoring programs?
+
Limit mentee numbers delegate tasks and provide
additional support resources.
You handle multiple stakeholders with conflicting
interests?
+
Prioritize based on business value, negotiate
compromises, and maintain transparency in decisions.
You handle personality conflicts in a team mentoring
program?
+
Identify issues mediate discussions and promote
understanding and compromise.
You handle remote teams in mentoring?
+
Use virtual tools schedule regular video sessions
encourage communication and track progress digitally.
You handle team resistance to mentoring?
+
Understand concerns explain benefits and adapt methods
to meet team needs.
You handle technical conflicts in a team?
+
Facilitate discussions evaluate options provide
guidance and reach consensus based on technical merits.
You handle tight deadlines?
+
Prioritize tasks, delegate effectively, automate
processes, and communicate realistic expectations.
You handle underperforming team members?
+
Identify root causes, provide mentoring, set clear
expectations, monitor improvement, and provide feedback constructively.
You handle uneven participation in team mentoring?
+
Encourage quieter members assign roles and create
inclusive discussions.
You identify mentoring needs in a team?
+
Assess skill gaps, performance metrics, peer feedback,
and project challenges. One-on-one discussions and knowledge assessments can
help identify areas to mentor.
You implement ci/cd effectively?
+
Automate builds, tests, and deployment, integrate
quality checks, and monitor pipelines for failures and improvements.
You integrate mentoring with team goals?
+
Align mentoring activities with team objectives and
organizational priorities.
You integrate mentoring with team performance reviews?
+
Use mentoring insights to support evaluations feedback
and development planning.
You keep the team updated with new technologies?
+
Organize tech sessions, workshops, encourage learning
platforms, and share articles or demos.
You maintain motivation in long-term team mentoring
programs?
+
Regularly set milestones celebrate achievements and
provide ongoing support.
You make architectural decisions?
+
Analyze requirements, evaluate trade-offs, consider
scalability, maintainability, and cost, and discuss with the team for
consensus.
You manage code merges and conflicts?
+
Establish Git branching strategies, perform code
reviews, and resolve conflicts using pair programming or automated merge
tools.
You manage mentor-mentee ratios in a team?
+
Maintain a manageable number of mentees per mentor to
ensure effective guidance.
You manage project scope changes?
+
Evaluate impact on timeline, cost, and architecture;
negotiate with stakeholders and document changes.
You manage remote teams as a tech lead?
+
Use collaboration tools (Slack, Jira, Confluence),
schedule regular check-ins, set clear goals, and maintain visibility on
progress.
You manage team mentoring schedules?
+
Plan regular sessions coordinate availability and
ensure consistent engagement.
You manage technical debt?
+
Identify debt areas, prioritize based on risk and
impact, refactor code incrementally, and allocate time in sprints for
cleanup.
You measure team performance?
+
Use KPIs like velocity, defect density, delivery rate,
and feedback from code reviews and retrospectives.
You measure team productivity?
+
Use metrics like story points completed, code quality,
defect rates, cycle time, and peer feedback.
You measure the success of team mentoring?
+
By evaluating team skill growth engagement
collaboration goal achievement and feedback.
You mentor remote team members?
+
Use video calls, chat, screen sharing, and shared
documentation. Schedule regular check-ins and provide timely feedback.
You mentor senior developers differently from juniors?
+
Focus on leadership, architecture, and design skills
for seniors, while focusing on coding practices, debugging, and fundamentals
for juniors.
You motivate a team in mentoring sessions?
+
Set clear goals recognize contributions encourage
participation and foster ownership.
You motivate high-performing and low-performing team
members?
+
Provide tailored recognition set clear expectations and
offer individualized support.
You motivate team members to learn new technologies?
+
Encourage learning through hands-on projects, provide
resources, acknowledge efforts, and connect new skills to career growth.
You motivate team members?
+
Provide growth opportunities, acknowledge achievements,
assign challenging tasks, and maintain an inclusive environment.
You onboard new team members?
+
Provide documentation, assign mentors, walk through
architecture and codebase, and gradually involve them in tasks.
You perform risk management in technical projects?
+
Identify risks, assess impact, plan mitigation
strategies, monitor continuously, and adjust plans proactively.
You prepare a succession plan for your team?
+
Identify potential leaders, mentor them on technical
and leadership skills, delegate responsibilities gradually, and monitor
progress for readiness.
You prioritize tasks in software projects?
+
Assess business value, urgency, dependencies, and
risks; use frameworks like MoSCoW or weighted scoring.
You promote collaboration in team mentoring?
+
Encourage joint problem-solving discussions shared
goals and recognition of contributions.
You promote knowledge sharing in teams?
+
Conduct brown-bag sessions, maintain wikis or
Confluence pages, encourage pairing, and document learnings.
You promote psychological safety in team mentoring?
+
Encourage open dialogue respect opinions and create a
non-judgmental environment.
You provide constructive feedback to a team?
+
Focus on behavior and outcomes be specific encourage
discussion and suggest improvements.
You set goals in team mentoring?
+
Identify team objectives define measurable outcomes
assign responsibilities and track progress.
You structure a team mentoring program?
+
Define goals identify participants set sessions assign
activities and track progress.
You structure long-term team mentoring programs?
+
Define milestones objectives review sessions and
development checkpoints.
You support introverted team members in mentoring?
+
Provide one-on-one check-ins encourage contributions
and respect communication styles.
You track mentee progress?
+
Use task completion metrics, skill assessments, code
quality reviews, and regular one-on-one check-ins.
You track progress in team mentoring?
+
Use performance metrics feedback goal completion and
regular check-ins.
TERRAFORM
+
Use Terraform?
+
It enables automation, consistency, scalability, and
repeatability.
Problem does Terraform solve?
+
Manual infrastructure provisioning and configuration
drift.
Language does Terraform use?
+
HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL).
Is HCL human-readable?
+
Yes, it is readable and JSON-compatible.
Platforms does Terraform support?
+
AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, GitHub, and more.
Is Terraform multi-cloud?
+
Yes, Terraform supports multi-cloud deployments.
Develops Terraform?
+
Terraform is developed by HashiCorp.
Declarative infrastructure?
+
Defining desired state instead of steps.
State important?
+
It enables update, destroy, and drift detection.
Terraform detect drift?
+
Using terraform plan or refresh.
Mutable infrastructure?
+
Updating resources in place.
Does Terraform support immutable infrastructure?
+
Yes, through resource recreation.
Core Terraform features?
+
Execution plan, dependency graph, state management,
multi-cloud.
Providers required in Terraform?
+
They enable Terraform to manage specific platforms or
services.
Are providers configured?
+
Using the provider block in Terraform configuration.
Provider authentication?
+
Credentials used by provider to access APIs.
Resource in Terraform?
+
A resource defines an infrastructure object.
Are resources declared?
+
Using resource blocks in Terraform files.
Resource type?
+
The kind of infrastructure being created.
Resource name?
+
A local identifier for referencing a resource.
Resource dependency?
+
Order in which resources must be created.
Terraform handle dependencies?
+
Automatically using references between resources.
Explicit dependency?
+
Using depends_on to enforce creation order.
Implicit dependency?
+
Dependencies inferred from resource references.
Data source?
+
A read-only reference to existing infrastructure.
Use data sources?
+
To fetch existing resource information.
Are data sources declared?
+
Using data blocks in configuration.
Provider alias?
+
Multiple provider configurations for same provider.
Are provider aliases used?
+
Managing multiple accounts or regions.
Resource lifecycle block?
+
Controls create, update, and destroy behavior.
Providers and resources important?
+
They form the foundation of Terraform infrastructure
management.
State stored by default?
+
In a local terraform.tfstate file.
Terraform state important?
+
It tracks infrastructure and enables change management.
Use remote state?
+
For collaboration and centralized state management.
Backend in Terraform?
+
A backend defines where state is stored.
Common backends?
+
S3, Azure Blob, GCS, Terraform Cloud.
State locking?
+
Preventing concurrent state modifications.
State locking important?
+
To avoid corruption from parallel runs.
Supports state locking?
+
Backends like S3 with DynamoDB or Terraform Cloud.
State file sensitivity?
+
State may contain secrets.
Protect state file?
+
Use encryption and restricted access.
Terraform state list?
+
Lists resources in state.
Terraform state show?
+
Displays detailed state of a resource.
State drift?
+
Difference between state and actual infrastructure.
Drift detected?
+
Using terraform plan.
Partial configuration?
+
Backend config split for security.
Backend configuration critical?
+
It ensures safe, scalable state management.
Variables in Terraform?
+
Variables allow parameterizing configurations for reuse
and flexibility.
Input variable?
+
A value passed into Terraform configuration at runtime.
Are variables declared?
+
Using variable blocks in .tf files.
Variable types are supported?
+
string, number, bool, list, map, set, object, and
tuple.
Default value in variable?
+
A fallback value when no input is provided.
Variables be passed to Terraform?
+
Using tfvars files, CLI flags, or environment
variables.
Tfvars file?
+
A file containing variable values.
Sensitive variable?
+
A variable marked to hide value in outputs.
Validation block?
+
Defines rules to validate variable input.
Local values?
+
Named expressions to simplify configuration.
Outputs in Terraform?
+
Values displayed after apply for reference.
Outputs used?
+
To expose important resource information.
Are outputs declared?
+
Using output blocks.
Output sensitivity?
+
Marking outputs to hide sensitive data.
Terraform expression?
+
Logic used to compute values dynamically.
Interpolation expressions?
+
Embedding expressions inside strings.
Conditional expressions?
+
Ternary expressions based on conditions.
For expressions?
+
Iterating over collections to transform values.
Functions in Terraform?
+
Built-in helpers for string, numeric, and collection
operations.
Variables and expressions important?
+
They make Terraform code reusable, readable, and
dynamic.
Use Terraform modules?
+
To promote reuse, consistency, and maintainability.
Root module?
+
The main working directory containing Terraform
configuration.
Child module?
+
A module called by another module.
Are modules declared?
+
Using the module block.
Module inputs?
+
Variables passed into a module.
Module outputs?
+
Values exposed by a module.
Are modules versioned?
+
Using version constraints from registries or VCS.
Module source?
+
The location from where a module is loaded.
Sources can modules use?
+
Local paths, Git, Terraform Registry, and URLs.
Module composition?
+
Combining multiple modules to build infrastructure.
DRY principle in Terraform?
+
Avoid duplicating infrastructure code.
Recommended Terraform project structure?
+
Separate modules, environments, and state.
Environment separation?
+
Maintaining separate configs for dev, test, prod.
Module encapsulation?
+
Hiding internal resource details from consumers.
Module interface?
+
Inputs and outputs exposed by a module.
Reusability best practice?
+
Design small, focused modules.
Dependency inversion in modules?
+
Passing dependencies via inputs instead of hardcoding.
Module design important?
+
It ensures scalable and maintainable IaC codebases.
Terraform workflow?
+
The sequence of steps to manage infrastructure using
Terraform.
Main Terraform workflow steps?
+
init, plan, apply, and destroy.
Terraform init do?
+
Initializes providers, modules, and backend.
Terraform plan do?
+
Creates an execution plan showing proposed changes.
Terraform apply do?
+
Applies the planned changes to infrastructure.
Terraform destroy do?
+
Deletes managed infrastructure resources.
Terraform show?
+
Displays current state or plan output.
Ignore_changes?
+
Ignores changes to specified attributes.
Plan approval workflow?
+
Manual review before apply.
Automated Terraform workflow?
+
CI/CD-driven Terraform execution.
Terraform workflow important?
+
It ensures predictable and safe infrastructure changes.
Terraform security?
+
Practices to protect infrastructure code, state, and
execution.
Use encryption, access controls, and remote backends.
Secret management in Terraform?
+
Handling credentials securely.
Avoid hardcoding secrets?
+
They can be leaked via code or state.
Environment variable usage?
+
Passing secrets via environment variables.
Sentinel?
+
Policy-as-code framework for Terraform.
Policy as code?
+
Defining compliance rules using code.
CI/CD integration with Terraform?
+
Automating Terraform workflows in pipelines.
Terraform plan in CI?
+
Validating changes before apply.
Terraform apply in CD?
+
Applying changes after approval.
Infrastructure testing?
+
Validating infrastructure configurations.
Terraform validate in CI?
+
Syntax and configuration validation.
Terraform fmt in pipelines?
+
Ensuring code formatting standards.
Version pinning?
+
Locking provider and Terraform versions.
Drift management best practice?
+
Regular plan checks.
Terraform best practices critical?
+
They ensure safe, scalable, and maintainable
infrastructure.
Best Practices in Terraform?
+
Use modules, remote state, version control, and least
privilege access. Apply workspace separation and use .tfvars files for
automation. Use formatting, validation, and policy enforcement. Commit code
reviews for safety.
Data Sources in Terraform?
+
Data sources fetch existing information from providers
without creating a new resource. They are read-only and useful for
referencing available values. Example: fetching an existing VPC ID. Used
with data blocks.
Input Variables?
+
Input variables allow parameterization of Terraform
configurations. They help reuse modules across multiple environments like
dev, QA, and prod. Variables can be stored in .tfvars files. They support
type constraints like string, number, and map.
Output Variables?
+
Output variables return values from configuration after
execution. They help share information between modules or display key
results. Examples include IP addresses or resource IDs. They are defined
using output.
Terraform Providers?
+
Providers act as plugins that enable Terraform to
interact with cloud platforms or services. Examples include AWS, Azure, GCP,
Kubernetes, and GitHub. A provider must be initialized before use with
terraform init. It defines available resources and data sources.
Create_before_destroy?
+
Create_before_destroy ensures a new resource is created
before destroying the old one.
Developed Terraform?
+
Terraform is developed by HashiCorp.
Immutable and mutable infrastructure?
+
Immutable infrastructure is replaced entirely for
changes; mutable infrastructure is updated in place.
Local-exec and remote-exec?
+
Local-exec runs commands on the machine running
Terraform; remote-exec runs commands on the target resource.
Module and resource?
+
Module is a collection of resources; resource
represents a single infrastructure component.
Terraform and Ansible?
+
Terraform is declarative and focuses on provisioning
infrastructure; Ansible is procedural and focuses on configuration
management.
Terraform and CloudFormation?
+
Terraform is multi-cloud and open-source;
CloudFormation is AWS-specific.
Terraform and Pulumi?
+
Terraform uses HCL for declarative configurations;
Pulumi uses programming languages for IaC.
Terraform resource and data?
+
Resource creates or manages infrastructure; data
fetches existing infrastructure information.
DiffBet Ansible and Terraform?
+
Terraform focuses on infrastructure provisioning while
Ansible focuses on configuration management. Terraform uses a declarative
approach whereas Ansible is procedural. Terraform stores a state file
whereas Ansible does not.
Drift in Terraform?
+
Drift occurs when the actual infrastructure changes
outside Terraform. Terraform detects drift during terraform plan. Drift
needs correction to maintain consistency. Best practice is managing
infrastructure only through Terraform.
IaC (Infrastructure as Code)?
+
IaC is a method of managing and provisioning
infrastructure through code instead of manual processes. It increases
consistency, automation, scalability, and repeatability. Tools like
Terraform, CloudFormation, and Ansible enable IaC. This approach helps
eliminate configuration drift across environments.
Immutable Infrastructure?
+
Immutable infrastructure treats launched resources as
replaceable instead of modifying them. Terraform supports this approach by
recreating resources instead of modifying them. It improves stability and
reduces configuration drift.
Infrastructure Provisioning?
+
Provisioning means creating, configuring, and deploying
infrastructure resources. Terraform automates provisioning using IaC. It
helps in consistent and automated cloud resource deployment. Faster and
error-free process.
Main features of Terraform?
+
Features include declarative configuration execution
plan resource graph multi-cloud support and state management.
Policy as Code in Terraform?
+
Policy as Code enforces compliance rules using Sentinel
in Terraform Enterprise or Cloud. It ensures deployments follow
organizational security and governance. Policies can allow, deny, or audit
changes.
Prevent_destroy?
+
Prevent_destroy prevents accidental deletion of a
resource.
Remote backend?
+
Remote backend stores Terraform state in a remote
location for team collaboration.
Remote State?
+
Remote state stores the Terraform state file in a
shared backend such as S3, Azure Blob, or Terraform Cloud. It helps in
collaboration among multiple users. Remote state also supports encryption,
locking, and versioning. This avoids conflicts and corrupt state files.
State in Terraform?
+
Terraform state stores metadata and resource deployment
details. It tracks resource mapping between configuration and actual cloud
infrastructure. The state file is critical for operations like update,
destroy, and plan. You can store it locally or remotely.
State Locking in Terraform?
+
State locking prevents simultaneous modifications to
the same state file by multiple users. It ensures consistency during
execution. Tools like DynamoDB or Terraform Cloud handle locking. Without
locking, infrastructure may become corrupted.
Tainting in Terraform?
+
Tainting marks a resource for forced recreation on the
next apply. Use terraform taint to apply it. Useful for broken or manually
modified infrastructure. It triggers destruction and recreation.
Terraform apply -auto-approve?
+
Applies changes without prompting for user
confirmation.
Terraform apply?
+
terraform apply creates or updates resources as per
configuration. It executes approved actions shown from the plan. You may
auto-approve using -auto-approve. It updates the Terraform state file after
execution.
Terraform backend types?
+
Backend types include local S3 AzureRM GCS Consul and
Terraform Cloud.
Terraform Backend?
+
A backend determines how state is loaded and where it
is stored. Examples include local filesystem or remote backends like S3 and
Azure Blob. Backends also support locking and encryption. They improve
collaboration in teams.
Terraform best practices?
+
Use modules version control remote state variables
outputs and avoid hardcoding sensitive data.
Terraform cloud agent?
+
Cloud agent allows Terraform Cloud to manage
infrastructure in private networks.
Terraform Cloud?
+
Terraform Cloud is a SaaS platform for collaborative
Terraform workflows state management and policy enforcement.
Terraform count?
+
Count allows creating multiple instances of a resource
based on a number.
Terraform data source?
+
Data source fetches information about existing
infrastructure for use in configurations.
Terraform dependency graph?
+
Graph shows dependencies between resources for
execution planning.
Terraform dependency?
+
Dependency defines the order of resource creation based
on references between resources.
Terraform destroy -target vs apply -destroy?
+
Destroy-target removes specific resources; apply
-destroy removes all resources.
Terraform destroy?
+
terraform destroy removes resources managed by
Terraform. It reads the state file and destroys the corresponding cloud
infrastructure. Useful for testing environments. It prevents leftover idle
cloud resources.
Terraform destroy-target?
+
Destroy-target removes specific resources instead of
the entire infrastructure.
Detects infrastructure changes made outside Terraform.
Terraform drift?
+
Drift occurs when infrastructure changes outside
Terraform causing state mismatch.
Terraform dynamic block?
+
Dynamic block allows generating multiple nested blocks
dynamically in a resource.
Terraform Enterprise?
+
Terraform Enterprise is a self-managed version of
Terraform Cloud for organizations.
Terraform fmt?
+
terraform fmt automatically formats Terraform code
style. It ensures consistent formatting for readability and maintainability.
This command is especially useful in team environments. It follows official
formatting rules.
Terraform for_each?
+
For_each iterates over a map or set to create multiple
resources with unique identifiers.
Terraform function types?
+
Function types include string numeric collection date
encoding file and type conversion.
Terraform functions?
+
Functions perform operations on strings numbers lists
maps and other data types.
Terraform graph?
+
Graph generates a visual representation of resources
and their dependencies.
Terraform HCL?
+
HCL stands for HashiCorp Configuration Language used to
define infrastructure. It is human-readable and JSON-compatible. It supports
variables, modules, conditionals, and loops. Terraform scripts are written
in HCL.
Terraform import limitations?
+
Import cannot automatically generate full
configuration; manual resource definition is required.
Terraform import state?
+
Terraform import updates state file to track existing
resources.
Terraform import?
+
Terraform import brings existing infrastructure under
Terraform management.
Terraform init?
+
terraform init initializes a working directory with
Terraform configuration files. It installs necessary providers and modules.
It must be run first before applying configuration. It ensures all
dependencies are downloaded.
Terraform interpolate?
+
Interpolate computes expressions using variables
resources or functions.
Terraform interpolation functions?
+
Functions manipulate data e.g. concat join length
lookup lower upper.
Terraform interpolation syntax?
+
Syntax uses ${} to reference variables outputs or
resource attributes.
Terraform interpolation?
+
Interpolation allows using expressions variables and
functions within configuration files.
Terraform lifecycle?
+
Lifecycle allows customizing resource behavior
including create_before_destroy and prevent_destroy.
Terraform local values?
+
Local values store intermediate expressions or computed
values for reuse.
Terraform local-exec vs remote-exec?
+
Local-exec runs locally; remote-exec runs on the
resource instance.
Terraform main.tf?
+
Main.tf contains the main Terraform configuration for
resources.
Terraform module registry?
+
Module registry hosts reusable modules for public or
private use.
Terraform module source?
+
Source specifies the location of a module e.g. local
path Git repository or registry.
Terraform Module?
+
A module is a container for multiple Terraform
resources used together. It promotes reusability, structure, and automation.
Modules can be local, public (Terraform Registry), or shared within a team.
They help maintain consistency across environments.
Terraform nested modules?
+
Nested modules are modules called from within another
module for hierarchical organization.
Terraform null resource?
+
Null resource is a placeholder resource used for
executing provisioners without creating actual infrastructure.
Terraform output sensitive?
+
Marks output as sensitive to hide values in CLI or UI.
Terraform output?
+
Output defines values to display after Terraform apply
often used for module outputs or sharing data.
Terraform outputs vs locals?
+
Outputs expose data outside; locals store data
internally for reuse.
Terraform outputs.tf?
+
Outputs.tf defines output values to be displayed after
apply.
Terraform plan destroy?
+
Generates a plan to destroy all managed resources.
Terraform plan -out?
+
Saves the execution plan to a file for later apply.
Terraform plan vs apply?
+
Plan shows proposed changes; apply executes those
changes.
Terraform plan?
+
terraform plan previews the execution steps without
making real changes. It shows additions, updates, and deletions. It helps
validate configuration before deployment. This step is recommended before
running terraform apply.
Terraform provider alias?
+
Provider alias allows using multiple configurations of
the same provider in a module.
Terraform provider versioning?
+
Provider versioning specifies compatible versions of
providers to avoid breaking changes.
Terraform provider?
+
A provider is a plugin that allows Terraform to
interact with APIs of cloud platforms and services.
Terraform providers.lock?
+
Lock file records provider versions used to ensure
consistent runs.
Terraform providers.tf?
+
Providers.tf specifies which providers and versions to
use in the configuration.
Terraform provisioner order?
+
Provisioners run in the order defined after resource
creation.
Terraform provisioners?
+
Provisioners execute scripts or commands on a resource
after creation.
Terraform refresh vs plan?
+
Refresh updates state file from real infrastructure;
plan shows planned changes based on state.
Terraform refresh?
+
terraform refresh updates the state file with real
infrastructure values. It detects drift but does not change actual
infrastructure. Helps synchronize Terraform state with reality. Deprecated
in newer versions as terraform plan does similar work.
Terraform Registry?
+
Terraform Registry is a public library of reusable
modules and providers. It encourages best practices by offering community
and official modules. Users can search, download, and integrate modules
easily. This reduces development time and errors.
Terraform remote state?
+
Remote state stores Terraform state in shared storage
for team collaboration.
Terraform resources?
+
Resources represent components of infrastructure like
servers databases or network configurations.
Terraform security practices?
+
Use remote state with encryption sensitive variables
least privilege IAM and secret management.
Terraform sensitive variable?
+
Sensitive variable hides its value in logs and outputs
to protect secrets.
Terraform Sentinel?
+
Sentinel is a policy-as-code framework to enforce
compliance rules in Terraform Enterprise.
Terraform state locking?
+
State locking prevents concurrent Terraform operations
to avoid conflicts.
Terraform state mv?
+
Moves a resource in state file for renaming or
restructuring resources.
Terraform state pull?
+
Pulls the current state from backend for inspection.
Terraform state push?
+
Push updates state to remote backend manually (legacy).
Terraform state rm?
+
Removes a resource from state file without destroying
infrastructure.
Terraform state?
+
Terraform state stores metadata about deployed
infrastructure and maps resources to real-world objects.
Terraform support Multi-Cloud?
+
Terraform supports multiple cloud providers using
provider plugins. One configuration can build infrastructure across AWS,
Azure, and GCP. It allows avoiding vendor lock-in and simplifies hybrid
cloud deployments.
Taint marks a resource for recreation during the next
apply.
Terraform terraform fmt -check?
+
Checks whether configuration files conform to Terraform
style conventions.
Terraform terraform validate -json?
+
Outputs validation results in JSON format for automated
checks.
Terraform untaint?
+
Untaint removes the taint and prevents resource
recreation.
Terraform upgrade?
+
Upgrade updates provider plugins to newer versions.
Terraform validate?
+
terraform validate checks the syntax correctness of
configuration files. It doesn't check authentication or existence of remote
resources. It prevents applying invalid configuration. Use before plan or
apply.
Terraform variable?
+
Variable is a way to parameterize Terraform
configurations for flexibility.
Terraform variables.tf?
+
Variables.tf defines variables and default values for
Terraform configuration.
Terraform version constraint?
+
Version constraint specifies the acceptable versions of
Terraform or providers.
Terraform workspace list?
+
Lists all available workspaces in Terraform.
Terraform workspace new?
+
Creates a new workspace in Terraform for managing
separate infrastructure instances.
Terraform workspace select?
+
Select switches to an existing workspace for
operations.
Terraform workspace vs backend?
+
Workspace isolates instances of infrastructure; backend
manages where state is stored.
Terraform workspace vs environment?
+
Workspace manages multiple instances of the same
infrastructure; environment often refers to dev staging prod setups.
Terraform Workspace?
+
Workspaces allow managing multiple environments (dev,
test, prod) with one configuration. Each workspace has an independent state.
Useful for modular and scalable management. Use local or remote workspace
management.
Terraform workspaces default?
+
Default workspace is always created and cannot be
deleted.
Terraform?
+
Terraform is an open-source Infrastructure as Code
(IaC) tool developed by HashiCorp. It allows you to define, provision, and
manage cloud resources using code. Configuration is written in HCL
(HashiCorp Configuration Language). It supports multiple cloud providers
like AWS, Azure, and GCP.
Types of Terraform variables?
+
Types include string number bool list map and object.
You use Terraform Cloud?
+
Terraform Cloud is used for collaboration, automation,
versioning, and secure remote backends. It supports policy-as-code,
multi-user workflows, and state locking. Ideal for teams managing enterprise
infrastructure.
Top 100 IQA
+
Api gateway and why is it used?
+
An API Gateway acts as a single entry point for
microservices. It handles routing, authentication, throttling, caching, and
API aggregation. It improves performance, security, and simplifies
communication between clients and backend services.
Api throttling and rate limiting?
+
API throttling restricts the number of requests a
client can make in a given timeframe to prevent misuse or overload., It
ensures fair usage and protects backend performance., Tools like Azure API
Management, Kong, and NGINX implement rate limiting easily.
Azure devops pipeline?
+
Azure DevOps pipeline automates CI/CD processes
including build, test, packaging, and deployment. It supports YAML-based
configuration, approvals, artifacts, and integration with cloud platforms.
It improves delivery speed and consistency across environments.
Blue-green deployment?
+
Blue-Green deployment maintains two environments: Blue
(current live) and Green (new release)., Traffic switches to Green after
verification, reducing downtime and deployment risk., If issues occur,
rollback is quick by routing back to Blue.
Caching strategy?
+
A caching strategy defines how and when data is stored
and retrieved from cache to improve speed and reduce server load.,
Strategies include in-memory cache, distributed cache, response caching, and
output caching., Cache expiration policies include sliding, absolute, and
cache invalidation rules.
Canary release?
+
Canary release gradually exposes new features to a
small user segment before full rollout., It helps detect issues early with
minimal impact., This approach is widely used in cloud platforms and
microservice deployments.
Cap theorem?
+
CAP Theorem states that in distributed systems, it’s
impossible to guarantee all three at once:, Consistency, Availability, and
Partition Tolerance., Systems must choose between CP or AP depending on
design priorities.
Ci/cd and you implement it?
+
CI/CD automates code build, testing, deployment, and
delivery. Tools like Azure DevOps, GitHub Actions, or Jenkins implement
pipelines for consistent and controlled deployment. It reduces risks, speeds
delivery, improves code quality and supports DevOps culture.
Circuit breaker pattern?
+
The circuit breaker prevents repeated calls to failing
services by temporarily blocking execution., It protects the system from
cascading failures and improves resilience., Implementations include Polly
(.NET), Resilience4j, and Netflix Hystrix.
Clean architecture?
+
Clean Architecture separates an application into layers
such as Domain, Application, Infrastructure, and UI., It focuses on
independence of frameworks, databases, and UI technologies., The core
business logic remains isolated, leading to maintainable, testable, and
scalable systems.
Consider key qualities of a great software architect?
+
A great architect balances technical depth, business
understanding, communication, and strategic thinking. They design scalable
systems, mentor teams, drive standards, and anticipate future needs. They
make pragmatic decisions—not just ideal ones—and ensure long-term
sustainability. Leadership, empathy, and adaptability define success.
Container orchestration?
+
Container orchestration automates deployment, scaling,
health checks, and networking of containerized applications., It ensures
reliability, self-healing, and efficient resource utilization., Kubernetes,
AWS ECS, Docker Swarm, and Azure Kubernetes Service are common solutions.
Containerization and why use docker?
+
Containerization packages applications and dependencies
into isolated, portable units. Docker ensures consistent environment
behavior across dev, test, and production. It improves deployment speed,
version control, scalability, and microservices hosting.
Cqrs (command query responsibility segregation)?
+
CQRS separates read and write operations into different
models to improve scalability and performance., Commands modify data, while
queries return data without altering state., It’s often used with event
sourcing and distributed microservice architectures.
Cqrs and why is it used?
+
CQRS separates read and write operations into different
models to improve performance and scalability. Queries do not modify data,
while commands handle state changes. It is commonly used in event-driven and
distributed systems where scalability and auditability are priorities.
Dependency injection and is it implemented in .net
core?
+
Dependency injection provides loose coupling by
injecting required services instead of creating them manually. .NET Core has
a built-in DI container configured in Startup.cs using AddTransient,
AddScoped, and AddSingleton. It improves testability, maintainability, and
modular design.
Dependency injection?
+
Dependency Injection is a design pattern where objects
receive required dependencies from an external source rather than creating
them internally., It improves flexibility, testability, and loose coupling.,
Common DI containers include .NET Core built-in DI, Autofac, Unity, and
Ninject.
Deployment pipeline?
+
A deployment pipeline automates the stages of building,
testing, and deploying code changes., It ensures repeatability, reduces
errors, and supports continuous delivery., Tools include Azure DevOps,
GitHub Actions, Jenkins, and GitLab CI/CD.
Describe zero downtime deployment.
+
Zero-downtime deployment ensures the application
remains available during updates. Techniques include blue-green deployment,
rolling updates, or canary releases. Kubernetes and CI/CD pipelines automate
traffic shifting and update rollback. This approach improves user experience
and supports safe delivery.
Design system in software development?
+
A design system standardizes UI components, patterns,
and best practices across applications for consistency., It includes
reusable components, accessibility rules, themes, typography, and UX
guidelines., Libraries like Material Design, Bootstrap, and custom
enterprise design systems are common examples.
Diffbet horizontal and vertical scaling?
+
Vertical scaling increases resources on a single
machine (CPU, RAM), while horizontal scaling adds more machines or
instances., Horizontal scaling supports distributed workload and high
availability., Modern cloud environments prefer horizontal scaling due to
flexibility and cost efficiency.
Diffbet rest api and grpc?
+
REST uses JSON over HTTP and is best for public APIs
with human readability and flexibility. gRPC uses protocol buffers and
HTTP/2, offering high performance, low latency, and bidirectional streaming.
gRPC is suitable for microservice communication, while REST is easier for
integration with external systems.
Diffbet vertical scaling and horizontal scaling?
+
Vertical scaling adds more power (CPU/RAM) to an
existing server. Horizontal scaling adds more instances to distribute load
and improve redundancy. Horizontal scaling is more cost-effective in
distributed systems and aligns with microservices and Kubernetes scaling
models. Modern cloud-native systems primarily prefer horizontal scaling.
Distributed caching and when do you use it?
+
Distributed caching stores frequently accessed data in
an external cache like Redis or NCache. It improves application performance
and reduces database load in high-traffic environments. Useful in cloud
platforms, microservices, and load-balanced applications.
Distributed caching?
+
Distributed caching stores data across multiple servers
or nodes instead of local memory., It enables faster access, fault
tolerance, and scalability in large applications., Popular solutions include
Redis, NCache, Azure Cache for Redis, and Memcached.
Does garbage collection work and you optimize it?
+
GC automatically releases unused objects from memory
using generations (Gen0, Gen1, Gen2). Optimization includes reducing
unnecessary allocations, using using statements for unmanaged resources,
pooling reusable objects, and avoiding boxing. Profiling tools can help
detect memory leaks and fragmentation.
Domain-driven design (ddd) and when do you apply it?
+
DDD models the software based on real business domains
using concepts like bounded context, aggregates, value objects, and
ubiquitous language. I apply DDD in complex enterprise systems where rules
and processes evolve. It improves modularity, scalability, and team
collaboration between business and engineering.
Domain-driven design (ddd)?
+
DDD focuses on aligning software design with business
domains. It uses bounded contexts, aggregates, entities, value objects, and
domain events. It helps manage complexity in large-scale systems and ensures
business logic is clearly separated from infrastructure concerns.
Entity framework core and where is it useful?
+
Entity Framework Core is a lightweight ORM supporting
LINQ queries, migrations, and multi-database support (SQL Server,
PostgreSQL, MySQL). It automates CRUD operations and reduces data access
boilerplate. It’s useful for rapid development, modern applications, and
microservices.
Event sourcing?
+
Event sourcing stores changes in an application as
events rather than saving only the latest data state., It provides full
audit history, rollback capability, and replay functionality., It is
frequently paired with CQRS and message brokers like Kafka.
Event-driven architecture?
+
Event-driven architecture uses events as the primary
means of communication between components. Services react to events produced
by others using event brokers like Kafka or Event Grid. It supports
real-time processing, scalability, and loose coupling.
Eventual consistency?
+
Eventual consistency means the system may not be
immediately synchronized but will become consistent over time., It is common
in distributed databases like Cassandra, Cosmos DB, and DynamoDB., It
supports availability and scalability at the cost of temporary
inconsistency.
Explain async/await and it improves scalability.
+
async and await enable non-blocking operations,
allowing the thread to continue execution while waiting for I/O or network
operations. This reduces thread consumption and improves scalability under
high load. It is essential for microservices, API calls, and cloud
applications.
Explain solid principles with examples in c#.
+
SOLID principles promote clean, maintainable, and
flexible architecture. Example: Single Responsibility—a class should perform
only one task. Dependency Inversion—depend on abstractions, not concrete
classes, implemented using interfaces and DI. Applying SOLID ensures better
scaling and testing.
Explain value types vs reference types.
+
Value types store data directly in memory and are
stored on stack, while reference types store a pointer to the memory
location on heap. Value types are faster and do not support null unless
nullable. Reference types support garbage collection and can store null.
Examples: int (value type), class (reference type).
Horizontal vs vertical scaling?
+
Vertical scaling increases the power of a single server
(CPU, RAM), while horizontal scaling adds more servers or nodes to
distribute load. Horizontal scaling is preferred in microservices and cloud
deployments for resilience and elasticity. Vertical scaling is simpler but
limited.
Infrastructure as code (iac)?
+
IaC automates provisioning and configuration of
infrastructure using scripts or declarative templates., It ensures
consistency, reduces manual errors, and supports version control., Tools
include Terraform, ARM templates, Pulumi, and Ansible.
Jwt (json web token)?
+
JWT is a compact, signed token format used for secure
stateless authentication. It contains header, payload (claims), and
signature. The server does not store session data, making it ideal for
distributed and microservice architectures.
Kubernetes and why use it?
+
Kubernetes is an orchestration platform for running and
managing containerized applications. It handles scaling, deployment,
self-healing, load balancing, and rolling updates. It’s ideal for
microservices, distributed systems, and auto-scaling cloud environments.
Latency vs throughput?
+
Latency is the time taken to process a single request,
while throughput is the number of requests handled per second., Low latency
improves response times, while higher throughput improves overall capacity.,
Both are key performance metrics in distributed systems.
Load balancing?
+
Load balancing distributes incoming requests across
multiple servers to improve performance and reliability., It prevents
overload, supports redundancy, and ensures high availability., Examples
include Azure Load Balancer, NGINX, AWS ELB, and HAProxy.
Major improvements from .net framework to .net
core/.net 8?
+
.NET Core/.NET 8 offers cross-platform support,
lightweight deployment, higher performance, and modular architecture through
NuGet packages. It includes built-in dependency injection, unified platform
for APIs, desktop, cloud and mobile. It also provides better memory
management, container support, and faster runtime optimizations.
Message broker?
+
A message broker facilitates communication between
distributed services using asynchronous messaging., It improves decoupling,
reliability, and scalability., Examples include RabbitMQ, Azure Service Bus,
Kafka, and AWS SQS.
Message queueing and why use it?
+
Message queuing allows asynchronous communication
between application components using brokers like RabbitMQ, Kafka, or Azure
Service Bus. It improves reliability, scalability, and decouples services.
It ensures message persistence even if one system is temporarily
unavailable.
Microservices architecture?
+
Microservices break applications into small,
independently deployable services. Each service owns its data and domain
logic and communicates via APIs, messaging, or event bus. Benefits include
scalability, independent deployment, fault isolation, and technology
flexibility.
Middleware in asp.net core?
+
Middleware is software pipeline components that process
HTTP requests and responses. Each middleware can perform logic and
optionally pass control to the next component. Examples include
authentication, logging, CORS, exception handling, and routing. Middleware
is registered in the Configure() method using app.Use() or app.Run().
Monolithic application?
+
A monolithic application is a single, tightly coupled
unit where all modules are packaged and deployed together., It is simple to
build initially but becomes harder to maintain and scale as the system
grows., It lacks flexibility for independent deployment or technology
diversification.
Oauth 2.0?
+
OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework used to grant
secure access to APIs without sharing credentials. It supports flows like
Client Credentials, Authorization Code, and Refresh Tokens. It’s widely used
with modern identity servers and cloud platforms.
Observability?
+
Observability is the ability to monitor a system
through logs, metrics, and traces to understand behavior in production.,
Tools like Prometheus, Grafana, Elastic Stack, and Azure Monitor help track
performance and detect failures., It supports faster troubleshooting and
improves system reliability.
Openid connect?
+
OpenID Connect extends OAuth 2.0 to provide
authentication along with authorization. It issues ID Tokens (JWT)
containing user identity claims. It’s used with platforms such as Azure AD,
Google Identity, or Auth0 for SSO and secure login.
Records vs classes?
+
Records are designed for immutable data and value-based
equality, meaning two records with same values are considered equal. Classes
are reference-based and equality checks memory references. Records simplify
DTOs, functional patterns, and serialization scenarios.
Reflection and when would you use it?
+
Reflection enables inspecting metadata and dynamically
invoking types and methods at runtime. It is used in frameworks,
serialization, IoC containers, plugin systems, and ORMs. However, it should
be used sparingly because it impacts performance.
Repository pattern?
+
The Repository Pattern abstracts data access logic and
provides a cleaner way to interact with databases., It hides implementation
details from business logic and supports testing through mockable
interfaces., It helps maintain separation of concerns and improves
maintainability.
Resiliency in software architecture?
+
Resiliency ensures that a system can recover gracefully
from failures and continue functioning., Patterns like retry, circuit
breaker, failover, and load balancing support resiliency., It’s crucial for
large-scale distributed and cloud-native applications.
Reverse proxy?
+
A reverse proxy sits between clients and backend
services, forwarding requests securely., It supports caching, SSL
termination, routing, and traffic control., NGINX, Apache, Cloudflare, and
Traefik are widely used reverse proxies.
Role does automation play in your architecture
strategy?
+
Automation accelerates delivery, improves consistency,
and reduces human error. CI/CD pipelines, IaC, automated testing, and
deployment workflows support repeatability and governance. Observability
tools help automate alerts and remediation. Automation ensures scalable,
self-healing, and predictable operations.
Service registry?
+
A service registry stores addresses of microservices
and enables dynamic service discovery., It removes the need for hard-coded
URLs and supports auto-scaling., Examples include Consul, Eureka, and
Kubernetes service discovery.
Solid in software architecture?
+
SOLID is a set of five design principles that improve
code maintainability and scalability:, Single Responsibility, Open/Closed,
Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, and Dependency Inversion., These
principles help create loosely coupled, testable, and extensible software
systems commonly applied in enterprise design.
Span<T> and
memory<T> in .net?
+
Span<T> provides a type-safe,
high-performance way to work with contiguous memory (arrays, buffers)
without copying data. It improves performance in large processing operations
like parsing or serialization. Memory <T> is similar but
supports asynchronous and long-lived memory usage, unlike Span
<T> which is stack-only.
Steps do you take to ensure secure application design?
+
Security is incorporated from the design stage using
threat modeling, OWASP principles, and least privilege access. Encryption,
secure authentication, and centralized secret storage protect sensitive
data. Automated vulnerability scanning and penetration testing ensure early
detection. Governance policies ensure compliance across environments.
Strategies do you use to optimize cloud costs?
+
I analyze compute utilization, scale resources
dynamically, and adopt reserved or spot instances where feasible. Serverless
and container orchestration help reduce idle consumption. Cost dashboards,
tagging policies, and automated budget alerts improve transparency. Regular
cost reviews ensure alignment with business growth.
Swagger/openapi?
+
Swagger/OpenAPI is a specification for documenting REST
APIs., It provides a UI to test endpoints, generate code, and share API
contracts., Frameworks like Swashbuckle or NSwag integrate it easily with
.NET applications.
Unit of work pattern?
+
Unit of Work coordinates changes across multiple
repositories and saves updates as a single transaction., It ensures
consistency and rollback support if any operation fails., Often used with
ORMs like Entity Framework.
Implement thread safety?
+
Thread safety can be achieved using locking (lock,
Monitor, Mutex), immutable objects, thread-safe collections
(ConcurrentDictionary), or atomic operations using Interlocked. Correct
choice depends on the performance requirements and contention level.
You align architecture decisions with business goals?
+
Architecture decisions start with understanding
business priorities, vision, and measurable outcomes. I translate these into
guiding principles, solution patterns, and implementation standards. Regular
reviews with stakeholders ensure alignment throughout delivery. Metrics
validate that architecture delivers business value.
You approach technical debt management in large-scale
projects?
+
I categorize technical debt into intentional,
unavoidable, and harmful debt. Debt is documented, prioritized, and planned
into sprints using a debt register. I balance delivery with refactoring
through continuous improvement and CI tooling. Automated linting,
architectural reviews, and measurable quality gates ensure the debt does not
grow uncontrolled.
You decide whether to build or buy a solution?
+
I evaluate based on business value, time-to-market,
maintainability, cost, extensibility, and compliance requirements. If a
commercial solution meets >80% of use cases and is cost-efficient, buying is
preferred. Custom development is chosen when differentiation or deep
integration is required. Stakeholder approval and risk assessment finalize
the decision.
You design apis that are scalable and future-proof?
+
I follow RESTful or event-driven patterns and ensure
APIs are versioned, lightweight, and consistent. Clear standards for
validation, error handling, pagination, and rate limiting are enforced.
Documentation through OpenAPI/Swagger ensures clarity. Backward
compatibility and loose coupling support future growth.
You ensure backward compatibility during upgrades?
+
Backward compatibility is handled using versioning,
feature toggles, and rollout strategies like canary or staged deployments. I
maintain dual support during transitions and deprecate outdated
functionality gradually. Automated regression testing validates expected
behavior. Documentation and communication with stakeholders ensure smooth
adoption.
You ensure compliance and governance in enterprise
solutions?
+
Compliance is embedded through secure coding standards,
audit trails, and encryption policies. RBAC, IAM frameworks, and automated
compliance validation tools ensure restricted access. I align with ISO,
GDPR, SOC2, or HIPAA depending on the domain. Documentation, monitoring, and
periodic audits ensure ongoing adherence.
You ensure disaster recovery and business continuity?
+
I implement redundancy through multi-region
deployments, automated backups, replication, and failover policies. Recovery
objectives (RPO/RTO) guide architecture decisions. Regular DR drills and
documentation validate readiness. Observability and automated orchestration
ensure smooth recovery with minimal downtime.
You ensure quality during rapid development cycles?
+
I enforce CI/CD with automated testing, code reviews,
and standardized coding practices. QA shifts left with unit, integration,
and performance testing early in the pipeline. Feature toggles and
progressive deployment reduce risk. Quality metrics like defect rate and
test coverage guide improvements.
You ensure secure api design in enterprise
applications?
+
I enforce authentication (OAuth2, JWT, OpenID Connect)
and authorization (RBAC/ABAC). Data encryption is applied in transit (TLS)
and at rest. APIs follow least-privilege principles, rate limiting, input
validation, and threat modeling such as OWASP API Top 10. API gateways
enforce governance and auditing.
You evaluate and adopt new technologies as a tech
lead?
+
I evaluate feasibility through PoCs, cost analysis,
security compliance, and alignment with business goals. Community maturity,
vendor support, and integration compatibility guide selection. Stakeholders
and teams are included early to validate fit. Adoption follows a controlled
rollout plan, including training and documentation.
You evaluate new technologies before adopting them?
+
I assess maturity, vendor support, community adoption,
integration effort, and long-term viability. Proof-of-concepts and pilot
testing validate performance, scalability, and maintainability. Risks are
reviewed with stakeholders before rollout. The decision aligns with business
goals and existing technology strategy.
You evaluate whether a project should use
microservices or monolithic architecture?
+
I assess complexity, scalability needs, domain
independence, deployment frequency, and team maturity. For small systems
with tight coupling, monoliths may be ideal. Microservices fit large,
scalable, independently deployable domain-driven systems. Decision factors
include operational cost, performance, and business evolution.
You handle conflicts between business requirements and
technical constraints?
+
I facilitate discussions to explain trade-offs, risks,
and impacts using clear language. Alternatives are presented with estimated
cost, time, and performance implications. The final decision is aligned with
business priorities while ensuring technical feasibility. Documentation
ensures traceability and accountability.
You handle failures in distributed systems?
+
I design with fault tolerance using retries,
exponential backoff, circuit breakers, and idempotent operations.
Distributed tracing and observability help isolate issues quickly. Graceful
degradation ensures partial system availability during failures. Chaos
testing is used to validate resilience strategies.
You handle technical debt in ongoing development
cycles?
+
Technical debt is documented, prioritized, and tracked
like any backlog item. Regular refactoring sprints, code reviews,
automation, and architectural governance help reduce its growth. Balancing
feature delivery and debt cleanup ensures long-term maintainability. Metrics
such as code quality scans (SonarQube) guide decision-making.
You implement disaster recovery in enterprise
platforms?
+
Disaster recovery involves defining RTO/RPO objectives
and implementing data backup strategies like incremental and geo-redundant
replication. Failover clusters, automated restoration scripts, and periodic
DR drills ensure readiness. Infrastructure as Code helps recreate
environments quickly. Monitoring ensures early detection of failures.
You implement logging and monitoring in distributed
cloud-native architectures?
+
Logging and monitoring are implemented using
centralized tools like ELK, Prometheus, Loki, Application Insights, or
Grafana. Structured logs and trace IDs ensure traceability across
microservices. Metrics, logs, and health checks integrate with alerting
systems for proactive detection. Observability focuses on three pillars:
logs, metrics, and traces.
You manage breaking changes in api and platform
updates?
+
Breaking changes are handled using semantic versioning,
backward compatibility strategies, and feature toggle approaches. API
consumers are notified through documentation and change logs. Deprecation
policies with timelines ensure smooth migration without disruption. Testing
and sandbox environments help validate client readiness.
You manage configuration and secret lifecycle in
cloud-native systems?
+
Configurations are externalized using ConfigMaps and
environment variables, while secrets are stored securely using Vault, Azure
Key Vault, or Kubernetes Secrets. Rotation policies, RBAC, and audit logs
ensure compliance and protection. CI/CD pipelines inject values at runtime
without exposing them in code. Automated renewal supports long-term
security.
You manage cross-team collaboration in distributed
agile environments?
+
I implement clear communication channels using tools
like Jira, Confluence, MS Teams, or Slack. Shared standards, integration
checkpoints, and architectural alignment meetings prevent fragmentation.
Dependencies are managed via SAFe, Scrum of Scrums, or PI planning.
Transparency, respect, and shared goals ensure alignment and delivery
efficiency.
You manage environment consistency from development to
production?
+
Environment consistency is achieved using
containerization (Docker), Infrastructure as Code (Terraform), and CI/CD
pipelines. Configuration is externalized using ConfigMaps, Secrets, and
environment variables. Automated testing and deployment prevent human errors
and help maintain parity. Version-controlled configuration ensures
auditability.
You manage platform modernization or legacy migration
projects?
+
I begin with a system assessment and define a phased
modernization roadmap (strangler pattern, rehosting, refactoring, or
rebuilding). Coexistence strategies reduce risk during migration. Automated
testing and CI/CD pipelines support safe transitions. Stakeholder alignment
and milestone tracking ensure predictable delivery.
You measure the success of a software project?
+
Success is measured through delivery metrics (velocity,
lead time), performance KPIs (scalability, reliability), and business
outcomes such as user adoption and ROI. Stakeholder satisfaction and system
maintainability are also considered. Continuous feedback loops ensure
alignment between delivery and value.
You mentor and grow engineering teams?
+
I mentor through pair programming, design reviews, and
knowledge-sharing sessions. Clear role expectations, individual growth
plans, and constructive feedback help build capability. I encourage autonomy
while providing support when needed. Recognition and psychological safety
promote team engagement and innovation.
You support continuous improvement in engineering
teams?
+
I promote knowledge sharing through code reviews,
architecture reviews, workshops, and mentorship. Retrospectives help
identify actionable improvements. Metrics such as deployment frequency,
cycle time, and quality baselines help measure progress. A culture of
learning and experimentation drives long-term excellence.
You validate system performance before production
deployment?
+
Performance validation includes load testing, stress
testing, endurance testing, and capacity planning. Tools like JMeter,
Gatling, or Azure Load Testing simulate real workloads. I analyze
bottlenecks using metrics such as response time, throughput, and error rate.
Optimization cycles continue until SLAs and KPIs are met.
Your approach to designing highly available systems?
+
I design for redundancy across layers—load balancers,
stateless services, and replicated databases. Multi-zone or multi-region
deployment achieves fault tolerance. Health checks, auto-healing, and
failover mechanisms ensure resilience. Monitoring and automated scaling
guarantee uninterrupted service even during peak loads or failures.
Your approach to designing scalable database
architectures?
+
I choose scaling strategy based on workload—vertical
scaling, replication, or sharding. Proper indexing, caching, CQRS, and
read-write separation improve performance. Event-driven systems reduce
transactional coupling. Monitoring slow queries and automated maintenance
tasks ensure long-term efficiency.
Your approach to handling application performance
bottlenecks?
+
I begin by profiling the application using tools like
Application Insights, Dynatrace, or dotTrace to identify bottlenecks. Next,
I optimize queries, caching, resource usage, and code logic. If needed, I
scale infrastructure horizontally using Kubernetes or autoscaling groups.
Continuous monitoring ensures the issue remains resolved.
Your approach to managing stakeholder expectations?
+
I maintain continuous communication through demos,
sprint reviews, and transparent reporting tools. Scope, timelines, and
dependencies are clearly documented to avoid surprises. Risks and blockers
are escalated early, and alternatives are discussed collaboratively.
Alignment is ensured through measurable success criteria.
Your approach to monitoring and observability in
complex systems?
+
I implement end-to-end observability using metrics,
logs, and distributed tracing via tools like Grafana, Kibana, and
Prometheus. Alerts are configured based on SLAs and business KPIs, not just
infrastructure signals. Dashboards enable real-time insights and faster
root-cause analysis. Continuous refinement ensures relevance as systems
evolve.
Your leadership style as a technical lead or
architect?
+
My leadership style is collaborative, transparent, and
outcome-driven. I empower teams by providing clarity, removing blockers, and
enabling autonomy. Decisions are guided by data, architectural principles,
and business goals. I focus on mentorship and building a culture of trust,
ownership, and innovation.
Your strategy for breaking large legacy systems into
microservices?
+
I start with domain analysis and identify bounded
contexts using DDD. Strangler pattern, API gateways, and event-driven
workflows help migrate incrementally without disruption. Data models are
split and decoupled with messaging systems like Kafka or RabbitMQ.
Continuous monitoring and iteration ensure stability and alignment with
business goals.
Zero downtime deployment?
+
Zero Downtime Deployment ensures the system stays
operational during software updates., Techniques like blue-green deployment,
rolling updates, and canary releases are commonly used., It improves user
experience and prevents business interruptions during releases.
TypeScript
+
.ts vs .tsx
+
.ts is standard TypeScript, .tsx supports JSX for React
projects.
Access modifiers in TypeScript?
+
public, private, protected specify visibility of class
members.
Advantages of TypeScript
+
Strong typing, better tooling, compile-time error
checking, and improved maintainability.
Advantages of TypeScript?
+
Static typing, better tooling, early error detection,
improved readability, and support for modern JS features.
Ambient declarations in TypeScript?
+
Ambient declarations (declare) describe the types of
code that exists elsewhere, like JS libraries.
Ambient module declaration?
+
declare module 'moduleName' defines types for external
libraries without implementation.
Anonymous functions and uses.
+
Anonymous functions have no name and are assigned to
variables or used as callbacks. Example:, const sum = function(a,b){ return
a+b };, They support functional programming and event handling.
Any type in TypeScript?
+
any allows a variable to hold values of any type and
disables type checking.
Any type?
+
any disables type checking and allows storing any
value. Useful during migration from JavaScript.
Arrays behavior
+
Arrays must use defined element types:, let numbers:
number[] = [1,2,3];
Yes, using super() inside the child constructor. It
must be called before accessing this.
Classes in TypeScript?
+
Classes are templates for creating objects with
properties and methods.
Combine multiple TS files into one JS file.
+
Use tsconfig.json settings like "outFile": "bundle.js",
and set "module": "amd" or "system". Then compile using tsc.
Compile TypeScript
+
Run: tsc filename.ts
Compile TypeScript file?
+
Use the command:, tsc filename.ts, If using a project,
simply run tsc.
Conditional types in TypeScript?
+
Conditional types select type based on condition: T
extends U? X : Y.
Conditional typing.
+
Conditional types evaluate types based on conditions
using syntax:, T extends U?X : Y, Used in mapped types and generics.
ConstructorParameters<T> utility
type?
+
Infers types of constructor parameters of class T.
Contextual typing in TypeScript?
+
Type is inferred from the context, such as function
argument or assignment.
Convert .ts to .d.ts.
+
Use tsc --declaration option in compiler settings or
CLI. It generates type definition files.
Data types in TypeScript
+
TypeScript has built-in types (string, number, boolean,
void, null), and user-defined types (enums, classes, interfaces, and
tuples). These enforce type safety at compile time.
Debug TypeScript?
+
Compile TypeScript with sourceMap enabled in
tsconfig.json. Debug using browser dev tools, VS Code, or Node with
breakpoints mapped to TypeScript instead of generated JavaScript.
Declaration merging in TypeScript?
+
Multiple declarations with same name (interface or
namespace) are merged into a single definition.
Declare a class?
+
class Person {, constructor(public name: string) {}, }
Declare a typed function
+
function add(a: number, b: number): number {, return a
+ b;, }
Declare an arrow function in TypeScript?
+
Arrow functions use the => syntax. Example:, const add
= (a: number, b: number): number => a + b;, They maintain lexical this
binding and provide a concise function expression style.
Decorators in TypeScript?
+
Decorators are annotations for classes, methods, or
properties providing metadata or modifying behavior.
Decorators?
+
Decorators are metadata annotations applied to classes,
methods, parameters, or properties. They enable features like dependency
injection and runtime behavior modification. Common in Angular.
Define a function with optional parameters?
+
Use?after the parameter name. Example:, function
greet(name: string, age?: number) {}, Optional parameters must appear after
required ones.
Abstract class and concrete class?
+
Abstract class cannot be instantiated and can have
abstract methods; concrete class can be instantiated.
Abstract class and interface?
+
Abstract class can have implementation; interface
cannot. Classes can implement multiple interfaces but extend only one
abstract class.
Any and unknown?
+
any disables type checking; unknown requires type check
before usage.
Const and readonly in TypeScript?
+
const prevents reassignment; readonly prevents property
modification after initialization.
Const enum and enum?
+
const enum is inlined at compile-time, reducing
generated JS; enum generates an object at runtime.
Export = and export default?
+
export = is compatible with CommonJS; export default is
ES6 module default export.
Export and export default?
+
export allows multiple named exports; export default
allows one default export per file.
Function overloading in TypeScript and JavaScript?
+
TypeScript allows multiple function signatures;
JavaScript does not support overloading natively.
Generic constraints and type parameters?
+
Constraints limit types that can be used; type
parameters are placeholders for types.
Import * as and import {}?
+
import * as imports the entire module as an object;
import {} imports specific named exports.
Interface and abstract class?
+
Interface only defines structure; abstract class can
provide implementation.
Interface and class in TypeScript?
+
Interface defines shape; class defines structure and
implementation.
Interface and type alias for object shapes?
+
interface can be extended or merged; type alias cannot
be merged but can define unions or tuples.
Interface extending class and class implementing
interface?
+
Interface can extend class to inherit public members;
class implements interface to enforce structure.
Interface extending interface and class implementing
interface?
+
Interface extends interface to inherit shape; class
implements interface to enforce implementation.
Interface merging and type alias merging?
+
Interfaces can be merged; type aliases cannot.
Interface with index signature and Record type?
+
Index signature allows flexible keys; Record enforces
key-value mapping.
Keyof operator and typeof operator?
+
keyof returns union of keys; typeof returns type of a
variable or property.
Literal type and enum?
+
Literal type restricts value to specific literals; enum
creates named constants.
Mapped types and conditional types?
+
Mapped types transform existing types; conditional
types select types based on conditions.
Namespaces and modules?
+
Namespaces are internal modules; modules are external
and use import/export.
Never and void?
+
void represents no return value; never represents no
possible value (e.g., function throws).
Null and undefined in TypeScript?
+
undefined is default uninitialized value; null is
explicitly assigned empty value.
Optional chaining and non-null assertion?
+
Optional chaining (?.) safely accesses properties;
non-null assertion (!) tells compiler value is not null/undefined.
Optional parameters and default parameters?
+
Optional parameters may be undefined; default
parameters have default values if not provided.
Partial<T> and
Required<T>?
+
Partial makes all properties optional; Required makes
all properties required.
Private and protected members in class?
+
private accessible only in class; protected accessible
in class and subclasses.
Public, private, and protected in TypeScript?
+
public: accessible anywhere; private: accessible within
class; protected: accessible in class and subclasses.
Public, private, protected shorthand in constructor?
+
Parameters with access modifiers automatically create
properties with visibility.
Readonly and const?
+
const is for variables; readonly is for object
properties.
Readonly<T> and mutable type?
+
Readonly prevents reassignment of properties; mutable
allows changes.
TypeScript uses structural typing (types compatible if
shapes match) instead of nominal typing (based on names).
Tuple and array in TypeScript?
+
Tuple has fixed length and types; array can have
variable length and same type elements.
Tuple with rest elements and regular tuple?
+
Tuple with rest elements allows variable-length
elements of specific type at the end.
Type alias and interface for functions?
+
Both can define function types; interface can be
merged, type cannot.
Type and interface in TypeScript?
+
type can define unions, intersections, and primitives;
interface is mainly for object shapes and can be extended.
Type assertion and type casting in JSX/TSX?
+
Use 'as' syntax for type assertion in TSX instead of
angle brackets.
Type assertion and type casting?
+
Type assertion tells compiler to treat value as type;
type casting may also convert runtime value (in other languages).
Type assertion and type predicate?
+
Type assertion tells compiler type; type predicate
defines a function to narrow type (param is Type).
TypeScript and JavaScript?
+
TypeScript adds static typing, interfaces, enums, and
advanced features; JavaScript is dynamically typed.
Unknown[], any[], and Array<T>?
+
unknown[] enforces type check before usage; any[]
disables checks; Array<T> is generic array type.
Void and undefined?
+
void indicates no return value; undefined is a type
representing uninitialized variable.
Differences between classes and interfaces.
+
Classes contain implementation, constructors, and
runtime behavior. Interfaces define structure only and exist only at compile
time.
Disadvantages
+
Compilation required, complexity increases, and
sometimes over-strict typing.
Enum in TypeScript?
+
Enum allows defining a set of named constants.
Enums in TypeScript.
+
Enums are used to define named constants in numeric or
string form. Example:, enum Role { Admin, User }, They provide readability
and maintainability for fixed constant sets.
Exclude
+
utility type?
Explicit variable declaration
+
Explicit typing is done like:, let age: number = 25;
Extract
+
utility type?
Generics in TypeScript?
+
Generics allow creating reusable components that work
with multiple types.
Immutable object properties.
+
Yes, using readonly keyword. Example:, readonly id:
number;
In operator?
+
Used to check if a property exists in an object:, "age"
in user;
Inheritance in TypeScript.
+
Use extends keyword to derive one class from another.
It supports method overriding and multiple interfaces.
Inheritance in TypeScript?
+
Classes can extend other classes, inheriting their
properties and methods using extends.
InstanceType<T> utility type?
+
Infers instance type of class constructor T.
Interfaces in TypeScript?
+
Interfaces define the structure of an object,
describing properties and method signatures. They support extension,
optional properties, and readonly fields. They enforce shape-based type
checking.
Intersection type in TypeScript?
+
Intersection type combines multiple types into one:
type A = B & C.
Is template literal supported in TypeScript?
+
Yes, TypeScript supports template literals similar to
JavaScript. They allow embedding expressions and multi-line strings using
backticks (`). They are useful for creating dynamic strings and advanced
types like template literal types introduced in TS 4.1.
Is TypeScript strictly statically typed language?
+
TypeScript is gradually typed, not strictly typed. You
can enable strict typing mode using compiler options like strict or
noImplicitAny. By default, it allows dynamic typing when types are not
specified.
Mapped types in TypeScript?
+
Mapped types create new types by transforming
properties of existing types.
Mixins.
+
Mixins allow combining behaviors from multiple classes
without classical inheritance. They enable reusable functionality sharing.
Modules in TypeScript?
+
Modules help divide code into reusable components using
import and export. Each file with an export becomes a module. They improve
maintainability and organization.
Namespaces in TypeScript?
+
Namespaces organize code internally, providing scope
and preventing global pollution.
Never type in TypeScript?
+
represents values that never occur, e.g., a function
that always throws or never returns.
Never type?
+
never represents values that never occur, such as
functions that throw errors or never return. Example: function
error(message): never { throw new Error(message); }. It ensures unreachable
code is type validated.
NoImplicitAny in TypeScript.
+
noImplicitAny is a compiler setting in tsconfig.json.
When enabled, it prevents TypeScript from assigning the type any implicitly.
It forces developers to specify explicit types, improving type safety.
NonNullable<T> utility type?
+
Removes null and undefined from type T.
Omit
+
utility type?
OOP principles supported by TypeScript.
+
TypeScript supports Encapsulation, Inheritance,
Abstraction, and Polymorphism through classes, interfaces, and visibility
modifiers.
Optional properties
+
Use?in object type definition:, {name?: string}
Parameter destructuring in TypeScript.
+
Parameter destructuring extracts object or array values
inside function parameters. Example:, function print({name, age}: {name:
string, age: number}) {}, It simplifies parameter access and improves
readability.
Parameters<T> utility type?
+
Infers parameters type of function T as a tuple.
Pick
+
utility type?
Record
+
utility type?
ReturnType<T> utility type?
+
Infers return type of function T.
Static typing?
+
Type checking done at compile-time rather than runtime.
Tuple is an array with fixed number of elements and
specific types for each element.
Type alias in TypeScript.
+
Type alias assigns a custom name to a type using the
type keyword. It can represent primitive, union, object, or function types.
Example: type ID = string | number;. It improves readability and reusability
in complex type definitions.
Type alias in TypeScript?
+
Type alias gives a name to a type using type keyword.
Type assertion in TypeScript?
+
Type assertion tells the compiler to treat a value as a
specific type using or as syntax.
Type guards in TypeScript?
+
Type guards narrow types using runtime checks like
typeof or instanceof.
Type inference in TypeScript?
+
Compiler automatically infers variable types when
explicit type is not provided.
Type inference.
+
TypeScript automatically infers types when variables
are assigned. Example: let x = 10; infers type number. It reduces required
annotations while keeping type safety.
Type null
+
Represents the absence of value. It can be assigned
when strict null checks are disabled.
Typeof operator.
+
typeof retrieves the runtime type of a variable.
Example: typeof 10 // 'number'. Useful in type narrowing with conditional
types.
Types of decorators in TypeScript?
+
Class, property, method, accessor, and parameter
decorators.
TypeScript create static classes?
+
TypeScript doesn’t support true static classes, but a
class with all static members behaves similarly.
TypeScript?
+
TypeScript is a strongly typed superset of JavaScript
that compiles to plain JavaScript.
Undefined type
+
Indicates a variable declared but not assigned a value.
Union type in TypeScript?
+
Union type allows a variable to hold one of several
types: type A = string | number.
Union types in TypeScript.
+
Union types allow a variable to store more than one
data type. They are declared using the | symbol. Example: let value: string
| number;. They help create flexible and type-safe code. Union types avoid
unnecessary overuse of any.
Unknown type in TypeScript?
+
unknown is safer than any; you must check type before
performing operations.
Use class vs interface?
+
Use interfaces for structure definition and type
checking. Use classes to create objects with state, methods, and behavior.
Use of tsconfig.json.
+
It configures TypeScript compilation settings such as
module system, target JS version, strict rules, include/exclude paths. It
controls project-wide compilation behavior.
Use the for loop in TypeScript?
+
You can use for, for...of, for...in, and forEach()
loops. for...of iterates values, for...in iterates keys, and forEach() is
used for arrays. All work similarly to JavaScript with type safety.
Used when a function returns nothing:, function log():
void {}
Ways to classify modules.
+
Modules are classified into internal (namespace) and
external (ES modules). Internal modules use namespace, external modules use
import/export.
Ways to control member visibility.
+
Use access modifiers: public, private, protected, and
readonly.
Ways to declare variables
+
Variables can be declared using var, let, and const,
depending on scope and mutability requirements.
Umbraco CMS
+
Content node in umbraco?
+
A content node represents a page or item in the content
tree. It is the main unit of content managed in Umbraco.
Diffbet content and media in umbraco?
+
Content is structured pages; media is files like
images, videos, or documents uploaded to the media library.
Diffbet umbraco cloud and on-premise?
+
Cloud is hosted with automated updates, scaling, and
deployment pipelines. On-premise is self-hosted, requiring manual
maintenance.
Does umbraco mvc work?
+
Umbraco uses MVC; controllers manage logic, views
render templates, and models define content. Razor syntax integrates CMS
content with views.
Is caching handled in umbraco?
+
Umbraco supports output caching, partial caching, and
distributed caching to improve performance
Macro in umbraco?
+
Macros are reusable components that render dynamic
content or perform custom logic inside templates.
Property editor in umbraco?
+
Property editors define the type of content (e.g.,
text, rich text, media picker) stored in a content node field.
To create a document type in umbraco?
+
Document types define content structure; create via the
back-office by adding fields and templates to manage content.
To implement authentication in umbraco?
+
Use built-in membership providers or integrate with
external OAuth/SSO providers for user authentication.
Umbraco?
+
Umbraco is an open-source .NET CMS for building
websites and web applications. It is flexible, scalable, and supports MVC
architecture.
Visio QA
+
Can visio export diagrams to pdf or image?
+
Yes, Visio supports export to PDF, PNG, JPG, SVG, or
VSDX formats for sharing.
Diffbet flowchart and process diagram in visio?
+
Flowchart emphasizes decision points and steps, process
diagram focuses on activities and interactions in workflows.
Diffbet visio standard and professional?
+
Professional supports advanced diagrams, data linking,
and collaboration features. Standard is for basic diagramming.
Layering in visio?
+
Layering allows grouping shapes for visibility,
printing, or editing control. Helps manage complex diagrams.
Microsoft visio?
+
Visio is a diagramming tool to create flowcharts, org
charts, network diagrams, and architecture diagrams. Supports professional
templates.
Stencil in visio?
+
A collection of shapes and symbols used for a
particular type of diagram. Stencils can be customized or imported.
To create a network diagram in visio?
+
Use network templates, drag network shapes, connect
devices, and annotate with IP or roles.
To link data to visio diagrams?
+
Use the Data tab → Link Data to Shapes to connect Excel
or SQL data for live updates in diagrams.
To maintain diagram consistency in visio?
+
Use templates, themes, standard stencils, and
auto-alignment features for consistent appearance.
You collaborate on visio diagrams?
+
Visio Online allows multiple users to view and edit
diagrams in real-time. Also integrates with OneDrive or SharePoint.
WCF
+
Ault in wcf?
+
A fault is an error returned to a client using
FaultException instead of a regular exception.
Basichttpbinding used for?
+
BasicHttpBinding is used for interoperability with
legacy SOAP services over HTTP.
Basichttpbinding?
+
BasicHttpBinding uses HTTP and is interoperable with
legacy ASMX web services.
Behaviors in wcf?
+
Behaviors modify runtime service features like metadata
exposure, throttling, security, and instance management. Examples:
ServiceBehavior, EndpointBehavior.
Binding configuration file?
+
Defines service behaviors, endpoints, security, and
bindings in web.config or app.config. Allows flexible changes without
recompiling code.
Binding in wcf?
+
A binding defines how a service communicates including
protocol encoding and security settings.
Bindings in wcf?
+
Bindings define how a WCF service communicates with
clients. Examples: BasicHttpBinding, WSHttpBinding, NetTcpBinding. They
include transport, encoding, and protocol details.
Callback contract?
+
A callback contract defines methods on the client that
the service can call in a duplex service.
Channelfactory?
+
ChannelFactory is used to create a WCF client
dynamically without generating a proxy.
Components of an endpoint?
+
Components include Address Binding and Contract (ABC
model).
Concurrencymode in wcf?
+
Specifies threading model for service instances:
Single, Multiple, Reentrant. Ensures thread-safe access to service data.
Concurrencymode?
+
ConcurrencyMode controls how multiple threads access a
service instance: Single Multiple or Reentrant.
Data contracts in wcf?
+
Data contracts define how data types are
serialized/deserialized. [DataContract] and [DataMember] attributes specify
structure and fields for communication.
Datacontract?
+
A DataContract defines the data structure that a WCF
service can serialize and send to clients.
Datamember?
+
A DataMember marks a property or field of a
DataContract that will be serialized and transmitted.
Diffbet buffered and streamed transfer modes?
+
Buffered loads entire message into memory; Streamed
transfers data as a stream for efficiency.
Diffbet datacontract and serializable?
+
DataContract is WCF-specific and version-tolerant;
Serializable is .NET-specific and less flexible.
Diffbet faultexception and exception?
+
Exception is server-side; FaultException is serialized
and sent to the client in SOAP.
Diffbet iis and was?
+
IIS is for HTTP-based hosting; WAS supports HTTP TCP
and named pipes hosting.
Diffbet messagecontract and datacontract?
+
DataContract defines data; MessageContract defines the
SOAP message structure including headers.
Diffbet mex and wsdl?
+
WSDL defines service description; MEX is a WCF endpoint
that provides WSDL to clients.
Diffbet operationcontext and instancecontext?
+
OperationContext provides context for a single call;
InstanceContext represents the service instance.
Diffbet percall and persession?
+
PerCall creates a new instance per request; PerSession
maintains a service instance per client session.
Diffbet request-reply and one-way operations?
+
Request-Reply returns a response to the client; One-Way
does not return a response.
Diffbet servicecontract and operationcontract?
+
ServiceContract defines the service interface;
OperationContract defines methods in the interface.
Diffbet servicehost and webservicehost?
+
ServiceHost hosts WCF services; WebServiceHost is
specifically for RESTful WCF services.
Diffbet soap 1.1 and soap 1.2?
+
SOAP 1.2 is an updated version with better error
handling and stricter compliance; 1.1 is older and widely supported.
Diffbet soap and rest endpoints?
+
SOAP endpoints use SOAP messages; REST endpoints use
HTTP verbs with JSON or XML payloads.
Diffbet soap and rest in wcf?
+
SOAP uses XML-based messaging with strict contracts;
REST uses lightweight HTTP/JSON, supports CRUD operations. REST is easier
for web clients, SOAP for enterprise interoperability.
Diffbet soap and rest messages?
+
SOAP messages are XML-based and verbose; REST messages
are lightweight and can use JSON or XML.
Diffbet soap faults and exceptions?
+
SOAP faults are serialized and sent to clients;
exceptions are server-side only.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous proxy methods?
+
Synchronous proxy blocks; asynchronous proxy returns
immediately and uses callbacks or tasks.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous service calls?
+
Synchronous calls block until response; asynchronous
calls return immediately and process response later.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous wcf calls?
+
Synchronous calls block until a response is received;
asynchronous calls return immediately and use callbacks or tasks.
Diffbet synchronous and asynchronous wcf proxy?
+
Synchronous proxy waits for response; asynchronous
proxy uses callbacks or tasks for non-blocking calls.
Diffbet tcp and http bindings?
+
TCP bindings are faster and for intranet; HTTP bindings
are interoperable and can traverse firewalls.
Diffbet wcf and asmx?
+
WCF is more flexible supports multiple protocols
security and transactions; ASMX supports only HTTP/SOAP.
Diffbet wcf and web api?
+
WCF supports multiple protocols and is suitable for
SOAP and enterprise services; Web API is REST-based HTTP-only.
Diffbet webget and webinvoke?
+
WebGet is for read-only operations (GET); WebInvoke is
for write or update operations (POST/PUT/DELETE).
Diffbet ws-security and transport security?
+
WS-Security secures messages at the SOAP level;
Transport Security secures the communication channel like HTTPS.
Duplex channel in wcf?
+
A duplex channel enables two-way communication where
the client can receive callbacks from the service.
Duplex service?
+
A duplex service allows two-way communication where the
service can also send messages to the client.
Endpointbehavior?
+
EndpointBehavior modifies endpoint behavior such as
parameter inspectors or message inspectors.
Faultcontract?
+
FaultContract defines custom errors a WCF service can
return to clients in a controlled manner.
Faultexception?
+
FaultException represents a SOAP fault message that can
be sent to clients with structured error info.
Includeexceptiondetailinfaults used for?
+
It allows sending server exception details to client
for debugging purposes.
Includeexceptiondetailinfaults?
+
IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults exposes server-side
exception details to clients for debugging.
Instancecontextmode?
+
Controls service object creation: PerCall (new per
request), PerSession (per client session), Single (singleton). Determines
service scalability and state management.
Json serialization in wcf?
+
JSON serialization converts .NET objects to JSON format
for transmission over RESTful WCF services.
Main bindings in wcf?
+
Common bindings include BasicHttpBinding WSHttpBinding
NetTcpBinding NetNamedPipeBinding and NetMsmqBinding.
Main features of wcf?
+
WCF supports service orientation multiple protocols
interoperability security transactions and reliable messaging.
Message contract in wcf?
+
Message contract gives full control over SOAP message
structure including headers and body.
Message contract?
+
MessageContract allows full control over SOAP messages
including headers and body.
Message inspectors?
+
Message Inspectors allow inspecting or modifying
messages at runtime in WCF services.
Message security?
+
Message security secures SOAP messages independently of
the transport layer.
Mex endpoint?
+
MEX (Metadata Exchange) endpoint exposes service
metadata for client proxy generation.
Netmsmqbinding used for?
+
NetMsmqBinding is used for queued messaging with MSMQ
in disconnected or reliable scenarios.
Netmsmqbinding?
+
NetMsmqBinding enables queued communication using MSMQ
for disconnected or reliable scenarios.
Netnamedpipebinding used for?
+
NetNamedPipeBinding is used for communication between
processes on the same machine.
Netnamedpipebinding?
+
NetNamedPipeBinding enables communication between
processes on the same machine.
Nettcpbinding used for?
+
NetTcpBinding is used for high-performance
communication within intranet using TCP protocol.
Nettcpbinding?
+
NetTcpBinding uses TCP protocol for high-performance
communication in intranet environments.
Operation contract?
+
An operation contract defines a method in a service
contract that can be called by clients using the [OperationContract]
attribute.
Operationbehavior?
+
OperationBehavior controls per-method behavior like
transaction scope or concurrency.
Parameter inspectors?
+
Parameter Inspectors allow inspecting or modifying
method parameters before and after operation execution.
Percall?
+
PerCall creates a new service instance for every client
request.
Persession?
+
PerSession maintains a service instance for a client
session until it closes.
Reliablemessaging in wcf?
+
ReliableMessaging ensures messages are delivered
reliably even in case of network failures.
Reliablesession in wcf?
+
ReliableSession ensures messages are delivered reliably
and in order.
Role of servicecontract in wcf?
+
ServiceContract defines the interface for operations
exposed by the WCF service.
Security modes in wcf?
+
Security modes include None Transport Message and
TransportWithMessageCredential.
Service contract in wcf?
+
A service contract defines the operations a WCF service
exposes to clients using the [ServiceContract] attribute.
Service contract?
+
A service contract is an interface decorated with
[ServiceContract]. It defines operations exposed to clients via
[OperationContract] attributes.
Servicebehavior?
+
ServiceBehavior controls service-level settings like
instance mode concurrency and throttling.
Servicehost?
+
ServiceHost hosts a WCF service and manages its
lifetime and endpoints.
Servicemetadatabehavior?
+
ServiceMetadataBehavior exposes metadata (WSDL) to
clients for proxy generation.
Single?
+
Single uses one service instance to handle all client
requests.
Streaming modes in wcf?
+
Streaming modes include Buffered Streamed
StreamedRequest and StreamedResponse.
Svcutil?
+
Svcutil is a tool to generate WCF client proxies and
metadata from service endpoints.
Throttling settings in wcf?
+
Settings include maxConcurrentCalls
maxConcurrentSessions and maxConcurrentInstances.
To handle exceptions in wcf?
+
Use FaultContract to send typed faults to clients.
Avoid throwing raw exceptions, as they may leak internal details.
Transactionscope in wcf?
+
TransactionScope defines the boundaries of a
transaction for operations in a WCF service.
Transport security?
+
Transport security secures data at the transport level
e.g. HTTPS.
Types of behaviors?
+
ServiceBehavior EndpointBehavior and OperationBehavior.
Wcf behavior?
+
Behaviors modify service or endpoint runtime behavior
e.g. adding logging validation or error handling.
Wcf client?
+
A WCF client consumes services exposed by a WCF
service.
Wcf duplex communication?
+
Duplex communication allows two-way communication where
the server can send messages to the client.
Wcf endpoint?
+
A WCF endpoint defines the address binding and contract
for client-service communication.
Wcf hosting options?
+
Hosting options include IIS WAS Self-hosting in Console
or Windows Service and Windows Activation Service.
Wcf hosting?
+
Hosting is the process of running a WCF service in an
environment like IIS Windows Service or Console App.
Wcf metadata?
+
Metadata describes the service contract and data
structures enabling clients to generate proxies.
Wcf proxy?
+
A proxy is a client-side object generated from metadata
to call WCF service methods.
Wcf rest?
+
WCF REST allows creating RESTful services using
WebHttpBinding and attributes like WebGet/WebInvoke.
Wcf routing service?
+
WCF routing service routes messages to multiple
endpoints based on filters or rules.
Wcf session?
+
A WCF session maintains stateful communication between
client and service over multiple calls.
Wcf streaming?
+
Streaming allows transferring large data efficiently
without loading the entire content into memory.
Wcf throttling behavior?
+
Throttling behavior limits concurrent calls instances
or sessions to manage performance.
Wcf throttling configuration?
+
Throttling configuration sets maxConcurrentCalls
maxConcurrentSessions and maxConcurrentInstances in service behavior.
Wcf throttling?
+
Throttling limits the number of concurrent sessions
calls or instances to optimize performance.
Wcf transaction?
+
WCF Transaction allows multiple operations to execute
as a single unit of work with commit or rollback.
Wcf?
+
WCF is a framework for building service-oriented
applications. It enables communication between applications over protocols
like HTTP, TCP, and MSMQ. Supports multiple messaging patterns like
request-reply, one-way, and duplex.
Webget and webinvoke?
+
WebGet maps GET requests; WebInvoke maps POST PUT
DELETE or custom HTTP methods in REST services.
Webhttpbehavior?
+
WebHttpBehavior enables RESTful behavior for WCF
endpoints using WebHttpBinding.
Webhttpbinding?
+
WebHttpBinding supports RESTful services over HTTP with
JSON or XML formats.
Wshttpbinding used for?
+
WSHttpBinding is used for SOAP-based services with
security reliable messaging and transactions.
Wshttpbinding?
+
WSHttpBinding supports SOAP WS-Security reliable
messaging and transactions over HTTP.
Web API
+
.net framework supports asp.net web api
+
Web API is supported in .NET Framework 4.0 and above.,
Also supported in .NET Core / .NET 5+ with ASP.NET Core Web API.
.net framework supports web api?
+
Web API is supported in .NET Framework 4.0+, .NET Core,
and ASP.NET MVC., It is also part of ASP.NET Core as minimal APIs., It is
widely used for building RESTful applications.
“api/” segment used in web api routing
+
It distinguishes Web API routes from MVC routes., Helps
routing engine send requests to ApiController instead of MVC controller.
Advantages of using asp.net web api
+
Web API allows building RESTful services accessible via
HTTP., Supports multiple formats like JSON and XML., Lightweight, easy to
consume, and platform-independent., Integrates easily with clients like
browsers, mobile apps, and IoT devices.
Advantages of using rest in web api
+
Stateless and lightweight, Uses standard HTTP methods,
Easy to consume by multiple clients, Scalable and platform-independent
Advantages of web api:
+
Supports REST and standard HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE)., Lightweight compared to WCF., Supports JSON/XML formatting
automatically., Works easily with multiple platforms and devices.
Api filters?
+
Filters are attributes that allow you to run code
before or after an action., Types: Authorization filters, Action filters,
Exception filters, Result filters., Used for logging, caching,
authentication, and error handling.
Asp.net web api routing
+
Routing maps URLs to controller actions., Supports
convention-based (default) and attribute-based routing., Helps Web API
respond correctly to HTTP requests.
Asp.net web api?
+
ASP.NET Web API is a framework to build HTTP services.,
It allows clients to communicate via HTTP using RESTful principles.,
Supports JSON, XML, and multiple platforms.
Benefit of using rest in web api?
+
REST is lightweight, fast, and easy to implement., It
supports multiple data formats like JSON and XML., It is scalable and suited
for distributed systems.
Benefit of web api over wcf?
+
Web API is lightweight, REST-based, and easy to use
with HTTP., It supports browsers, mobile apps, and IoT more naturally., WCF
is more complex and suited for SOAP-based enterprise systems., Web API is
easier to extend and supports modern architectures.
Biggest disadvantage of “other return types” in web
api?
+
They don’t give full control over the response format.,
Developers cannot easily set status codes, headers, or content negotiation.,
This limits flexibility in REST design.
Caching and its types
+
Caching stores frequently accessed data to improve
performance., Types:, Output Caching: Stores generated responses., Data
Caching: Stores data objects in memory., Distributed Caching: Shared across
servers.
Can a web api return an html view?
+
By default, Web API returns data, not HTML views.,
Returning HTML is possible, but not recommended., It is designed for RESTful
services to serve JSON/XML.
Can we register an exception filter from the action?
+
You can register an exception filter by using the
[OverrideExceptionFilters] or custom attribute on an action., Apply it
directly above the action method., Example: [CustomExceptionFilter] before
the action., This applies filtering only to that specific method.
Can we return view from asp.net web api method?
+
No, Web API is meant for data responses, not views.,
Controllers return JSON, XML, or HTTP status codes., For views, use MVC
controllers instead.
Can we use web api 2 in a console app?
+
Yes, Web API 2 can be self-hosted in a console
application., It uses OWIN or SelfHost packages., It allows API hosting
without IIS., Useful for microservices, embedded services, and background
apps.
Can we use web api with asp.net web form?
+
You can host Web API in the same project., Configure
routing in Global.asax., Web Forms can call API endpoints using AJAX or HTTP
clients.
Can you use web api with asp.net web form?
+
Yes, Web API can coexist with Web Forms., Routing must
be configured to avoid conflicts., Useful for gradual migration.
Choose web api over wcf
+
Simpler to develop RESTful services., Supports multiple
clients natively., Lightweight and easier to maintain than WCF.
Code for passing arraylist in web api:
+
public HttpResponseMessage Post([FromBody] List data),
{, return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, data);, }
Code snippet to register exception filters in a
controller:
+
[CustomExceptionFilter], public class HomeController :
ApiController, {, }, This applies the exception filter across all actions
within that controller., Useful for consistent error handling.
Code snippet to return 404 using httperror:
+
return
Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, "Resource not found");,
This creates an HttpError message with a 404 status and sends it back to the
client., It is useful when the requested resource does not exist.
Consume web api?
+
Any client that can make HTTP requests., Examples:
Browsers, mobile apps, desktop apps, other servers., No dependency on .NET;
supports cross-platform access.
Content negotiation in asp.net web api
+
It selects the best response format based on client
request., Supports JSON, XML, or custom media types., Determined via HTTP
Accept header., Helps APIs serve multiple clients seamlessly.
Cors in web api?
+
CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) allows Web APIs to
be accessed from different domains., It prevents security errors when
browsers request resources from another domain., Configured via headers or
EnableCors attribute in Web API., Helps in building APIs for web and mobile
clients.
Default http response for uncaught exceptions?
+
Web API returns 500 Internal Server Error for unhandled
exceptions., This indicates a server-side failure., It is recommended to use
Exception Filters for custom handling.
Default status code for uncaught exceptions in web
api?
+
By default, Web API sends 500 Internal Server Error for
unhandled exceptions., This indicates a server-side processing failure.,
Exception filters can customize error output., It ensures standard error
reporting.
Diffbet apicontroller and controller
+
ApiController is for Web APIs, returning data
(JSON/XML)., Controller is for MVC, returning views (HTML)., ApiController
doesn’t support View rendering or session state by default., Action methods
in ApiController respond to HTTP verbs automatically.
Diffbet http get vs http post
+
GET: Retrieves data, idempotent, parameters in URL,
limited size., POST: Sends data, not idempotent, parameters in body,
supports large payloads., GET can be cached; POST is usually not cached.
Diffbet mvc and web api:
+
MVC is used for building server-side rendered web
applications., Web API is used for building HTTP-based services returning
JSON/XML., MVC returns Views, while Web API returns data., Web API is
optimized for REST communication.
Diffbet rest api and restful api
+
REST API: Any API following REST principles., RESTful
API: Strictly adheres to REST constraints (stateless, resource-based, uses
HTTP verbs).
Diffbet web api and wcf
+
Web API: Lightweight, HTTP/REST, JSON/XML, stateless.,
WCF: SOAP-based, supports multiple protocols, heavier., Web API is simpler
for web/mobile services.
Diffbet xml and json
+
XML: Verbose, supports attributes and complex schemas.,
JSON: Lightweight, easier to parse, widely used in REST APIs., JSON is
preferred in modern web applications for speed and simplicity.
Exception filters in asp.net web api
+
Filters handle unhandled exceptions globally or
per-controller., They help in logging errors and returning meaningful
responses., Implemented via IExceptionFilter or [ExceptionFilter]
attributes., Ensures consistent error handling across the API.
Explain different http methods:
+
GET: Fetches data from the server., POST: Creates a new
resource., PUT: Updates an existing resource fully., DELETE: Removes a
resource., Other methods include PATCH (partial update), HEAD (headers
only), and OPTIONS (capabilities query).
Explain error handling in web api.
+
Handled using Exception Filters, Try-Catch blocks, and
custom middleware., Can log errors and send meaningful HTTP responses.,
Ensures better debugging and user experience.
Explain exception filters.
+
Exception filters handle unhandled errors centrally.,
They allow logging and returning custom error responses., Applied globally
or per controller.
Explain media type formatters
+
Media type formatters serialize and deserialize data in
Web API., Examples: JsonMediaTypeFormatter, XmlMediaTypeFormatter., They
convert objects to JSON/XML or vice versa depending on request headers.
Explain rest and restful.
+
REST is an architectural style using HTTP principles.,
RESTful services implement REST rules like statelessness and resource-based
URIs., They use standard HTTP verbs.
Explain web api routing.
+
Routing maps URL patterns to controller actions.,
Supports two types: convention-based and attribute routing., Attribute
routing gives more flexibility.
Frameworks are compatible for building web api
services?
+
Web API can be built using ASP.NET Framework, .NET
Core, and .NET 5/6+., It works with MVC, Entity Framework, and OWIN., It can
also integrate with cross-platform frameworks., Supports deployment in
cloud, containers, and IIS environments.
Has web api replaced wcf?
+
Yes, for REST services, Web API is preferred., WCF is
still used for SOAP, duplex, and enterprise applications., Web API is
simpler and aligned with web standards., Both may still coexist depending on
use case.
HttpConfiguration defines routing, formatters, message
handlers, and filters., It is used to configure the Web API pipeline at
startup., Example: GlobalConfiguration.Configure(WebApiConfig.Register);
Internet media types?
+
Also called MIME types, they specify the format of data
sent over HTTP., Examples: application/json, text/html, image/png., Helps
client and server understand how to process data.
Main return types in web api
+
IHttpActionResult (Web API 2), HttpResponseMessage,
POCO objects (automatically serialized to JSON/XML)
Main return types supported in asp.net web api
+
IHttpActionResult, HttpResponseMessage, Strongly-typed
objects (serialized automatically), string or primitive types, These are
converted to proper HTTP responses.
Main return types supported in web api?
+
Web API supports return types like HttpResponseMessage,
IHttpActionResult, and simple CLR objects., It can also return void or
custom models., The response is automatically serialized based on content
negotiation., These return types provide flexibility in handling API
responses.
Meaning of testapi?
+
TestApi is used to test Web API endpoints., Tools like
Postman or Swagger enable testing., It validates functionality, performance,
and security.
Method that validates all controls on a page
+
Page.Validate() validates all server controls on the
page., After that, Page.IsValid checks whether validation passed.
Method to handle error using httperror in web api
+
HttpError is used with HttpResponseException or
Request.CreateErrorResponse()., Example: return
Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, "Invalid input");, It
sends structured error details to the client.
Mvc? diffbet mvc and web api
+
MVC: Builds web apps with Views (HTML), Controller,
Model., Web API: Builds services to expose data via HTTP., MVC returns
Views, Web API returns data., MVC supports full-page rendering; Web API
supports client-server communication.
Name method that validates all controls on a page
+
Page.Validate() validates all validation controls on a
page., Page.IsValid property checks if all validations succeeded., Commonly
used in ASP.NET Web Forms before saving data.
New features in asp.net web api 2.0
+
Attribute routing for better URL control., Support for
OData queries and CORS., Exception filters and IHttpActionResult for
flexible responses., Improved tracing, message handlers, and content
negotiation.
New features in web api 2.0?
+
Includes Attribute Routing, OData support, CORS
support, and IHttpActionResult return type., It improves flexibility and
testability.
Open-source library used by web api for json
serialization
+
Newtonsoft.Json (Json.NET) is the commonly used library
for JSON.
Parameters can be passed in the url of api
+
Query parameters:?id=1&name=John, Route parameters:
/api/users/1, Optional parameters: Defined in routing templates., Parameters
help filter, sort, or fetch specific data.
Parameters get value in web api
+
From URL path: via route parameters., From query
string:?id=1, From body: in POST/PUT requests., Model binding automatically
maps values.
Pass multiple complex types in web api?
+
Use FromBody with a wrapper model or JSON object., Web
API binds data to model automatically.
Register exception filter from action?
+
Use attribute [HandleError] or custom filter., Apply
directly to action method., Provides localized exception handling.
REST is an architectural style using HTTP for
communication., It uses stateless requests and resource-based URIs.,
Supports CRUD operations.
Restrict access to specific http verbs?
+
Use attributes like [HttpGet], [HttpDelete]., These
enforce HTTP method rules on actions.
Skills required for asp.net developer
+
Strong knowledge of C#, .NET, MVC, Web API., Database
skills (SQL Server, Entity Framework)., Frontend skills: HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, jQuery., Understanding RESTful services, AJAX, authentication,
and debugging.
Soap?
+
SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol., It is
XML-based and used for secure message exchange., SOAP supports strict rules,
contracts, and WS-Security.
Status code for “empty return type” in web api
+
If a Web API method returns nothing, the default status
code is 204 No Content., It indicates the request succeeded but no data is
returned.
To assign alias name for web api action?
+
Use [ActionName("aliasName")] attribute., Requests can
use the alias instead of method name., Improves readability.
To handle errors in web api
+
Use Exception Filters, try-catch blocks, or
HttpResponseException., You can return proper HTTP status codes with error
messages., Helps clients handle errors gracefully.
To handle errors in web api?
+
Errors can be handled using try-catch blocks, Exception
Filters, or Global Exception Handling., Another approach is custom
HttpResponseMessage or HttpError., Logging and middleware pipelines also
help track issues., This ensures clean error responses to clients.
To handle errors using httperror in web api?
+
Use HttpError with HttpResponseMessage to return
structured error details., It allows adding messages, validation errors, or
custom error objects., Example:
Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, new
HttpError("Invalid data"))., Useful for client-friendly error communication.
To limit access to web api to a specific http verb?
+
Use attributes like [HttpGet], [HttpPost], [HttpPut].,
These restrict methods to the corresponding HTTP request., Ensures proper
REST compliance.
To register an exception filter globally
+
In WebApiConfig.cs (or FilterConfig.cs for MVC):,
config.Filters.Add(new MyExceptionFilter());, This applies the filter to all
controllers and actions.
To register exception filter globally?
+
Add filter in WebApiConfig.Register()., Example:
config.Filters.Add(new CustomExceptionFilter());., Makes filter apply to all
controllers.
To restrict access to methods with http verbs?
+
Use declarative attributes like [HttpPost], [HttpGet].,
Ensures only the intended request type triggers the method., Supports
correct REST design.
To return view from web api?
+
Web API doesn't directly return a View., Instead, use
MVC Controller or return HTML string., Better separation of concerns is
recommended.
To secure asp.net web api
+
Use authentication and authorization (JWT, OAuth,
Basic)., Enable HTTPS to encrypt communication., Validate inputs and use
CORS carefully., Role-based or policy-based access ensures secure endpoints.
To unit test web api
+
Use mock frameworks (like Moq) to simulate
dependencies., Call controller actions with fake HttpRequestMessage., Check
returned HttpResponseMessage or IHttpActionResult., Helps ensure API logic
works independently of the host environment.
To unit test web api?
+
Use testing frameworks like MSTest, NUnit, or xUnit.,
Mock dependencies using Moq., Test methods and responses independently.
Tools for testing web api?
+
Examples: Postman, Swagger, Fiddler, SoapUI, JMeter.,
They help simulate HTTP calls and validate API behavior.
Usage of delegatinghandler?
+
DelegatingHandler is used in Web API to create custom
message handlers., It allows interception of HTTP requests and responses
before reaching the controller., Common uses include logging,
authentication, encryption, and caching., Multiple handlers can be chained
for layered processing.
Use of delegatinghandler?
+
DelegatingHandler is used to process HTTP
requests/responses., Acts as a middleware in the message pipeline., Can
implement logging, authentication, or request modification., Supports
chaining multiple handlers.
Use of httpresponsemessage
+
HttpResponseMessage allows sending custom HTTP
responses., You can set status codes, headers, and content explicitly., It
gives more control than returning simple objects., Useful for detailed API
responses.
Wcf is replaced by asp.net web api. true/false?
+
False., WCF is still used for SOAP-based services,
secure and transactional services., Web API is preferred for RESTful HTTP
services, but WCF is not fully replaced.
Web api and why we use it?
+
Web API is a framework for building HTTP services., It
is used to expose data (JSON/XML) to clients like browsers, mobile apps, or
other services., Supports REST architecture for lightweight communication.
Web api is important
+
Allows building RESTful services for multiple clients.,
Lightweight, scalable, and platform-independent., Supports HTTP methods and
status codes for better control.
Web api is required?
+
To expose data and services over HTTP protocols.,
Supports multiple clients like mobile, IoT, and web apps., Allows building
REST services easily., Good for loosely-coupled architecture.
Web api routing?
+
Routing maps incoming HTTP requests to controller
actions., It uses patterns defined in WebApiConfig.cs., Supports both
conventional and attribute routing.
Web api supports which protocol
+
HTTP/HTTPS protocol for communication.
Web api supports which protocol?
+
Web API supports HTTP as its primary protocol., It also
supports RESTful communication patterns., Other protocols like HTTPS,
WebSockets can also be integrated., It is mainly designed for web and
distributed systems.
Web api uses which library for json serialization?
+
ASP.NET Web API uses Newtonsoft.Json (Json.NET) by
default., In ASP.NET Core, System.Text.Json can also be used., Serializes
objects to JSON and parses JSON to objects.
Web api uses which open-source library for json
serialization?
+
Web API originally used Newtonsoft.Json (JSON.NET)., In
ASP.NET Core, it uses System.Text.Json by default., Both libraries convert
objects to JSON and back.
Web api?
+
Web API is lightweight, fast, and easy to use.,
Supports REST standards and multiple data formats., Highly scalable and
testable., Better suited for modern distributed applications.
Website owners avoid http status codes
+
They don’t “avoid” them; they handle or redirect errors
using custom error pages., Example: 404.html for Page Not Found, 500.html
for server errors., Status codes still get sent, but users see friendly
pages.
Web api 2.0
+
Enhanced version of Web API with features like,
Attribute routing, OWIN hosting, CORS support, and IHttpActionResult.
Xml and json?
+
XML: Extensible markup language, verbose, supports
attributes., JSON: JavaScript Object Notation, lightweight, easier to
parse., Both are used to exchange data between client and server.
You construct html response message?
+
Use HttpResponseMessage with content type "text/html".,
Example:, return new HttpResponseMessage() { , Content = new StringContent("
Webhook
+
Advantages of using webhooks?
+
Real-time updates, reduced server load, simpler
architecture, and automation of workflows.
Common use case for webhooks?
+
Payment notifications, CI/CD pipelines, chatbots, form
submissions, and third-party integrations.
Webhook and a callback function in programming?
+
Callback functions are used locally within code;
webhooks are HTTP callbacks sent over the internet between applications.
Webhook and a callback URL?
+
A webhook is a type of callback URL used for event
notifications; callback URL can be used in many contexts, not just webhooks.
Webhook and an API?
+
APIs require polling to get updates; webhooks push
updates automatically when events occur.
GET and POST in webhooks?
+
POST sends a payload to the endpoint; GET is rarely
used but can fetch data or confirm delivery.
HMAC and basic token verification in webhooks?
+
HMAC uses a secret and hashing algorithm for payload
verification; token verification checks a static token in the request.
Inbound and outbound webhooks?
+
Inbound webhooks receive data from external sources;
outbound webhooks send data to external endpoints.
JSON and XML webhooks?
+
JSON is lightweight and commonly used; XML is more
verbose but sometimes required by legacy systems.
JSON schema validation and signature verification in
webhooks?
+
JSON schema checks payload structure and data types;
signature verification checks authenticity.
One-way and two-way webhooks?
+
One-way webhooks send data from source to target;
two-way webhooks allow target to respond with data or actions.
Polling and webhooks?
+
Polling repeatedly requests updates from the server;
webhooks push updates when events occur, reducing unnecessary requests.
Public and private webhooks?
+
Public webhooks can be accessed by anyone with the URL;
private webhooks are protected by authentication or secret tokens.
Push and pull webhooks?
+
Push webhooks send data automatically; pull webhooks
require the receiver to request data from the source.
REST API and webhook?
+
REST API requires client requests to fetch data;
webhooks push data automatically on event triggers.
Synchronous and asynchronous processing of webhooks?
+
Synchronous processing completes before responding to
the sender; asynchronous processes payload later, often in a queue.
Synchronous and asynchronous webhooks?
+
Synchronous webhooks require immediate processing and
response; asynchronous webhooks queue or retry delivery without blocking the
sender.
Webhook and cron job?
+
Webhook triggers on events; cron job triggers on
scheduled time.
Webhook and event-driven architecture?
+
Webhooks are a mechanism in event-driven architecture;
event-driven architecture is the broader design principle.
Webhook and polling?
+
Webhook pushes events automatically; polling repeatedly
requests updates at intervals.
Webhook and server-sent events (SSE)?
+
Webhooks push data from server to server; SSE pushes
data from server to browser over HTTP connection.
Webhook and WebSocket?
+
Webhooks are HTTP callbacks triggered by events;
WebSocket provides persistent, bidirectional connection.
Webhook endpoint and webhook consumer?
+
Endpoint is the URL that receives events; consumer is
the application or code that processes them.
Webhook ping and webhook test?
+
Ping checks endpoint availability; test sends sample
payload to verify processing logic.
Webhook retries and dead-letter queues?
+
Retries attempt to resend failed events; dead-letter
queues store undeliverable events for analysis.
Webhook signing and encryption?
+
Signing verifies authenticity; encryption ensures
confidentiality of the payload.
DiffBet Webhook and API?
+
APIs require clients to poll data on demand. Webhooks
push data automatically when events occur. Webhooks are event-driven, APIs
are request-driven.
Disadvantages of webhooks?
+
Security risks if not authenticated, debugging
difficulty, potential for missing events if downtime occurs.
Handle idempotency in Webhooks?
+
Use unique event IDs to avoid processing the same
webhook multiple times, ensuring operations like payment updates are
executed once.
HTTP method commonly used in webhooks?
+
POST is the most common HTTP method for sending webhook
payloads.
HTTP methods do Webhooks use?
+
Mostly POST, occasionally GET. POST is preferred for
sending payload data.
Idempotency in webhooks?
+
Idempotency ensures that processing the same webhook
payload multiple times does not have unintended side effects.
Ngrok in webhook development?
+
Ngrok exposes local servers to public URLs for testing
webhook endpoints during development.
Retry logic in webhooks?
+
Retry logic is the process of resending failed webhook
events after a failure or timeout.
Retry schedule in webhook delivery?
+
A retry schedule defines how and when failed webhook
attempts are retried, often with exponential backoff.
Secure Webhooks?
+
Use signatures, tokens, or HMAC hashing to verify
payload authenticity. HTTPS is mandatory for secure transmission.
Test Webhooks locally?
+
Use tools like ngrok or Postman’s Webhook feature to
expose your local server to the internet and receive webhook requests.
Use of Webhooks in payment systems?
+
Webhooks notify your server in real-time about payment
events like successful transactions, refunds, or failed payments. They
automate updates in your application or database.
Webhook analytics?
+
Tracking delivery success, latency, failures, retries,
and processing metrics.
Webhook authentication?
+
Authentication verifies that the webhook request is
from a trusted source, commonly using HMAC, tokens, or basic auth.
Webhook backoff strategy?
+
Backoff strategy defines increasing delay between
retries to reduce load on failing endpoints.
Webhook batching vs individual delivery?
+
Batching sends multiple events in a single request;
individual delivery sends each event separately.
Webhook batching?
+
Batching groups multiple webhook events into a single
HTTP request to reduce the number of requests.
Webhook callback?
+
A webhook callback is the function or endpoint that
handles incoming webhook data.
Webhook concurrency?
+
Concurrency is handling multiple webhook events at the
same time without conflicts or errors.
Webhook dead-letter handling?
+
Storing undelivered or failed webhook events for
inspection and retry.
A signature is a hash or token sent along with the
payload to verify authenticity.
Webhook simulator?
+
A tool that sends sample webhook payloads to test
endpoints without triggering real events.
Webhook subscription management?
+
Creating, updating, or deleting webhook subscriptions
and configuring event triggers.
Webhook testing?
+
Testing verifies that webhook endpoints receive and
process events correctly, often using tools like Postman or ngrok.
Webhook throttling vs rate limiting?
+
Throttling delays events to manage load; rate limiting
enforces maximum event delivery rate.
Webhook throttling?
+
Throttling limits the rate at which webhook events are
delivered to avoid overloading the target server.
Webhook timeout?
+
Time duration the sender waits for a response from the
webhook endpoint before considering it failed.
Webhook transformation?
+
Modifying the payload format or content before sending
to the consumer.
Webhook validation?
+
Validation ensures the payload structure, signature,
and source are correct before processing.
Webhook version compatibility?
+
Ensuring older endpoints can handle newer webhook
payloads without breaking.
Webhook versioning?
+
Versioning allows changes in webhook payload or
behavior without breaking existing consumers.
Webhook work?
+
When an event occurs, the source system makes an HTTP
POST request to the subscriber’s URL with a payload. The receiver processes
the payload and responds, usually with HTTP 200.
Webhook?
+
A webhook is an HTTP callback triggered by an event in
a system, sending real-time data to a URL endpoint. It allows services to
communicate instantly without polling.
WPF
+
Adorner in wpf?
+
Adorner provides visual cues or handles on UI elements
without altering their layout.
Animation in wpf?
+
Animation changes properties of UI elements over time.
Binding path?
+
Binding Path specifies the property of the source
object to bind to.
Bindingmode?
+
BindingMode specifies how data flows between source and
target: OneWay TwoWay OneWayToSource OneTime.
Bitmapcache?
+
BitmapCache caches visual content as a bitmap to
improve performance.
Canvas in wpf?
+
Canvas allows absolute positioning using coordinates.
Combobox in wpf?
+
ComboBox allows selection from a dropdown list.
Commandbinding?
+
CommandBinding binds a command to Execute and
CanExecute handlers.
Commands in wpf?
+
Commands decouple UI actions from logic. Built-in
commands include Copy, Paste; custom commands can be defined using ICommand.
Controltemplate vs datatemplate?
+
ControlTemplate changes control visuals; DataTemplate
changes data display.
Controltemplate?
+
ControlTemplate defines the visual structure and
behavior of a control.
Converter in wpf?
+
Converter (IValueConverter) converts data between
source and target during binding.
Data binding in wpf?
+
Data binding connects UI elements to data sources
enabling automatic updates and synchronization.
Datacontext?
+
DataContext specifies the data source for data binding
in a container or control.
Datagrid?
+
DataGrid displays tabular data with sorting editing and
selection support.
Datatemplate?
+
Defines the visual representation of data objects in
WPF controls like ListView or ComboBox. Supports reusable UI layouts.
Dependency properties?
+
Special properties that support data binding, styling,
animations, and property change notifications. Declared using
DependencyProperty.Register.
Dependency property?
+
Dependency Property is a property that supports data
binding animation and default values in WPF.
Dependencyobject vs freezable?
+
Freezable is a special DependencyObject that can be
frozen to improve performance.
Dependencyobject?
+
DependencyObject is the base class for objects that use
dependency properties.
Dependencyproperty vs clr property?
+
DependencyProperty supports WPF features like binding
and animation; CLR property is standard .NET property.
Dependencypropertykey?
+
DependencyPropertyKey is used for read-only dependency
properties.
Diffbet a normal property and a dependency property?
+
Normal property is standard .NET property; dependency
property supports WPF features like data binding and change notifications.
Diffbet a wpf window and a page?
+
Window is a top-level container for desktop apps; Page
is used for navigation-based applications like WPF Browser Applications.
Diffbet bubbling and tunneling events?
+
Bubbling moves from child to parent; tunneling moves
from parent to child in the visual tree.
Diffbet command and event?
+
Command is higher-level for MVVM; Event is low-level
user interaction handling.
Diffbet contentcontrol and itemscontrol?
+
ContentControl hosts a single item; ItemsControl hosts
a collection of items.
Diffbet controltemplate and datatemplate?
+
ControlTemplate changes control visuals; DataTemplate
changes how data is displayed.
Diffbet ivalueconverter and imultivalueconverter?
+
IValueConverter handles single binding;
IMultiValueConverter handles multiple bindings.
Diffbet mvvm and mvc?
+
MVVM separates UI (View) and logic (ViewModel); MVC
separates UI business logic (Controller) and data (Model).
Diffbet observablecollection and list?
+
ObservableCollection notifies UI on data changes,
enabling automatic updates. List does not support change notifications.
Diffbet oneway and twoway binding?
+
OneWay updates the target from the source; TwoWay
updates both target and source automatically.
Diffbet routedcommand and icommand?
+
RoutedCommand supports routing in visual tree; ICommand
is general interface for commands.
Diffbet routedevent and clr event?
+
RoutedEvent supports event routing; CLR event is
standard .NET event.
Diffbet routedeventargs and eventargs?
+
RoutedEventArgs includes routing information for
events; EventArgs is a base class without routing.
Diffbet staticresource and dynamicresource?
+
StaticResource is evaluated once at load;
DynamicResource is evaluated at runtime and can change.
Diffbet visual tree and logical tree?
+
Logical Tree is for UI structure and data binding;
Visual Tree includes all visual elements rendered including templates.
Diffbet winforms and wpf?
+
WinForms is pixel-based, simpler, less flexible. WPF is
vector-based, supports MVVM, templates, animations, and richer graphics.
Diffbet wpf and gtk#?
+
WPF is Windows-specific with XAML; GTK# is
cross-platform with C# bindings.
Diffbet wpf and silverlight?
+
WPF is for desktop apps; Silverlight was for web-based
browser-hosted applications and is now deprecated.
Diffbet wpf and uwp?
+
WPF is desktop-only; UWP supports Windows Store apps
and universal devices.
Diffbet wpf and windows forms?
+
WPF is more modern supports vector graphics data
binding and declarative XAML; Windows Forms is older and uses pixel-based
controls.
Diffbet wpf and winui?
+
WinUI is modern Windows UI framework; WPF is legacy
desktop framework.
Dispatcher in wpf?
+
Dispatcher manages UI thread operations and allows
thread-safe updates to UI elements.
Dispatcher.invoke vs begininvoke?
+
Invoke is synchronous; BeginInvoke is asynchronous for
executing on UI thread.
Dispatchertimer?
+
DispatcherTimer runs code on the UI thread at specified
intervals.
Dockpanel in wpf?
+
DockPanel arranges child elements docked to top bottom
left right or fill.
Dpi in wpf?
+
WPF uses device-independent pixels to scale UI
consistently across different DPI settings.
Drawingbrush?
+
DrawingBrush paints an area with vector drawings.
Dynamicresource?
+
DynamicResource is evaluated at runtime and can change
dynamically.
Elementname binding?
+
ElementName binding binds one UI element to another
using its XAML name.
Freezable in wpf?
+
Freezable objects can be made immutable for performance
benefits like Brushes or Transform objects.
Freezable object?
+
Freezable can be made immutable to improve performance
and thread safety.
Grid in wpf?
+
Grid arranges elements in rows and columns.
Hit testing in wpf?
+
Hit Testing determines which visual element receives
input events like mouse clicks.
Icommand interface?
+
ICommand defines a command with Execute and CanExecute
methods for binding buttons and actions in MVVM.
Inotifypropertychanged?
+
INotifyPropertyChanged notifies the UI when a property
value changes for data binding.
Inputbinding?
+
InputBinding links input gestures like keyboard
shortcuts to commands.
Is threading handled in wpf?
+
UI runs on the main thread. Use Dispatcher.Invoke or
BackgroundWorker for safe cross-thread updates.
Itemscontrol?
+
ItemsControl displays a collection of items without
selection support.
Layout in wpf?
+
Layout determines how child elements are measured
arranged and rendered on the screen.
Listbox in wpf?
+
ListBox displays a list of items with selection
support.
Logical tree?
+
Logical Tree represents the hierarchy of WPF elements
and their relationships.
Logicaltreehelper?
+
LogicalTreeHelper provides methods to navigate the
logical tree of WPF elements.
Main features of wpf?
+
Features include XAML-based UI data binding templates
styles controls 2D/3D graphics animation and media support.
Measureoverride and arrangeoverride?
+
Methods overridden in custom panels to define measuring
and arranging logic.
Multibinding converter?
+
MultiBinding converter combines multiple bound values
and returns a single value.
Multibinding?
+
MultiBinding combines multiple source values and passes
them to a converter.
Mvvm pattern?
+
MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) separates UI (View)
business logic (ViewModel) and data (Model) for better maintainability.
Mvvm?
+
Model-View-ViewModel separates UI (View), logic
(ViewModel), and data (Model). Enhances maintainability, testability, and
binding support.
Observablecollection?
+
ObservableCollection is a collection that notifies UI
when items are added removed or updated.